Unit-2

A Ready Queue is a data structure that holds all the processes that are in the ready state, waiting to be assigned to a CPU for execution.

A medium-term scheduler is a component that can be added to decrease the degree of multiprogramming by removing processes from memory and storing them on disk, allowing them to be brought back into memory for continued execution.

A paradigm for cooperating processes where a producer process generates information that is consumed by a consumer process.

A buffer that places no practical limit on its size, allowing for unlimited storage of produced information.

The exit() system call is used by a process to request the operating system to delete it after executing its last statement.

A cooperating process can affect or be affected by the execution of another process.

A foreground process is the single process that is actively controlled via the user interface and is visible to the user.

A mailbox is an abstract object into which messages can be placed by processes and from which messages can be removed, each having a unique identification.

Socket Communication is a method used for interprocess communication that allows data exchange between two or more devices over a network using sockets, which are endpoints for sending and receiving data.

Threads are multiple threads of control within a process that allow for multiple locations to execute simultaneously, each with its own program counter.

Multiple links can exist between pairs of communicating processes, with each link corresponding to one mailbox, allowing for different communication channels.

A communication method where messages are directed and received from mailboxes (or ports), allowing processes to communicate only if they share a mailbox.

A POSIX Producer is a component in interprocess communication (IPC) that generates data or messages to be consumed by other processes, following the POSIX standard for compatibility and interoperability.

The process Stack contains the temporary data such as method/function parameters, return address, and local variables.

To provide a mechanism that will allow the user processes to synchronize their actions when they access shared memory.

Any operating system that allows for multitasking relies heavily on the use of context switching to allow different processes to run at the same time.

Multitasking refers to the ability of the CPU to switch processes in and out of memory, allowing more than one process to run simultaneously.

A Process Concept refers to the fundamental idea of a process as an instance of a program in execution, which includes the program code, its current activity, and the associated resources.

A communication link is associated with exactly two processes, and between each pair of processes, there exists exactly one link.

A Queueing diagram represents queues, resources, and flows involved in process scheduling.

A communication link is established between a pair of processes only if both members of the pair have a shared mailbox, and it may be associated with more than two processes.

It means that a single communication link can facilitate communication among multiple processes, not just a pair.

The Ready state indicates that a process is prepared to run and is waiting for CPU time to be allocated by the scheduler.

Direct communication is a method where each process that wants to communicate must explicitly name the recipient or sender of the communication.

A Short-term scheduler, also known as a CPU scheduler, selects which process should be executed next and allocates the CPU. It is invoked frequently, often every few milliseconds, and must operate quickly.

Shared Memory is a method of interprocess communication where multiple processes can access the same memory space to communicate and share data.

An area of memory shared among the processes that wish to communicate.

The communication is under the control of the user processes, not the operating system.

Windows calls these Ordinary Pipes 'anonymous pipes'.

A buffer that assumes a fixed size, limiting the amount of information that can be stored.

The Address space refers to the range of memory addresses that a process can use, which is allocated when a process is created.

The Running state signifies that a process is currently being executed by the CPU.

A Parent process is a process that creates child processes, forming a tree of processes.

The send function sends a message to a specified process P.

A Long-term scheduler, or job scheduler, selects which processes should be brought into the ready queue. It is invoked infrequently, typically every few seconds or minutes, and controls the degree of multiprogramming.

Process States in Unix refer to the various conditions a process can be in during its lifecycle, such as running, waiting, or terminated.

Process States in Unix refer to the various conditions that a process can be in during its lifecycle, such as running, waiting, or terminated.

Context Switching is the process of storing the state of a currently running process so that it can be resumed later, and loading the state of another process to execute it.

Ordinary Pipes allow communication in a standard producer-consumer style, where the producer writes to one end (the write-end) and the consumer reads from the other end (the read-end). They are unidirectional and require a parent-child relationship between communicating processes.

Ordinary Pipes require a parent-child relationship between the communicating processes.

Symmetry in addressing means that both the sender process and the receiver process must name each other to communicate.

The queue has a maximum length of zero; thus, the link cannot have any messages waiting in it. The sender must block until the recipient receives the message.

The Text section includes the current activity represented by the value of Program Counter and the contents of the processor's registers.

Sockets are endpoints for sending and receiving data across a network, enabling communication between client and server applications.

When process P1 sends a message to mailbox A, both processes P2 and P3 can execute a receive() operation from A to retrieve the message.

