What is the condition where the lower esophagus joins the trachea?
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Esophageal Fistula.
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What is the condition where the lower esophagus joins the trachea?
Esophageal Fistula.
What is the second most common neoplasm in children?
Neoplasm - Child.
What is the term for a hernia that occurs in the inguinal region?
Indirect Inguinal Hernia.
What is the importance of the phrase 'anaesthesia should be one third of'?
It suggests a guideline for dosage or administration in a medical context.
What is Barrett's esophagus associated with?
Risk of adenocarcinoma.
What type of shock is associated with hypovolemia?
Hypovolemic shock.
What is the significance of the term 'Black Body with White Shoulder'?
It refers to a specific color pattern in a classification system.
How can Tyramine relate to malformations?
Certain dietary tyramine levels may impact fetal development during pregnancy.
What is a common opportunistic infection in AIDS?
PCP (Pneumocystis pneumonia).
What mnemonic is associated with Behcet’s Syndrome?
BOOG-Oro-Oculo-Genital syndrome.
What deficiency is characterized by low sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride levels?
Primary adrenocortical deficiency.
What does the Anterior Drawer Sign indicate?
Tearing of the ACL (anterior cruciate ligament).
What is the most common breast cancer type in post-menopausal women?
Invasive Duct Carcinoma.
What are common complications of cardiac tamponade?
Constrictive pericarditis and COPD.
What is the Mallampatti criteria used for?
Assessment of difficulty in intubation.
What is Tyramine?
A naturally occurring compound that can affect blood pressure.
What is a common parasitic infection that can be caused by pinworms?
Enterobiasis.
What is a common side effect of Niacin?
Hot flashes and flushing.
What joint is commonly affected by gout?
Metatarsophalangeal joint of the hallux.
What condition is associated with antibodies to intrinsic factor or parietal cells?
Pernicious anemia.
What is 'Monday Disease' associated with?
Loss of tolerance to nitroglycerin during the weekend.
What neurological symptom is associated with loss of light reflex constriction?
Progressive dementia.
What is Caisson Disease commonly associated with?
Gas emboli.
What genetic disorder is associated with Down's syndrome?
Trisomy 21.
What is a significant risk of Doxorubicin and Daunorubicin?
Cardiotoxicity.
What was the first drug used in narcoanalysis?
Opanamine.
What complications can Suxamethonium cause?
Muscle pain, malignant hyperthermia, hyperkalemia, EXCEPT hypokalemia.
What are common symptoms of Trisomy 18?
Rocker-bottom feet, low ears, and heart disease.
What type of tumor is associated with the pancreas?
Pancreatic Tumor.
What type of anemia is associated with G6PD deficiency?
Hemolytic Anemia.
Which bacteria is associated with meningitis in the elderly?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Which substances inhibit CYP450?
Cimetidine and Ketoconazole.
What is a common cardiac condition associated with endocarditis?
Staphylococcus aureus.
What HLA is associated with ankylosing spondylitis?
HLA B-27.
What is a characteristic of alcoholic cirrhosis?
Liver damage due to excessive alcohol consumption.
What is a common toxicity associated with Clozapine?
Agranulocytosis.
Which drug is known to cause aplastic anemia?
Chloramphenicol.
What are the side effects of NSAIDs?
Gastrointestinal issues and renal impairment.
What is Conn's Syndrome characterized by?
Primary aldosteronism leading to hypernatremia and hypokalemia.
What is a notable side effect of Metronidazole?
Disulfiram-like effect.
What is a consequence of defective collagen in certain syndromes?
Late cyanotic shunt leading to pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy due to long-standing VSD, ASD, or PDA.
What should be the depth of chest compression during CPR?
2 inches.
What is the leading cause of death in Alzheimer patients?
Cardiovascular disease.
What is Pick’s Disease?
Progressive dementia similar to Alzheimer’s.
What does 'pre-operative value' refer to?
It indicates the assessment or measurement taken before surgery.
What is a common type of lung disease that can be interstitial?
Interstitial Lung Disease.
What are the symptoms associated with the immunodeficiency that includes thrombocytopenia and eczema?
Combined B- and T-cell deficiency.
What is Pick's Disease associated with?
Emphysema due to alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency.
What is the genetic makeup of Klinefelter's Syndrome?
