Unit 1 Class notes_f878e7090ea5caf040f96e6c3cb14804

Reefs attached to the margins of continents, forming in areas with low rainfall runoff.

When energy is transported from one trophic level to another, 90% is used in metabolic processes, and only 10% is transferred.

It conforms to the basic stratified structure of ecosystems.

Conservation of species of a habitat with minimal or very low intensity of human activity.

It describes the unidirectional flow of energy from producers to herbivores and carnivores.

Shallow water that is mostly grassland.

A local measure.

The entire system would collapse.

Formation of a new, unoccupied habitat or disturbance of an existing community.

They help in the conversion of sulfur compounds into forms usable by plants and animals.

International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Acid rain is precipitation that contains sulfuric acid, formed when sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water vapor.

Core, Buffer, Restoration, Transition.

1. Pyramid of energy 2. Pyramid of number 3. Pyramid of biomass (productivity)

Zooxanthellae (algae).

An area of marsh, fen, peatland, or water, natural or artificial, with water that can be static, flowing, fresh, brackish, or salt.

Arrival of propagules and establishment and initial growth of vegetation.

Species survive only in captivity.

320 dry g calories/m²/year.

The process by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.

Conservation of natural resources and improvement of the relationship between humans and the environment.

It must have at least 1,500 vascular plants as endemics.

They act as buffers against storms, filter pollutants, and provide habitat for wildlife.

Sustainable management.

30% or less.

The last individual has died or is nontrackable.

They need to adapt to the changes.

The law of conservation of energy.

For example, tropical south India has rich species diversity compared to desert ecosystems.

20 - 21 degrees Celsius.

The total mass of living organisms at each trophic level.

Zoological Garden.

It represents a common boundary for light and heat flow, as well as the import, export, and storage of organic matter.

The grazing and detritus food chains.

The average species diversity in a habitat or specific area.

Forestry, poaching, hunting, and grazing on cultivation.

Typically found at depths greater than 2000 meters.

To assess the conservation status of species.

The rate of formation of energy and matter stored in different species at different trophic levels.

Social Sciences, Life Sciences, Earth Sciences.

Terrestrial and Aquatic.

Brackish water.

It is less productive, usually deep with steep sides and a narrow littoral zone.

Natural corridors.

The rate at which energy is stored at different levels in consumers.

Desert ecosystem.

Grassland ecosystem.

Through processes like photosynthesis, nutrient cycling, and food webs.

2002 - 2016.

The process by which sulfur moves through the environment, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.

Volcanic eruptions, fossil fuel combustion, and the weathering of sulfur-containing minerals.

In both time and space.

Producers.

They are areas where native species and communities associated with the ecosystem are well represented.

A measure of the diversity within an ecological community.

A region with significant levels of biodiversity that is under threat from human activities.

It contains a high percentage of plant life found nowhere else on the planet.

It can lead to acid rain, which harms ecosystems, and contributes to air pollution.

Gene Bank.

The productivity of organisms, populations, or communities.

A zone where light is insufficient for photosynthesis, typically found below the Euphotic Zone.

A food chain shows a linear sequence of energy transfer, while a food web shows interconnected relationships.

It reflects the distribution and amount of energy among different trophic levels in the pond.

To conserve plant species and educate the public.

Overpopulation.

50-70% in a decade.

Public awareness and engagement.

A ring-shaped island made up of coral reefs and coral debris.

Epipelagic, Mesopelagic, Bathypelagic, Abyssopelagic.

The ratio between local (alpha) diversity and regional diversity.

Interactions between physical, chemical, and biological systems.

Harvesting of timber, collecting minor forest products, and private ownership rights.

They are crucial for conservation efforts as they contain a large number of endemic species and are highly threatened.

Boundaries are not well defined, and controlled biotic interference is permitted.

The Amazon rainforest.

A model that represents the transmission of information through a single pathway or channel.

A zone with sufficient light for photosynthesis.

Disorder is constantly increasing, and energy is converted into a less organized and useful form during energy conversion.

They are highly productive and rich in organic matter and nutrients.

Both tropical and temperate regions where rainfall is insufficient for tree growth.

They convert ammonia into nitrites (NO2-) and then into nitrates (NO3-).

Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into organic matter.

Terrestrial (e.g., nitrogen cycle) and aquatic (e.g., carbon cycle).

To protect wildlife and their habitats in India.

Respiration, assimilation, excretion, decomposition, and photosynthesis.

A well-lit zone in open sea with running water, home to zooplanktons and nektons.