Mach communication is message-based, where even system calls are treated as messages.

A process is in the Blocked state when it cannot continue execution until a specific event occurs, such as the completion of an I/O operation.

To restrict disk and network I/O, minimizing the impact of security exploits.

A process is a program in execution, which must progress in a sequential fashion.

A message variable that holds the item produced by the producer in the producer-consumer model.

The Running state indicates that a process is currently being executed by the CPU.

A communication link is a connection established automatically between every pair of processes that want to communicate, requiring only the identity of each other to facilitate communication.

Swapping refers to the process of removing a process from memory and storing it on disk, then bringing it back into memory to continue execution.

Various I/O Device Queues are queues that manage processes waiting for I/O operations to complete, ensuring that I/O devices are utilized efficiently.

The mechanism to store and restore the state or context of a CPU in the Process Control Block so that a process execution can be resumed from the same point at a later time.

The Heap is dynamically allocated memory to a process during its run time.

Process States in Unix refer to the various conditions a process can be in during its lifecycle, such as running, waiting, or terminated.

Asymmetry in addressing means that only the sender names the recipient, while the recipient does not need to name the sender.

Direct Communication requires processes to name each other explicitly when sending or receiving messages.

When a process issues an I/O request, it is placed in an I/O queue until the request is completed.

If a parent process terminates without invoking wait(), the child process becomes an orphan.

An independent process cannot affect or be affected by the execution of another process.

Forking is the process of creating a new process by duplicating an existing one, allowing the new process to execute concurrently with the original.

A process identifier (pid) is a unique identifier used to identify and manage processes.

Zero capacity buffering means no messages are queued on a link, requiring the sender to wait for the receiver (rendezvous).

Named Pipes are more powerful than ordinary pipes as they allow for bidirectional communication and do not require a parent-child relationship between the communicating processes.

The method of maximizing CPU use by quickly switching processes onto the CPU for time sharing.

Links are established automatically, associated with exactly one pair of communicating processes, and there exists exactly one link between each pair.

Yes, a link may be associated with many processes, allowing multiple processes to share a single mailbox.

Remote Method Invocation is a Java API that allows an object to invoke methods on an object located in another Java Virtual Machine, facilitating remote communication.

Execution options include: Parent and children execute concurrently, or the parent waits until the children terminate.

The current activity includes the program counter and processor registers.

Local Procedure Calls in Windows refer to the mechanism by which a program can invoke a function or procedure that resides within the same process, allowing for efficient communication and execution without the overhead of interprocess communication.

Process creation is the mechanism by which a new process is instantiated in the operating system.

IPC POSIX Consumer refers to a process that utilizes POSIX-compliant interprocess communication mechanisms, such as message queues, semaphores, or shared memory, to receive data or signals from other processes.

A design where the browser operates with multiple processes to enhance stability and security, preventing one website from crashing the entire browser.

The ready queue is where a new process is initially placed and waits until it is selected for execution or dispatched.

A communication link in indirect communication refers to the use of mailboxes or ports for sending and receiving messages between processes.

The queue has a finite length n; at most n messages can reside in it. If the queue is not full, the message is placed in the queue, and the sender can continue execution without waiting. If the queue is full, the sender must block until space is available.

It renders web pages and handles HTML and JavaScript, with a new renderer created for each website opened.

The Data section contains the global and static variables.

Processes can communicate with each other via shared mailboxes, allowing them to send and receive messages.

The receive function receives a message from a specified process Q.

A Process Transition refers to the change of a process from one state to another, such as from Ready to Running or Running to Blocked.

Logical communication links can be categorized as direct or indirect, synchronous or asynchronous, and automatic or explicit buffering.

The send() and receive() primitives are operations defined for message communication: send(A, message) sends a message to mailbox A, and receive(A, message) receives a message from mailbox A.

The process control block (PCB) is updated to reflect the state change of the currently running process and is moved to the appropriate queue, ensuring proper management of process states.

The current status of the process, which can be running, waiting, etc.

Ports act like mailboxes to establish and maintain communication channels between processes.

The termination of a process is initiated by the operating system.

Examples of IPC Systems include message queues, shared memory, semaphores, and sockets, which facilitate communication between processes.

After forking, the parent process continues executing independently and can perform tasks concurrently with the child process.