47, XXY.
What condition is characterized by hereditary nephritis and nerve deafness?
Alport syndrome.
What condition is associated with post-hepatic venous thrombosis?
Various syndromes, including those affecting liver function.
What is a solitary thyroid nodule often evaluated for?
Follicular Adenoma.
What determines the speed of induction and recovery by anaesthetics?
Blood gas partition coefficient.
What characterizes Glanzmann’s Thrombasthenia?
Defective glycoproteins on platelets.
What syndrome is associated with aluminum inhalation leading to lung fibrosis?
Han's Syndrome.
What is a common complication of IV drug use related to heart valves?
Tricuspid Endocarditis.
When is a laryngeal mask airway indicated?
In difficult intubation.
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome associated with?
Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency in alcoholics.
What is Henoch-Schonlein purpura?
A hypersensitivity vasculitis with renal involvement.
What is Down’s Syndrome also known as?
Trisomy 21 or translocation.
What ECG findings are associated with Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome?
Delta wave and a short PR interval.
What is a common cause of food poisoning?
Staphylococcus aureus.
What is Raynaud’s Disease?
Recurrent vasospasm in extremities, often associated with underlying diseases like SLE or scleroderma.
What deformity is associated with Rheumatoid arthritis?
Boutonniere’s Deformity.
What is the defect in von Willebrand's Disease?
Deficiency in von Willebrand factor.
What is MGUS?
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.
What is a common effect of Tyramine?
It can cause hypertensive crises in individuals taking MAO inhibitors.
What type of cancer is characterized by mixed cellularity?
Hodgkin's Lymphoma.
What condition is characterized by minimal change disease?
Nephrotic Syndrome.
What is a common cause of meningitis in adults?
Neisseria meningitides.
Which medication is used to treat breast cancer and can also cause gynecomastia?
Tamoxifen.
What effect do barbiturates and phenytoin have on CYP450?
They induce CYP450.
What antibodies are associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
ANA antibodies.
What symptoms can occur upon re-exposure to nitroglycerin after a tolerance loss?
Headache, tachycardia, dizziness.
What is the term for the eye condition that accommodates but does not react?
Prostitute’s Eye.
What is the most common source of ICU infections?
Urinary catheterization.
What is a key feature of Guber's Syndrome?
Involvement of the 6th and 7th cranial nerves.
What is a common feature of rheumatic fever?
Carditis and associated murmurs.
What is the most common opportunistic infection in AIDS patients?
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
What is the most common cardiac tumor in adults?
Metastases.
What is Crigler-Najjar Syndrome associated with?
Congenital hyperbilirubinemia due to glucuronyl transferase deficiency.
What is Wernicke's Aphasia characterized by?
Impaired comprehension.
What is Hashitoxicosis?
Initial hyperthyroidism in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis that precedes hypothyroidism.
What is DiGeorge’s Syndrome characterized by?
Thymic hypoplasia and T-cell deficiency.
What is Gardner’s Syndrome characterized by?
Adenomatous polyps of the colon plus osteomas and soft tissue tumors.
What is Pompe’s Disease?
A glycogen storage disease characterized by cardiomegaly.
What are Lewy Bodies associated with?
Parkinson's disease.
What is the most common cause of meningitis in adults?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
What is a leading cause of preventable blindness?
Cataracts.
What does Nicoladoni Branham’s sign indicate?
AV fistula.
What does Thyroidization of the Kidney indicate?
It is a histological finding in chronic kidney disease.
What does Virchow's Node indicate?
It is a sign of abdominal malignancy, particularly gastric cancer.
What does a 'Blue Grey Body with Black and White Shoulder' indicate?
It describes another color pattern used for identification.
What is a common complication of myocardial infarction related to heart valves?
Mitral regurgitation.
What is the primary hyperparathyroidism associated with?
Elevated calcium levels.
What is a common sexually transmitted disease?
Chlamydia.
What is the significance of TPO antibodies?
They are associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
What type of cancer is associated with signet-ring cells?
Adenocarcinoma, typically originating from the stomach.
What is Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia characterized by?
Proliferation of IgM-producing lymphoid cells.
What is Cori’s Disease?
A glycogen storage disease due to debranching enzyme deficiency.
What syndrome is associated with Lithium?
