What is the expected economic loss if the target of avoiding 2 degrees Celsius warming by 2050 is not met?
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3%.
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What is the expected economic loss if the target of avoiding 2 degrees Celsius warming by 2050 is not met?
3%.
What organization works to protect vulnerable populations from health effects of extreme weather events?
WHO (World Health Organization).
How many deaths each year are attributed to air pollution?
6.5 million.
What is the significance of microplastics in the context of environmental health?
They were found in places like the blood-brain barrier and placental barrier, raising concerns.
By how much has the world warmed in the last 130 years?
Approximately 0.85°C.
What is a significant risk factor for heat stroke in humid tropical countries?
Wet bulb events, where humidity reaches 100% and sweating is ineffective.
Who proposed the Biopsychosocial Model to health?
George Engel in 1977.
What is considered the single biggest health threat facing humanity?
Climate change.
What health risks are associated with climate change?
Heatwaves, wildfires, droughts, food insecurity, waterborne diseases, malaria, and dengue.
What is the definition of a Product Producer according to the law?
A brand owner who sells or supplies any commodity under a brand, label, or identity.
What are some observable effects of climate change?
Rising sea levels, melting glaciers, changing precipitation patterns, and more intense extreme weather events.
What is the goal of the Paris Agreement adopted by the United Nations?
To hold the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
What demographic is particularly vulnerable to the health impacts of climate change according to the United Nations?
Women, due to limited access to resources and decision-making.
What is the impact of increasing temperatures on preeclampsia incidence?
The incidence of preeclampsia is increasing as temperatures rise.
What is the primary focus of Environmental Health?
It is concerned with our natural and artificial surroundings and their impact on disease and wellness.
What human activity has significantly contributed to climate change over the last 50 years?
The burning of fossil fuels.
What is an airshed?
An area with similar climate, meteorology, and topology that affects the interchange and diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere.
What are the targets for the recovery of plastic product footprint by December 31, 2028?
80%.
What is a significant source of air pollution in urban areas?
Gas emissions from motor vehicles, accounting for 60-70%.
What is the role of the DENR in the National Solid Waste Commission?
DENR is the lead agency.
What is the Agent-Host-Environment Triad?
A model that illustrates the interaction between the agent, host, and environment in disease transmission.
How does climate change affect maternal and neonatal health?
It increases the incidence of stillbirth and the spread of vector-borne illnesses.
What is the goal for net-zero emissions in the Philippines?
By 2050.
What does Republic Act 9729 establish?
The Climate Change Commission.
What significant agreement was made in 2015 regarding climate change?
The Paris Agreement.
What is the primary role of managers in healthcare?
To manage the clinic, hospital, or health system.
Which agency is the lead agency for the National Solid Waste Management Commission?
DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources).
How often should the National Solid Waste Management Commission meet?
Once a month.
What does the commission mandate regarding solid waste segregation?
Segregation of solid wastes based on classification by the commission.
What does RA 9729, the Climate Change Act of 2009, aim to address?
Climate change adaptation and mitigation.
What percentage of total greenhouse gas emissions does the Philippines contribute?
Less than half of a percent (0.48%).
What is the responsibility of producers under the Extended Producer Responsibility?
To be environmentally responsible throughout the life cycle of their products, especially post-consumer.
What is mandated by law regarding private vehicles in the Philippines?
Emission testing.
What is the role of local health officers under PD 856?
To perform inspection and monitoring of drinking water purifiers and dining establishments.
What is the definition of climate change according to the United Nations?
Climate change can be a natural process where temperature, rainfall, wind, and other elements vary over decades or more, but today it is primarily caused by human activities, especially burning fossil fuels that generate greenhouse gas emissions.
What are some health impacts of climate change mentioned by the United Nations?
Air pollution, disease, extreme weather events, forced displacement, food insecurity, and pressures on mental health.
What does the Mills-Reincke Phenomenon suggest?
More filtration of water reduces mortality not only from water-borne diseases but also from other diseases.
What are the major fields of environmental health?