To analyze spatial data related to the environment.

Oceans.

The number of individuals in each trophic level.

No person resides in the park other than public servants on duty and persons permitted by the chief wildlife warden.

Through volcanic eruptions and human activities like burning fossil fuels.

A situation where a higher trophic level has a larger standing crop than a lower trophic level.

A diverse underwater ecosystem held by calcium carbonate secreted by corals.

Birds (carnivores), insects (herbivores), trees (producers).

A polyp.

It does not provide a true picture of the food chain and is not very functional.

Nudation, which involves the development of a bare site.

A graphical description of interconnected feeding relationships among species in a community.

The presence of different types of ecosystems.

By integrating conservation and biodiversity.

No person resides in the park other than public servants on duty and persons permitted by the chief wildlife warden.

They support various ecosystems, contribute to climate regulation, and provide resources for human survival.

Wetlands support a diverse range of plant and animal species.

Knowledge about risks and response options.

Competition, predation, and parasitism.

Lentic ecosystems.

An ecosystem that includes flowing water, such as rivers.

Data Deficient and Not Evaluated.

They are separated from land by a lagoon and can form around islands or parallel to the continental shore.

There is a gradual loss of energy, resulting in less energy available at the next trophic level.

It provides organisms and ecosystems with the capacity to recuperate after changes occur.

To protect the total ecosystem.

They provide habitat and shelter for many marine organisms and support biodiversity.

Succession that begins in areas where there is no soil initially.

Species richness and species abundance.

Detrital food chain.

The upper layer of water where sunlight penetrates, supporting photosynthesis.

National governments.

Individual → Population → Ecosystem → Biome → Biosphere.

Fire and invasive species.

Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification.

Species that are found nowhere else on the planet.

The State Government may notify changes.

Lack of sufficient sunlight and oxygen, mostly occupied by consumers.

They help in groundwater replenishment.

Algae, macrophytes (like Hydrilla, Trapha, Typha), rotifers, protozoans, zooplankton, insects, fish, game fish, turtles, bacteria, and fungi.

High risk of endangerment in the wild.

It helps in understanding how information is transmitted and the effects of various factors on communication quality.

Organisms release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere as they break down organic matter for energy.

It is intermediate between the two.

Always upright.

Wooded shrubs rather than grass.

It indicates how much biomass is present in each trophic level at any one time.

Succession that begins in areas where soil is already present.

Producers, herbivores, and carnivores.

Densely packed tall trees that prevent the growth of smaller plants.

The process through which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms in the environment.

To preserve seeds for future use and biodiversity.

Less than 6 meters at low tide.

The risks and available options for response.

A typical biogeographical unit large enough to sustain viable populations of all trophic levels.

Climatic conditions (temperature, rainfall, sunlight, wind, atmospheric gases) and edaphic conditions (soil, pH, mineral nutrients).

27 - 30%.

Noise represents any interference that can distort the signal during transmission.

A zone with no sunlight and oxygen.

Biodiversity, water filtration and purification, flood mitigation, groundwater recharge, moderating local temperatures and humidity levels.

Environmental Impact Assessment.

Significant alterations in climate, ecosystems, and human society.

It leads to destruction and resource depletion.

They help in retaining nutrients and carbon storage.

To minimize the impact of development activities.

To reduce the economic incentive to poach endangered species and destroy their habitat.

Conserving migratory species and their habitats.

Diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems.

A coastal area where freshwater from rivers meets and mixes with saltwater from the ocean.

Neritic and Oceanic.

Loss of energy as heat and utilized energy.

To maintain essential ecological processes.

The tendency of the body to seek and maintain balance within its internal environment despite external changes.

Communities are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.

Enclosed bodies where freshwater meets saltwater, characterized by high biodiversity.

The rate at which chemical energy is produced from solar energy, measured in dry weight (g calories/unit area/unit time).

It must be effectively protected and minimally disturbed.

Producers, Consumers, Decomposers, Scavengers, Parasites, Phagotrophs, and Osmotrophs.

Grasses.

Elements such as the source, channel, noise, and receiver.

A phase where autogenic changes affect the habitat, leading to the replacement of one plant community by another.

Less than 10%.

Pollution.

Activities of the biotic component of the ecosystem.

The amount of energy that remains available for plant growth.

Reptiles and burrowing rodent insects.

Combustion releases stored carbon from fossil fuels into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

The moral obligation on humans not to drive other species to extinction.

Yes, if they hold larger ecologically important sensitive corridors.