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
What is the endotracheal concentration of adrenaline in CPR for pediatric patients?
1:1000.
What is Curling’s Ulcer associated with?
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns.
What is a known toxicity of Tetracycline?
Hepatotoxicity (Necrosis).
Which nerve is most commonly used for monitoring?
Ulnar nerve.
What syndrome is associated with Phenytoin?
Fetal Hydantoin Syndrome.
What is the most common cause of dementia?
Alzheimer's disease.
What are Kollocytes indicative of?
HPV infection.
What is the cause of hyperparathyroidism?
Adenoma.
What is Riedel’s Thyroiditis?
Idiopathic fibrous replacement of the thyroid.
What spots are associated with Down's syndrome?
Brushfield Spots.
What condition is characterized by Cheyne-Stokes Breathing?
Severe heart failure or brain injury.
What does Anthrax Toxin cause?
Notching of ribs.
What disease is associated with lysosomal storage?
Lysosomal Storage Disease.
What is a common vascular condition that can affect the temporal arteries?
Temporal Arteritis.
What is a characteristic finding in Guillain-Barre syndrome?
Minocytologic dissociation with markedly increased protein in the cerebrospinal fluid.
What is Bowen’s Disease?
Carcinoma in situ on the shaft of the penis, with risk of visceral cancer.
What type of cancer is associated with thyrotoxicosis?
Papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid.
What is a common murmur associated with aortic regurgitation?
Mid-diastolic murmur originating at the anterior mitral valve leaflet.
What is the main deficiency in Lesch-Nyhan disease?
HPRT deficiency.
What type of toxicity is associated with Tricyclic antidepressants?
Cardiotoxicity.
What is the most common cardiac tumor in children?
Rhabdomyoma.
What is Niemann-Pick Disease?
A lysosomal storage disease caused by sphingomyelinase deficiency, characterized by 'foamy histiocytes'.
What condition is characterized by postpartum pituitary necrosis?
Sheehan's Syndrome.
What deficiency leads to congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
21-Hydroxylase deficiency.
What are the features of Peutz-Jegher’s Syndrome?
Melanin pigmentation of lips, mouth, hands, genitalia, plus hamartomatous polyps of the small intestine.
What syndrome is characterized by erythema multiforme, fever, malaise, and mucosal ulceration?
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.
What are the symptoms of Horner’s Syndrome?
Ptosis, miosis, and anhidrosis.
What is Zenker’s Diverticulum?
An esophageal diverticulum located above the upper esophageal sphincter.
What syndrome is characterized by adenomatous polyps of the colon plus CNS tumors?
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis.
What does Reiter’s Syndrome remember as?
CUP: Conjunctivitis, Urethritis, and Polyarthritis, associated with HLA-B27.
What test is positive in RZI related to saphenofemoral incompetence?
Brodie-Trendelenburg test.
What are Call-Exner Bodies associated with?
Granulosa cell tumour.
What does the Monoclonal Antibody Spike indicate?
Multiple myeloma (M protein).
What does Chvostek’s Sign indicate?
Hypocalcemia.
What type of sputum is associated with Klebsiella pneumonia?
Currant-Jelly Sputum.
What is Gout?
It is a type of arthritis caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals.
What is a malformation?
An abnormality in the structure of an organ or part of the body.
What is a common malignancy in young males?
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.
What is the clinical presentation of CNVII palsy?
Affects the entire face; UMN lesions only affect the lower face.
What are the renal symptoms associated with the immunodeficiency?
Proteinuria, hematuria, and hypertension.
What is a characteristic feature of multiple myeloma?
RBCs stacked as 'poker chips'.
What is a key laboratory finding in multiple myeloma?
Presence of free light chains (either kappa or lambda).
What is pathognomonic for neurosyphilis?
Cerebellar tonsil herniation.
What is the primary defect in Glycogen Storage Disease?
Muscle phosphorylase deficiency.
What is Dressler's Syndrome associated with?
Post-myocardial infarction fibrinous pericarditis.
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease?
A prion infection causing cerebellar and cerebral degeneration.
What is Guillain-Barre Syndrome?
Idiopathic polyneuritis causing ascending muscle weakness and paralysis.
What is a common disorder associated with mitral valve prolapse?
Mitral Regurgitation.
