What does the appendicular skeleton of the upper extremity consist of?
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The bones of the shoulder girdle, upper and lower parts of the arm, wrist, and hand.
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What does the appendicular skeleton of the upper extremity consist of?
The bones of the shoulder girdle, upper and lower parts of the arm, wrist, and hand.
What forms the framework of the hand?
Metacarpal bones.
What is the anatomical term for the bone of the upper arm?
Humerus.
What is the styloid process of the radius?
The styloid process of the radius is a bony projection on the distal end of the radius.
What muscle is responsible for abducting the little finger?
Abductor digiti minimi.
Which nerve innervates the majority of the hand muscles?
Ulnar nerve.
Which region of the upper limb includes the wrist?
Wrist region.
What is the only bony joint that the clavicle forms with the trunk?
The sternoclavicular joint.
With which structures does the ulna articulate proximally and distally?
Proximally with the humerus and radius, and distally with a fibrocartilaginous disk
What structures form the anterior wall of the axilla?
The pectoralis major and minor muscles.
What is the role of the phalanges in the hand?
They are the bones of the fingers.
Which muscles are involved in the depression of the scapula?
Ascending (inferior) trapezius and pectoralis minor.
Where are the muscles that move the forearm found?
Proximal to the elbow and attach to the ulna and radius.
How are the carpal bones arranged?
They are bound closely and firmly by ligaments and form two rows of four carpals each.
What are the three sections of the phalanges in the hand?
Proximal, middle, and distal.
Where is the greater tubercle of the humerus located?
The greater tubercle of the humerus is located on the lateral aspect of the proximal humerus.
Which muscles are involved in the rotation depressing the glenoid cavity?
Latissimus dorsi and rhomboids.
Which joint connects the arm to the shoulder?
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
What region is found between the shoulder and the elbow?
Arm region.
Which muscle is responsible for the movement of the shoulder and is located on the upper part of the arm?
Deltoid muscle.
What bones make up the shoulder girdle?
The scapula and clavicle.
With which structures does the humerus articulate proximally and distally?
Proximally with the glenoid fossa of the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna
What do the heads of the metacarpal bones articulate with?
The phalanges.
What is the function of the metacarpal bones?
They form the intermediate part of the skeletal hand between the phalanges and the carpal bones.
What is the pisiform bone?
The pisiform is a small, pea-shaped carpal bone located in the wrist.
What is the function of the Opponens digiti minimi muscle?
It opposes the little finger.
What joints are found at the wrist?
Radiocarpal joint and midcarpal joint.
Which region is located at the front of the shoulder?
Clavipectoral region.
How are most movements produced in the body?
By the coordinated action of several muscles; some muscles in the group contract while others relax.
What role do synergist muscles play?
Synergist muscles contract at the same time as the prime movers, facilitating prime mover actions to produce a more efficient movement.
What forms the posterior wall of the axilla?
The subscapularis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi muscles.
What is the superior border of the clavicle?
The superior border of the clavicle is the upper edge of the clavicle bone.
What muscles are responsible for the protraction of the scapula?
Serratus anterior and pectoralis minor.
What is the function of the Opponens pollicis muscle?
It opposes the thumb.
What joints are found in the hand?
Carpometacarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, and interphalangeal joints.
Which bones make up the proximal row of carpal bones?
Pisiform, triquetrum, lunate, and scaphoid.
Which bones are located in the proximal row of the carpal bones?
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform.
What is the function of the coracoid process of the scapula?
The coracoid process serves as an attachment point for muscles and ligaments.
Which muscles act as flexors of the arm?
Brachialis, biceps brachii, and brachioradialis.
What are the lumbrical muscles responsible for?
Flexing the metacarpophalangeal joints and extending the interphalangeal joints.
Which region of the upper limb includes the elbow?
Cubital region.
What are the main functions of the pectoralis major muscle?
Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of the humerus.
Where are the muscles that attach the upper extremity to the torso located?
Anteriorly (chest) or posteriorly (back and neck).
What are antagonist muscles?
Muscles that, when contracting, directly oppose prime movers. They relax while the prime mover (agonist) is contracting to produce movement, providing precision and control during contraction of prime movers.
What forms the base of the axilla?
The skin and fascia of the armpit.
What is the anatomical term for the wrist bones?
Carpal bones.
Where are the heads of the metacarpals located?
The heads of the metacarpals are located at the distal ends of the metacarpal bones, forming the knuckles.