A mechanism where multiple processes can send and receive messages through a common mailbox, facilitating indirect communication.

Communication in Client - Server Systems refers to the exchange of data and requests between a client and a server, where the client requests services and the server provides them.

Message Passing is a method of interprocess communication where processes communicate and synchronize their actions by sending and receiving messages.

A program is a piece of code which may be a single line or millions of lines, written by a computer programmer in a programming language, that performs a specific task when executed by a computer.

A process is a dynamic instance of a computer program.

Process termination is the mechanism by which a process is formally ended and its resources are released by the operating system.

A context switch is the process of storing the state of a CPU so that it can be restored and execution resumed from the same point at a later time, typically necessary in multitasking, kernel/user mode switching, and handling interrupts.

POSIX Shared Memory is a method that allows processes to share memory segments, enabling them to communicate and synchronize their actions.

The producer-consumer problem becomes trivial when using blocking send() and receive() statements, as the producer waits for the message to be delivered before proceeding.

A mechanism for processes to communicate and synchronize their actions without sharing the same address space, particularly useful in distributed environments.

A Kernel/User Switch occurs when the CPU switches between user mode and kernel mode, which may be necessary for certain operations.

When a producer invokes a blocking send() call, it waits until the message is delivered to either the receiver or the mailbox.

The queue’s length is potentially infinite; thus, any number of messages can wait in it. The sender never blocks.

The Waiting state means that a process is not currently able to execute because it is waiting for some event to occur, such as I/O completion.

Remote Procedure Calls are a protocol that allows a program to execute a procedure on a remote server as if it were a local procedure call.

During process termination, the operating system deallocates the resources that were allocated to the process.

It is a job scheduler that selects processes from a pool and loads them into memory for execution.

Each task gets a Kernel mailbox and a Notify mailbox at creation.

The Terminated state indicates that a process has completed its execution and is no longer active.

A communication method that allows processes to exchange messages, typically using advanced local procedure call (LPC) facilities.

A socket is defined as an endpoint for communication.

Bounded capacity buffering allows a finite length of n messages; the sender must wait if the link is full.

Background processes in iOS are limited to single, short tasks, receiving notifications of events, and specific long-running tasks like audio playback.

A parent process may terminate a child process if the child has exceeded allocated resources, the task assigned to the child is no longer required, or if the parent is exiting and the operating system does not allow the child to continue.

It is updated to change its state to one of the other states (Ready, Blocked, Ready/Suspend, or Exit) and relevant fields such as the reason for leaving the Running state are also updated.

The Waiting state indicates that a process is not able to continue execution until some external event occurs, such as the completion of an I/O operation.

It indicates the location of the instruction to be executed next.

A context switch occurs when a computer’s CPU switches from one process or thread to a different process or thread, allowing one CPU to handle numerous processes or threads without additional processors.

A Process State refers to the current status of a process in the operating system, indicating its stage in the execution lifecycle.

A rendezvous occurs when both send() and receive() are blocking, requiring the sender and receiver to synchronize at that point.

It manages the user interface, disk, and network I/O.

Cascading termination refers to the process where if a parent process terminates, all of its child processes, grandchildren, and so on, are also terminated.

A Process State refers to the current status of a process in the operating system, indicating its stage in the execution cycle, such as running, waiting, or terminated.

A program counter is a storage location that keeps track of the execution point in a thread, allowing multiple program counters per process when using threads.

A Child process is a duplicate of the Parent process, inheriting its attributes and resources at the time of creation.

Buffering refers to a queue of messages attached to the link, which can be implemented in three ways: zero capacity, bounded capacity, and unbounded capacity.

A classic example of a synchronization problem where a producer generates data and a consumer processes it, requiring coordination to avoid conflicts.

Named Pipes are a method of interprocess communication that allows for bidirectional communication between processes without requiring a parent-child relationship, and can be used by multiple processes.

The fork() system call creates a new process by duplicating the calling process, resulting in a Child process.

It allows processes that may reside on different computers connected by a network to communicate effectively.

When a process is removed forcibly from the CPU due to an interrupt, it is put back in the ready queue.

The wait() system call is used by a parent process to wait for the termination of a child process, returning status information and the process ID of the terminated process.

A process is defined as an entity which represents the basic unit of work to be implemented in the system.

Process Transitions in Unix refer to the changes a process undergoes between different states, such as moving from running to waiting or terminated.