What is a common cause of Cushing’s syndrome?
Exogenous steroid therapy.
What is Peyronie’s Disease?
Subcutaneous fibrosis of the dorsum of the penis.
What is the defining feature of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis?
Absence of rheumatoid factor.
What genetic deficiency is associated with Gangliosidosis?
Hexosaminidase A deficiency.
What is Kaposi Sarcoma associated with?
Malignant vascular tumor linked to HHV8 in homosexual men.
What is 'Trench mouth' also known as?
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.
What are Lisch Nodules associated with?
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s disease).
What is the second most common cause of mental retardation?
Fragile X syndrome.
What are Chocolate Cysts associated with?
Endometriosis.
What is Pannus associated with?
Rheumatoid arthritis.
What are Tendinous Xanthomas associated with?
Familial hypercholesterolemia.
What does Trousseau’s Sign indicate?
It is a sign of hypocalcemia, characterized by carpal spasm.
What is migratory thrombophlebitis associated with?
It is often associated with visceral cancers, particularly pancreatic cancer.
What is a common type of skin cancer associated with sun exposure?
Basal Cell Carcinoma.
How does Becker’s Muscular Dystrophy differ from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
It is less severe and involves a deficiency in dystrophin protein.
What is the most common cause of meningitis in newborns?
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
What type of tumor is associated with children and the cerebellum?
Medulloblastoma.
Which bacteria is a second common cause of endocarditis?
Bacteroides.
What is a common skin manifestation of secondary syphilis?
Palms and soles involvement.
What is the triad associated with Meigs' Syndrome?
Ovarian fibroma, ascites, hydrothorax.
What condition is characterized by a rupture of an aneurysm?
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
What are the symptoms of Chediak-Higashi Disease?
Phagocyte deficiency, neutropenia, albinism, cranial and peripheral neuropathy.
What is the only complete anaesthetic agent?
Ether.
What is the consequence of Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome?
Catastrophic adrenal insufficiency leading to hemorrhagic necrosis.
What are the characteristics of Crohn's Disease?
Ileocecal involvement, transmural inflammation, skip lesions, lymphocytic infiltrate, and granulomas.
What is MEN type IIa associated with?
Pheochromocytoma, thyroid medullary carcinoma, and parathyroid hyperplasia.
What is Fanconi's Syndrome characterized by?
Impaired proximal tubular reabsorption due to lead poisoning or tetracycline, leading to glycosuria, hyperphosphaturia, aminoaciduria, and systemic acidosis.
What is Wilson’s Disease characterized by?
Hepatolenticular degeneration due to copper accumulation and decreased ceruloplasmin.
What is the leading cause of death in diabetics?
Cardiovascular disease.
What are Jacksonian Seizures?
Epileptic events originating in the primary motor cortex.
What is Potter’s Complex?
Renal agenesis, oligohydramnios, hypoplastic lungs, and defects in extremities.
What heart shape is associated with Tetralogy of Fallot?
Boot-Shaped Heart.
What is a characteristic feature of Neurofibromatosis?
Café au lait spots.
What does Lumpy-Bumpy IF in glomeruli indicate?
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
What are Neurofibrillary Tangles indicative of?
Alzheimer's disease.
What is Membranous glomerulonephritis?
It is a kidney disorder characterized by thickening of the glomerular membrane.
What is Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
It is a genetic disorder leading to high cholesterol levels.
What are Myeloproliferative Disorders?
They are a group of diseases that cause blood cells to grow abnormally.
What condition is characterized by the enlargement of male breast tissue?
Gynecomastia.
What type of carcinoma is associated with ductal structures?
Ductal Carcinoma.
What is IgA nephropathy characterized by?
Defect in platelet adhesion with abnormally large platelets.
What is a common presentation of Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome?
Lesions on lips and oral mucosa.
What condition can be caused by Methicillin?
Interstitial Nephritis.
What is the effect of hemisection of the spinal cord?
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature; ipsilateral loss of fine touch and UMN signs.
What type of lymphoma is associated with EBV and a specific translocation?
Burkitt's Lymphoma, associated with 8:14 translocation.
What is a potential consequence of a left-to-right shunt?
Mitral regurgitation and LV failure.
What type of tumor is a Leydig cell tumor?
A type of testicular tumor.