Water Supply Sanitation, Excreta and Sewage Disposal, Food Sanitation, Solid Waste Management, Vector Control, Air and Water Pollution, Disaster Situations, and Environmental Health Impact Assessments.
What is the role of community physicians in addressing climate change?
To identify and address the health impacts of climate change on communities.
What is the Five Star Physician model?
A model that recognizes the different roles of a primary care physician in addressing global warming, climate change, and environmental degradation.
What significant document did the Philippines submit in 2023?
Its first Nationally Determined Contributions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
What is the recommended air supply rate for enclosed workplaces?
Not less than 20-40 cubic meters per hour per worker.
What climate phenomenon leads to droughts and limited access to safe drinking water?
El Niño.
Why is the US the second largest producer of greenhouse gases despite its lower population?
Due to the US Military.
Why is the definition of solid waste considered outdated?
It primarily refers to plastic waste, which has been proven harmful to humans, such as microplastics.
Which country suffers the largest economic losses from climate change as a percent of GDP?
The Philippines.
What is the main goal of the Clean Air Act of 1999?
To balance development and environmental protection.
What is the composition of the National Solid Waste Management Commission?
14 members from the government and 3 from the private sector.
What is one of the main responsibilities of the National Solid Waste Management Commission?
To oversee the implementation of solid waste management plans and prescribe policies.
What percentage of greenhouse gases does CO2 make up?
More than 70%.
What was the impact of chlorofluorocarbons in the 90s?
They contributed to a hole in the ozone layer.
What is climate despondency?
A view that prevents action on the climate crisis.
What is air pollution?
The presence of one or more air contaminants in sufficient quantities that threaten human, plant, and animal life.
What is the maximum air velocity allowed in enclosed workplaces during the summer season?
45 meters (150 feet) per minute.
Which countries were the largest producers of greenhouse gases in 2021?
China, US, India, European Union, and Russian Federation.
How do the economic losses from climate-related perils in the Philippines compare to those in the US?
The losses in the Philippines are about 8 times those of the US.
How many deaths each year are caused by environmental factors according to the United Nations?
Around 13 million people.
What is the target reduction for GHG emissions by 2030 in the Philippines?
42-55%.
What does the World Health Organization state about climate change?
Climate change undermines access to safe water, adequate food, and clean air, exacerbating avoidable environmental risk factors that cause approximately 12.6 million deaths each year.
What additional deaths per year are expected from climate change between 2030 and 2050?
Approximately 20,000 additional deaths from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, and heat stress.
Who chairs the Climate Change Commission in the Philippines?
The President of the Philippines.
What are the two groups of water requiring treatment?
Group I requires disinfection only; Group II requires complete treatment.
What are some actions taken to mitigate and adapt to climate change?
Policies and principles regarding environmental health concerns, including waste management and water sanitation.
What significant waste does the health sector produce?
Biohazard waste and plastic waste from specimen containers.
What sectors contribute to the Philippines' greenhouse gas emissions?
Agriculture, wastes, industry, transport, and energy.
Who must be held accountable for massive contributions to emissions?
Big corporations.
What are some common air pollutants found in industrialized countries?
Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead.
What is the single most important preventive measure against diseases?
Water sanitation.
What are the major greenhouse gases produced by human activity?
Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases.
What is the purpose of water purification?
To produce hygienically safe and aesthetically pleasing water from a polluted source.
What is the role of community-led total sanitation?
To implement guidelines for sustainable sanitation and assist local sanitation planners.
What is a concern regarding the involvement of business and industry in environmental health policies?
They may prioritize profits over public health and environmental protection.
What does the principle of Replacement in pollution control entail?
Changing existing techniques to those that produce less pollutants.
What does RA 9003 define?
Different kinds of solid wastes including agricultural, bulky, consumer electronic, and hazardous waste.
What is the purpose of the Air Quality Monitoring and Information Network?
To formulate the Integrated Air Quality Improvement Framework and an Air Quality Control Action Plan.
How does cigarette smoke contribute to air pollution?
It contains carcinogens, cell irritants, and toxins.
Why is air pollution considered a major health problem?
Because we breathe about six liters of air every minute, exposing us to pollutants.