What muscle is responsible for adducting the thumb?
Adductor pollicis.
What are the regions of the upper limb?
Deltoid, claviculopectoral triangle, pectoral, scapular, axillary, anterior arm, posterior arm, cubital, posterior elbow, anterior forearm, posterior forearm, anterior wrist, posterior wrist, palm/palmar, dorsum of hand, digits (fingers including thumb).
What is the long bone of the upper part of the arm?
Humerus
Which metacarpal forms the most freely movable joint with the carpal bones?
The thumb metacarpal.
Which bones form the forearm?
Radius and ulna.
Where is the olecranon located?
The olecranon is located at the proximal end of the ulna, forming the point of the elbow.
What is the normal range of scapular rotation during arm abduction?
10-15 degrees.
Which muscle flexes the little finger?
Flexor digiti minimi.
Which bones are found in the forearm?
Radius and ulna.
What regions are included in the hand?
Palm/hand, Dorsum of hand, Digits (including thumb).
Which muscle is indicated to have a role in the elevation of the scapula?
Levator scapulae.
What are agonists in muscle movement?
Any 'mover' muscle that directly performs a movement, including the prime mover.
With which part of the scapula does the clavicle articulate at its distal end?
The acromion process.
How many carpal bones form the wrist?
Eight small bones.
What forms the lateral wall of the axilla?
The intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.
What is the acromion of the scapula?
The acromion is a bony process on the scapula (shoulder blade).
Which muscles are responsible for the rotation elevating the glenoid cavity?
Descending (superior) trapezius and serratus anterior (inferior part).
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and scapula.
Which region of the upper limb is located at the shoulder?
Deltoid region.
Where does the subclavius muscle attach?
It attaches to the clavicle and the first rib.
Where is the ulna located in the forearm?
On the little finger side of the forearm
What forms the apex of the axilla?
The cervico-axillary canal.
Which bone articulates with the humerus at the elbow joint?
Ulna.
Which muscles are responsible for the elevation of the scapula?
Descending (superior) trapezius and levator scapulae.
What is considered an abnormal range of scapular rotation during arm abduction?
Greater than 15 degrees.
Which nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?
Median nerve.
What bones make up the hand?
Carpus, metacarpus, and phalanges.
What region is found at the back of the shoulder?
Scapular region.
Where are the muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers located?
On the anterior or posterior surfaces of the forearm.
Which bones make up the distal row of carpal bones?
Hamate, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium.
Which bones are located in the distal row of the carpal bones?
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
Where is the lateral epicondyle of the humerus located?
The lateral epicondyle is located on the outer side of the distal humerus.
Which muscles act as extensors of the arm?
Triceps brachii and anconeus.
What are the main bones of the arm?
Humerus.
What are the two regions of the forearm?
Anterior forearm and Posterior forearm.
Which muscle is shown to have attachments on the coracoid process?
Pectoralis minor.
What is a prime mover?
A muscle that directly performs a specific movement.
What type of joint is the shoulder, and what does it allow?
The shoulder is a synovial joint allowing extensive movement in every plane of motion.
What is the function of fixator muscles?
Fixator muscles are joint stabilizers and a type of synergist.
What forms the medial wall of the axilla?
The serratus anterior muscle and the thoracic wall (ribs 1-4 and intercostal muscles).
Where is the acromioclavicular joint located?
The acromioclavicular joint is located between the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle.
Which muscles are involved in the retraction of the scapula?
Middle (transverse) trapezius and rhomboids.
Which muscle abducts the thumb?
Abductor pollicis brevis (AB).
What are the regions of the upper limb?
Deltoid, Clavipectoral, Pectoral, Axillary, Scapular, Arm, Cubital, Anterior forearm, Posterior forearm, Wrist, Palm/hand, Dorsum of hand, Digits (including thumb).
What is the function of the serratus anterior muscle?
It helps in the movement of the scapula and is involved in the elevation of the ribs.
Which muscle flexes the thumb?
Flexor pollicis longus.
What joint connects the forearm to the arm?
Elbow joint.
What are the major parts of the pectoralis major muscle?
Clavicular head, sternocostal head, and abdominal part.
Which region is located in the armpit area?
Axillary region.
Which muscle is located beneath the pectoralis major?
Pectoralis minor.
What is the role of the trapezius muscle in the upper limb?
It stabilizes and moves the scapula.
What is the anatomical position of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in relation to the upper limb?
It is located in the neck and helps in the movement of the head and neck.