What is a common cause of pulmonary hypertension?
Pulmonary stenosis.
What does Wallenberg's Syndrome result from?
Thrombosis of the Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA).
What type of anemia is associated with iron deficiency?
Iron Deficiency Anemia.
What is the significance of Bence Jones protein?
It is associated with multiple myeloma.
What is a common side effect of 1st generation Sulfonylureas?
Hypoglycemia.
What causes Parkinson’s disease?
Dopamine depletion in nigrostriatal tracts.
What is the characteristic of juvenile melanoma?
It is always benign.
What is Hirschprung’s Disease?
Aganglionic megacolon, most commonly at the sigmoid colon.
What is the cause of death in SLE patients?
Lupus nephropathy Type IV (Diffuse Proliferative).
What are Kimmelstiel-Wilson Nodules associated with?
Diabetic nephropathy.
What is a characteristic feature of Chronic Bronchitis?
Blue Bloater.
What do Lines of Zahn indicate?
Arterial thrombus.
What is a common cause of mental retardation?
Down's syndrome.
What is Coarctation of Aorta associated with?
Notching of ribs.
What do Cotton Wool Spots indicate?
Hypertension.
What condition is characterized by rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
Crescentic glomerulonephritis.
What do Wire Loop Glomeruli indicate?
They are a histological finding in lupus nephropathy.
What is Bartter’s Syndrome characterized by?
Hyperninemia.
What is the primary immunodeficiency characterized by combined B- and T-cell deficiency?
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).
What is often associated with aneurysms in the Circle of Willis?
ADPKD (adult polycystic kidney disease).
What are the clinical features of McCune-Albright syndrome?
Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, café au lait spots, and short stature.
What is X-linked agammaglobulinemia?
A condition characterized by a lack of immunoglobulins due to a genetic defect.
What is a characteristic finding in lead poisoning?
Basophilic stippling of red blood cells.
What cardiac anomaly is characterized by early cyanosis?
Tetralogy of Fallot.
What is a potential side effect of Fluoroquinolones like Ciprofloxacin?
Tendon damage.
What is Grave's Disease?
An autoimmune hyperthyroidism condition (TSI).
What is Wegener’s Granulomatosis?
Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis affecting paranasal sinuses, lungs, and kidneys.
What is the cause of Addison’s disease?
Autoimmune (2nd - infection).
What is Waiter’s Tip associated with?
Trauma to the superior trunk of the brachial plexus.
What is de Quervain’s Thyroiditis?
Self-limiting focal destruction of the thyroid.
What is a significant risk associated with Halothane?
Hepatotoxicity.
What is Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome associated with?
Re-entrant tachycardia due to a wild pathway between atria and ventricles.
What is the second most common cause of dementia?
Multi-infarct dementia.
What causes hypercapnic respiratory failure in COPD?
Respiratory failure.
What are Bouchard’s Nodes indicative of?
Osteoarthritis (PIP).
What condition is associated with osteitis fibrosa cystica?
Hyperparathyroidism.
What condition is characterized by cardiomegaly with apical atrophy?
Cardiomyopathy.
What is Condyloma Lata associated with?
Syphilis.
What is the association of anti-dsDNA antibodies?
They are specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
What does Hypocalcemia lead to?
It can cause carpal spasm, known as Trousseau’s sign.
What is lupus nephropathy, type IV?
It is a severe form of kidney involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Which medication can induce hemolytic anemia in G6PD deficiency?
Primaquine.
What syndrome is characterized by abnormal ciliary movements?
Syndrome resembling grass.
What is Briquet’s Syndrome?
A somatization disorder with multiple physical complaints without physical pathology.
What is Buerger's Disease characterized by?
Acute inflammation of small and medium arteries leading to painful ischemia and gangrene.
What is a common type of lung cancer associated with small cells?
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung.
What is Capgras syndrome?
A delusional misidentification syndrome commonly seen in schizophrenia.
What is the most commonly used anaesthetic technique?
Spinal anaesthesia.
What is Gilbert's Syndrome?
A benign congenital hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated).
What are the symptoms of Wallenberg's Syndrome?
Ipsilateral ataxia, facial pain and temperature; contralateral body pain and temperature.
What is the genetic cause of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
Deficiency of dystrophin protein, X-linked recessive.