A component that selects among available processes for the next execution on the CPU.

Modularity refers to the ability to break down processes into smaller, manageable components that can cooperate with each other.

Mailboxes are created via the port_allocate() system call.

iOS allows only one foreground process with multiple limited background processes, while Android supports both foreground and background processes with fewer restrictions.

The unbounded buffer problem allows the Producer to produce items without any limit on the size of the buffer.

If a mailbox is full, the options are to wait indefinitely, wait at most n milliseconds, return immediately, or temporarily cache a message.

The client sends a connection request after opening a handle to the connection port object.

The kthreadd process, with PID 2, is responsible for managing kernel threads in Linux.

The bash process, with PID 8416, is a command-line shell that allows users to interact with the operating system.

The Running state indicates that a process is currently being executed by the CPU.

The send() primitive sends a message to a specified process P.

Process Scheduling is the method by which an operating system decides which processes to execute at any given time, optimizing CPU utilization and ensuring fairness among processes.

A mailbox is a unique identifier used for directing and receiving messages between processes in indirect communication.

The ftruncate function is used to set the size of the shared memory object, allowing the process to define how much memory will be allocated for sharing.

The initial state when a process is first started or created.

A communication link is established only if processes share a common mailbox, may be associated with many processes, and can be unidirectional or bi-directional.

A service is a component that allows background processes to perform tasks without a user interface and can continue running even if the background process is suspended.

The abort() system call is used by a parent process to terminate the execution of its child processes.

Process cooperation can lead to computation speed-up by allowing multiple processes to work together efficiently.

A function used by the producer to transmit the produced item to the consumer.

Shared memory is a physical communication link that allows multiple processes to access the same memory space for data exchange.

UNIX examples refer to the use of system calls like fork() and exec() in UNIX-based operating systems to manage process creation.

Once assigned to a processor by the OS scheduler, the process state is set to running, and the processor executes its instructions.

Synchronous communication requires that the sender and receiver are synchronized in their operations, meaning the sender waits for the receiver to acknowledge receipt of the message.

The set of all processes in the system.

Non-blocking is considered asynchronous, where the sender sends the message and continues, and the receiver can receive either a valid message or a null message.

In the child process, the return value of 'fork()' is 0, indicating that it is the newly created process.

Processes P2 and P3 can receive the message from mailbox A, but it is not specified who gets the message.

Once the process finishes execution or is terminated by the operating system, it is moved to the terminated state, waiting to be removed from main memory.

Allow a link to be associated with at most two processes to ensure clear message delivery.

The size of a message that a link can accommodate can be either fixed or variable, depending on the system's design.

Processes migrate among the various queues based on their state and requirements.

The khelper process, with PID 6, assists in managing kernel-related tasks and operations.

The wait() system call is used to return status data from a child process to its parent process.

A context switch is the process of saving the context of the currently running process and restoring the context of another process, allowing multiple processes to share the CPU effectively.

Background processes are multiple processes that run in memory but are not displayed on the screen, often with limitations on their tasks.

Having multiple program counters in a PCB is significant for managing the execution state of multiple threads within a single process.

The receive() primitive receives a message from any process, setting the variable id to the name of the process with which communication has taken place.

The receive() primitive is defined as receive(Q, message), which receives a message from process Q.

An I/O-bound process is one that spends more time doing I/O operations than computations, characterized by many short CPU bursts.

It manages each type of plug-in separately to enhance browser stability and security.

The exec() system call is used after a fork() to replace the memory space of the Child process with a new program.

The process is waiting to be assigned to a processor, having been interrupted by the scheduler to allocate CPU to another process.

The Running state signifies that the process is currently being executed by the CPU.

Inter-Process Communication (IPC) is a mechanism that allows processes within a system to communicate and synchronize their actions, enabling them to share data and resources.

A port is a number included at the start of a message packet to differentiate network services on a host.

Unbounded capacity buffering allows for an infinite length of messages, meaning the sender never has to wait.

The client opens a handle to the subsystem's connection port object to initiate communication with the server.

The socket 161.25.19.8:1625 refers to port 1625 on host 161.25.19.8.

A function used by the consumer to obtain the item produced by the producer.

A Connection-oriented socket in Java refers to a socket that uses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to establish a reliable connection between two endpoints for data transmission.

The bounded buffer problem restricts the Producer to produce items only up to a certain limit, after which it must wait for the Consumer to consume items.