They dominate the final stable community and are well adapted to the environment.

As variability among living organisms from all sources, including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes they are part of.

Photic, Euphotic, Disphotic, Aphotic.

Oceans, deep water, estuaries, coral reefs, and wetlands/salt marshes.

Intertidal Zone, Continental Shelf, Continental Slope, Continental Rise, Open Ocean (Pelagic), Basin (Abyssal).

Directional and sequential change of a plant community or ecosystem over time, stabilizing to form a climax.

Both natural and human-influenced ecosystems.

A graphical representation of trophic levels.

The diversity of species between two habitats or regions.

It is characterized by low light levels and high pressure, supporting unique organisms.

The total diversity of a landscape, combining both alpha and beta diversity.

They must be threatened.

Meteorology, Geology, Oceanography.

A high-altitude area characterized by cold temperatures and specific vegetation.

High risk of extinction; population declined by 80-90% over the decade.

The process of converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) by bacteria or lightning.

Relocating endangered species from their natural habitat.

The total amount of organic matter produced through photosynthesis.

To protect wildlife and their habitats in situ.

The exhaustion of natural resources.

No, they are not constant.

To serve as a habitat for numerous plant and animal species, including higher order predators, and may contain centers of endemism.

To promote the conservation of biological diversity in India.

A cycle that describes the movement of nutrients through biological and geological processes.

Estuaries.

Taiga.

The variation of genes within species, existing between different populations and individuals within a population.

Ecological efficiency.

Marine ecosystems generally have higher ecological efficiency.

A unidirectional transfer of energy through the community.

National Parks are declared by the Central Government resolution.

Protected areas.

Conservation of species and habitats by manipulative management.

Two criteria: it must have at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics and it must have lost at least 70% of its original habitat.

Specific nutrients and energy flow.

Degraded land.

The flow of energy through different trophic levels.

They provide colors to corals.

Various species compete for space, light, and nutrients as vegetation becomes well established.

Primary Producers, Herbivores, Carnivores.

The diversity of ecological processes that maintain and depend on other components of diversity.

To link biodiversity conservation with socio-economic development.

Coastal regions where land meets the ocean, rich in biodiversity and nutrients.

Pioneer, Middle, and Climax species.

To ensure the conservation of tigers and their habitats.

They establish after Pioneer species and compete for resources, contributing to community complexity.

Population, species, and ecosystem diversity.

A conservation program aimed at protecting tiger populations in India.

To conserve snow leopards and their high-altitude habitats.

Forest, grassland, desert, and aquatic ecosystems.

Grazing food chain, Detrital food chain, Supplementary (Parasitic) food chain.

An interaction of a variety of individual organisms with each other and their physical environment.

They are freshwater wetlands formed by glacial lakes and have low nutrients.

No, it is not evenly distributed.

The formation of a stable community or climax.

They say little or nothing about the amount of energy moving through the ecosystem.

It remains almost the same throughout the year.

The number of individual organisms at each trophic level.

Forest ecosystem.

It studies interactions among organisms and their environment.

Heat, light, pH of water, CO2, oxygen, calcium, nitrogen, phosphates.

By examining social structures and their impact on the environment.

It has an intermediate level of productivity and medium-level nutrients, usually with clear water and submerged aquatic plants.

Hot, low rain areas suffering from water shortage and high wind velocity.

A shallow zone near the shore with rooted plants and phytoplankton.

The importance of maintaining all functionally critical aspects of the ecosystem.

They are the first to colonize a bare site and prepare the habitat for other species.

They attract visitors for recreational and educational opportunities.

They provide critical habitats for various species and help maintain ecological balance.

The process by which phosphorus moves through the environment, including soil, water, and living organisms.

It is a key component of DNA, RNA, and ATP, essential for energy transfer and genetic information.

Opposing environmental abuse, saving endangered species, and increasing public awareness.

Loss of species, ecosystems, genes, and extinction.

To conserve nature and reduce the most pressing threats to the diversity of life on Earth.

The conflict between individual short-term interests and long-term environmental health.

They can destroy habitats and lead to species extinction.

A dry sediment area influenced by wind processes.

Photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and combustion.

Utilization value of organisms to humans as food and medicine.

The development of a climax community.

It helps predict future climate conditions and impacts.

It converts nitrates back into nitrogen gas (N2), returning it to the atmosphere and completing the cycle.

They provide erosion control and sediment retention.

By absorbing nitrates from the soil and using them to synthesize proteins and nucleic acids.

They are protected areas that help preserve local biodiversity.