What is the primary cause of secondary hypertension?
Renal disease.
Which syndrome involves Parkinsonism with autonomic dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension?
Multiple System Atrophy.
Which antipsychotic is associated with Tardive Dyskinesia?
Thioridazine.
What is the recommended rate of chest compression to ventilation in newborns in ICU?
3:1.
What is the leading cause of death in chronic renal failure patients on dialysis?
Cardiovascular disease.
What characterizes Plummer’s Syndrome?
Hyperthyroidism, nodular goiter, and absence of eye signs.
What congenital heart defect is characterized by VSD, overriding aorta, and pulmonary artery stenosis?
Tetralogy of Fallot.
What disease is associated with glycogen storage due to G6Pase deficiency?
Von Gierke's Disease.
What is Lord’s and Jaboulay’s Operation used for?
Hydrocele.
What does McBurney's Sign indicate?
Appendicitis.
What is the significance of the Schwartzman Reaction?
It is a hypersensitivity reaction associated with certain infections.
What is Codman’s Triangle associated with?
Osteosarcoma.
What are Warthin-Finkeldey Giant Cells associated with?
They are associated with measles infection.
What is Gaucher’s disease?
A lysosomal storage disorder.
What type of tumor is commonly found in adults and includes Glioblastoma Multiforme?
Astrocytoma.
What are the symptoms associated with bilateral lesions of the amygdala?
Hypersexuality and oral behavior.
What is the primary cause of endocarditis in hospitalized patients?
Staphylococcus aureus.
What is a common complication of sickle cell anemia?
Splenic sequestration leading to splenectomy.
What is associated with Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia?
Increased levels of IgM.
What is the most important factor affecting the level of spinal anaesthesia?
Volume of drug used.
What is Good Pasture’s syndrome associated with?
Autoimmune antibodies to glomerular and alveolar basement membranes.
What is Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia also known as?
Page's Disease.
What are the symptoms of Pancoast Tumour?
Bronchogenic tumour with superior sulcus involvement and Horner’s Syndrome.
What is Cushing’s Syndrome?
Hypercorticism due to various causes including ACTH from pituitary adenoma.
What is a side effect of Valproic Acid?
Hepatotoxicity.
What is a common side effect of OCP related to thromboembolism?
MAO inhibitor can cause sudden hypotension.
What is Huntington's disease characterized by?
Progressive degeneration of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and frontal cortex.
What does Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome involve?
A gastrin-secreting tumor of the pancreas or intestine leading to intractable ulcers.
What tumors are associated with von Hippel-Lindau syndrome?
Hemangiomas, hemangioblastomas, and renal cell carcinoma.
What is a characteristic of an extradural hematoma?
Lucid interval.
What does the presence of Sister Mary Joseph nodule indicate?
It is often associated with abdominal malignancies, particularly stomach cancer.
What does a soap bubble appearance on X-ray suggest?
It is indicative of certain bone lesions, such as giant cell tumors.
What does Painless Jaundice indicate?
Pancreatic cancer (head).
What are Target Cells?
Red blood cells with a central area of hemoglobin surrounded by a clear zone, often seen in thalassemia.
What is Spina Bifida?
It is a neural tube defect where the spine does not close completely.
What is Chagas’ Disease caused by?
Trypanosoma infection.
What is a symptom of factitious disorder?
Consciously creating symptoms.
What characterizes Dubin-Johnson Syndrome?
Congenital hyperbilirubinemia with striking brown-to-black discoloration of the liver.
What causes Weil's Disease?
Leptospirosis, caused by rat urine.
What does Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis lead to?
Autoimmune hypothyroidism.
What is Whipple’s Disease?
A malabsorption syndrome with bacteria-laden macrophages and polyarthritis.
What genetic mutation is associated with Fragile X Syndrome?
Mutation in the FMR1 gene caused by methylation of part of the chromosome, with multiple CGG repeats.
What syndrome is associated with loss of carotid, radial, or ulnar pulses?
Aortic Arch Syndrome.
What is Job's Syndrome?
A condition associated with immune deficiency.
What is the leading cause of hypothyroidism in India?
Autoimmune thyroiditis.
What is Rotor Syndrome?
Congenital hyperbilirubinemia (conjugated) similar to Dubin-Johnson, but with no discoloration of the liver.