What are some effects of air pollution on health?
Acute and chronic respiratory infections, headaches, and lead toxicity.
What are primary air pollutants?
Particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and lead.
What is one method for controlling air pollution?
Using air cleaning technology such as mechanical cyclonic collectors.
What is the focus of the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004?
Protection, preservation, and revival of the quality of all water bodies.
What is the significance of periodic examination of water quality?
To ensure the safety and quality of water through regular assessments.
What is the first principle for control of pollution according to WHO?
Containment: Preventing pollutants from escaping into the air from the source of production.
What is the primary policy of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act?
Ensure the protection of public health and the environment.
What is the role of a social mobilizer?
To mobilize people into action, especially during major health threats.
What rights do citizens have under Section 4 (e) of the Clean Air Act?
The right to be informed about potential hazards and significant rises in pollution levels.
What is the annual requirement for vehicle emissions testing?
It is done annually or whenever vehicles are registered or renewed.
What is prohibited under the Clean Air Act regarding smoking?
Smoking inside public buildings and enclosed public spaces.
What does the Extended Producer Responsibility Act of 2022 aim to achieve?
To institutionalize waste management focusing on reduction, recovery, recycling, and environmentally friendly products.
What are some health effects of elevated CO2 levels?
Headaches, torpor, nausea, and increased heart rate.
What are some common airborne infections?
Common colds, pulmonary tuberculosis, and influenza.
What does the commission prohibit regarding waste management?
Littering, open burning of solid waste, and residing in open dumps and landfills.
What does PD 856 establish regarding sanitation?
It establishes the Department of Health and local health offices as authorities over water and sanitation.
What is the target of Administrative Order 2010-0021 regarding open defecation?
Achieving Zero Open Defecation.
What is the grading system for sanitation status in communities?
Grades range from 0 (Open Defecation) to 3 (Sustainable Sanitation).
What does Grade 1 in the sanitation grading system indicate?
Zero Open Defecation Status, where households use sanitary toilets.
What is the definition of Open Defecation?
Not using a sanitary toilet facility, leading to human feces being exposed to the environment.
What is the concept of a circular economy?
An economic model that extends product life span through improved design and servicing, ensuring efficient resource utilization.
What is the unconditional emission reduction commitment of the Philippines by 2030?
2.71%.
What illegal practice do many communities still use for waste management?
Incineration.
What are the health risks associated with passive smoking?
Respiratory tract infections, low birth weight, and infant mortality.
What is the most important bacteriological test for water quality?
The presence of coliform indicates fecal contamination.
What is the vision of the Climate Change Commission?
A climate-resilient and climate-smart Philippines with highly adaptive communities.
What is the importance of safe water and improved sanitation?
They are essential for achieving health, social, and economic goals.
What is the maximum air velocity allowed in enclosed workplaces during the rainy season?
15 meters (50 feet) per minute.
What are the objectives of air sanitation and pollution control programs?
Provision of adequate ventilation and regulation of machinery to minimize air pollutants.
What is the purpose of dilution in pollution control?
Diluting the concentration of pollutants to levels that can be removed by natural means.
What does the Five Star Physician model emphasize?
The importance of being educators, risk communicators, researchers, and social mobilizers.
What is a key factor in the development of asthma according to the biopsychosocial model?
Socioeconomic background and environmental factors.
What role do researchers play in community medicine?
They are responsible for research projects.
At what CO2 level can toxic effects and oxygen deprivation occur?
At levels of ≥ 5000 PPM.
What health issue has become a year-round concern due to climate change?
Dengue fever.
What health risks are associated with active smoking?
Myocardial infarction, bronchogenic carcinoma, lung diseases, and systemic atherosclerosis.
What is the legal approach to controlling air pollution?
Achieving administrative control through legislation, rules, and standards.
What are the roles of DENR and DILG in water quality management?
DENR is the lead agency, while DILG/LGUs have significant roles.
What is required for the creation of Water Quality Management Areas?
A technical secretariat including various licensed professionals.
What is the significance of legislation in pollution control?
Enacting suitable laws aimed at the prevention of pollution.