Chemical runoff, eutrophication, groundwater depletion, introduction of invasive species, habitat degradation, urban sprawl, waste disposal.

To ensure international trade in specimens does not threaten their survival.

It provides protection for the Core Zone in its natural condition and allows for limited recreation, tourism, and research activities.

Plants absorb phosphorus from the soil, which is then passed on to herbivores and other organisms in the food chain.

Coniferous trees like pines, herbivores like moose and elk, and omnivores like bears.

Agricultural runoff, mining, and the use of phosphorus fertilizers.

Short vegetation, caribou, polar bears, and musk ox.

Deciduous trees (like oaks and maples) and coniferous trees (like pines).

Nutrient flow is cyclic while energy flow is unidirectional.

They act as natural water filtration systems.

Low nutrient content.

Close to becoming threatened or may meet the criteria for threatened status.

Water supply, hydropower, tourism, aquaculture, and fisheries.

To designate it as eco-fragile zones or Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZ).

The process of converting organic nitrogen from dead organisms into ammonia.

It involves strategies to protect and manage coastal areas.

Through weathering of rocks and decomposition of organic matter.

Settlements, croplands, managed forests, and areas for intensive recreation and other economic uses.

Development pressures, habitat loss, and pollution.

Strengthening policies and community involvement in conservation.

To protect rhinoceros populations and their habitats.

Micro-organisms and mammals such as hares, deer, and coyotes.

Traditional tribal or rural modes.

The value of human visiting, viewing, or learning about biodiversity.

A region with a significant level of biodiversity that is under threat.

Desert < Deep Ocean < Lakes < Coral Reef.

Weathering, sedimentation, erosion, fossilization, and combustion.

Decomposers break down dead organic matter, returning carbon to the soil and atmosphere.

To promote biodiversity and protect genetic resources.

It raises awareness and promotes sustainable practices.

Saving Asia’s Vulture from Extinction.

Conservation and research on crocodiles and other reptiles.

They provide habitat for various species and contribute to nutrient cycling.

Forests capture solar energy and store it in biomass, supporting diverse life forms.

Wild relatives of economic species and represent genetic reservoirs.

Research and educational activities.

They regulate and protect the environment.

It is a strategic alliance between IUCN and WWF.

To provide training and research in wildlife conservation.

Incentives for practices that benefit the environment.

The research and conservation of plant species in India.

The variety of functions that different species perform in an ecosystem.

Cold climate with extremely cold winters and mild summers.

Eutrophication, which can lead to harmful algal blooms in water bodies.

Seasonal variation in climate.

Mass Extinction, Natural Extinction, Anthropogenic Extinction.

Population stabilization through carrying capacity.

Natural resource assessment and management.

Freshwater and Marine.

Little direct sunlight for much of the year.

Monitors the wildlife trade to ensure it does not threaten nature.

To protect the endangered Ganges river dolphin.

It can reduce ecosystem productivity and disrupt nutrient transport.

The future evolutionary potential of species that can later be used for commodity value.

To conduct surveys and research on the fauna of India.

Coral reefs.

By minimizing the negative impact on fragile ecosystems.

They can create health risks due to environmental degradation.

To coordinate the UN's environmental activities and assist developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies.

They can disrupt local ecosystems and outcompete native species.

They can decimate populations of species, leading to extinction.

They serve as natural transport infrastructure.

Conservation of species in their natural habitats.

Monitoring and control measures.

Wetlands/Salt Marsh.

Through the decomposition of dead organisms and waste products.

Public awareness.

About 750 - 2000 mm.

It causes human-induced stress on ecosystems, leading to extinction.

To accommodate human activities and economic uses while maintaining a connection to the surrounding natural environment.

Habitat destruction.

It leads to the decline of species populations.

Research and conservation of birds and their habitats.

Natural ecosystems occur without human intervention, while artificial ecosystems are created or modified by humans.

North of the Arctic Circle.

The soil is frozen and covered with permafrost for much of the year.

To protect elephants and their habitats in India.

It's a farming method that can lead to habitat destruction and loss of species.

They can lead to habitat destruction and loss of species.

The process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.

Producers, consumers, and decomposers.

Linear sequences of organisms through which nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another.

The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

The transfer of energy through food chains and food webs from producers to consumers and decomposers.

Graphical representations showing the distribution of biomass, energy, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level.

It helps maintain ecosystem stability, resilience, and the provision of ecosystem services.

An ecosystem is a community of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system.

Complex networks of feeding relationships among various organisms in an ecosystem.