What are Charcot-Leyden Crystals indicative of?
Eosinophilic conditions.
What is Non-pitting Edema associated with?
Myxedema.
What does the Smith Antigen indicate?
It is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
What are Tram-Track Glomeruli?
A histological finding in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.
What does AFP in Amniotic Fluid or Mother’s Serum indicate?
It is a marker for fetal abnormalities, including neural tube defects.
What is Pyelonephritis?
It is a kidney infection that can cause flank pain and fever.
What is Hamman-Rich Syndrome?
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
What triad of symptoms is associated with Sjögren's Syndrome?
Dry eyes, dry mouth, and arthritis.
What are the features of Felty’s Syndrome?
Rheumatoid arthritis, neutropenia, and splenomegaly.
What is the Wolff-Chaikoff Effect?
High iodine levels inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis.
What are the symptoms of Plummer-Vinson Syndrome?
Cervical esophageal webs, iron-deficiency anemia, koilonychia, and atrophic glossitis.
What syndrome involves involuntary motor and vocal actions?
Tourette's Syndrome.
What does Kussmaul breathing indicate?
Acidosis or constrictive pericarditis.
What is a common cause of intracranial bleed?
Hypertension.
What is Sezary Syndrome?
Leukemic form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (mycosis fungoides).
What triad is associated with Cholangitis?
Pain, Fever, Jaundice.
What symptoms are associated with Multiple Sclerosis?
Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech.
What is Down's Umbilicus associated with?
It is a sign of intra-abdominal malignancy.
What are Petit mal seizures?
They are brief episodes of staring or loss of awareness.
What is Chronic pyelonephritis?
It is a long-standing kidney infection that can lead to scarring.
What are Loop and Thiazide Diuretics used for?
They are used to treat hypertension and edema.
What deficiency is associated with Gaucher's Disease?
Glucocerebrosidase deficiency, leading to femoral head and long bone erosion, hepatosplenomegaly, and anemia.
What is Pott’s Disease?
Tuberculous osteomyelitis of the vertebrae.
What is Kartagener’s Syndrome?
Characterized by immotile cilia, dextrocardia, and bronchiectasis.
What is Reye’s Syndrome associated with?
Microvesicular fatty liver change and encephalopathy due to aspirin ingestion in children following viral illness.
What is a Brown Tumour associated with?
Hyperparathyroidism.
What are Michaelis-Gutmann Bodies associated with?
Malakoplakia.
What are Clue Cells associated with?
Gardnerella vaginitis.
What are Cold Agglutinins associated with?
Mycoplasma pneumonia and infectious mononucleosis.
What is the significance of Spike and Dome Glomeruli?
It is a histological finding in membranous nephropathy.
What do WBC Casts indicate?
They suggest inflammation or infection in the kidneys.
What does Crohn’s bowel wall thickening indicate?
It suggests inflammatory bowel disease.
What are Neuritic Plaques associated with?
Alzheimer’s disease.
What is the Ochsner-Sherren Regimen used for?
Appendicular mass.
What is a Continuous Murmur indicative of?
AV Fistula.
What is the purpose of a Swan Ganz catheter?
It is used to measure pulmonary artery pressures.
What is the significance of Uric Acid in relation to Gout?
Elevated levels can lead to the formation of urate crystals, causing gout.
What does the Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) measure?
It assesses left atrial pressure and can indicate heart failure.
What does supraclavicular node enlargement indicate?
It can indicate metastatic carcinoma, particularly from the stomach.
What is Anencephaly?
It is a severe neural tube defect resulting in the absence of a major portion of the brain.
What does the String Sign on X-ray indicate?
It suggests narrowing of the bowel, often seen in Crohn's disease.
What does Neisseria meningitidis cause?
It can cause meningitis and is associated with a characteristic rash.
What is a Glant cell tumor of bone?
It is a type of bone tumor that can be aggressive.
What is Thalassemia?
It is a genetic blood disorder characterized by reduced hemoglobin production.
What is Measles?
It is a viral infection characterized by a distinctive rash and fever.
What is Lesch Nyhan syndrome?
It is a genetic disorder characterized by uric acid overproduction and neurological symptoms.
What is Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis?
It is a type of kidney disease characterized by changes in the glomeruli.
What is COPD?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, a progressive lung disease.