Computation speedup involves breaking a task into subtasks that can be executed in parallel by cooperating processes, thereby increasing the overall speed of task completion.

In a Blocking receive, the receiver is blocked until a message is available.

Details about the memory allocated to the process.

A rendezvous occurs when both send and receive operations are blocking, requiring both parties to synchronize.

The two types of message passing are blocking (synchronous) and non-blocking (asynchronous).

The emacs process, with PID 9204, is a text editor that runs in a terminal or as a graphical application.

The function used to create a shared memory segment in POSIX is shm_open, which takes parameters for the name, flags (like O_CREAT and O_RDWR), and permissions.

When a process creates a new child process, it waits for the child's termination before continuing.

Information sharing is one advantage of process cooperation.

Information associated with each process, also known as a task control block, that contains details such as process state, program counter, CPU registers, CPU scheduling information, memory management information, accounting information, and I/O status information.

A separate process is an independent execution unit created by forking, which has its own memory space and resources, distinct from the parent process.

The Producer - Consumer problem involves two processes, Producer and Consumer, where the Producer creates items and the Consumer consumes them, sharing a common memory space known as a buffer.

The three system calls needed for message transfer in Mach are msg_send(), msg_receive(), and msg_rpc().

The message size can be either fixed or variable, which affects how messages are sent and received between processes.

The Waiting state occurs when a process is not able to continue execution until some condition is met, such as the completion of an I/O operation.

Yes, the link may be unidirectional, but is usually bi-directional.

Yes, each pair of processes may share several communication links in indirect communication.

The Terminated state indicates that a process has completed execution and is no longer active.

In two-way communication, half-duplex allows communication in one direction at a time, while full-duplex allows simultaneous communication in both directions.

The process moves into the waiting state if it needs to wait for a resource, such as user input or a file becoming available.

Information sharing allows multiple users to access the same piece of information concurrently, necessitating an environment that supports such access.

All ports below 1024 are well known and used for standard services.

The server creates two private communication ports and returns the handle to one of them to the client.

When the buffer is full, the Producer must wait for the Consumer to consume items before it can produce more.

The MulticastSocket class in Java allows data to be sent to multiple recipients simultaneously, enabling efficient communication in multicast networking scenarios.

If no items are available, the Consumer will wait for the Producer to produce items.

Asynchronous Communication is a type of message passing where the sender can send a message and continue its execution without waiting for the receiver to receive it.

It refers to the process of removing a mailbox (port) and its associated messages from the system.

The send() primitive is defined as send(P, message), which sends a message to process P.

The different types of Process States include New, Ready, Running, Waiting, and Terminated.

The IPC facility provides two operations: send (message) and receive (message).

A Physical communication link refers to the tangible means through which data is transmitted, such as shared memory, hardware bus, or network.

Interrupts are signals that prompt the CPU to stop its current activities to return data from a disk read, necessitating a context switch.

The steps include saving the processor context, updating the process control block of the running process, moving the process control block to the appropriate queue, selecting another process for execution, updating the selected process's control block, updating memory management data structures, and restoring the processor context.

The Ready state indicates that a process is prepared to run and is waiting for CPU time.

Pipes are a method of interprocess communication that allows data to flow in one direction between processes, often used for communication between a client and server.

A process can write to shared memory in POSIX using functions like sprintf to format the data and store it in the shared memory segment.

It is a CPU scheduler that selects those processes which are ready to execute and has the fastest speed among the schedulers.

A CPU-bound process is one that spends more time performing computations than doing I/O operations, characterized by few very long CPU bursts.

The Waiting state means that a process is not currently able to execute because it is waiting for some event to occur, such as I/O completion.

A buffer is a common memory location where items produced by the Producer are stored and from which the Consumer consumes the items.

Blocking is considered synchronous, where the sender is blocked until the message is received, and the receiver is blocked until a message is available.

The init process, with PID 1, is the first process started by the Linux kernel and is responsible for starting and managing system processes.

Message Passing is a method of communication between processes where they send and receive messages through a communication link.

The Stack contains temporary data such as function parameters, return addresses, and local variables.

The sshd process, which can have multiple PIDs (e.g., 3028 and 3610), is the SSH daemon that handles incoming SSH connections.

Non-Blocking Send is a communication primitive where the sending process sends the message and resumes operation without waiting for the message to be received.

It provides lesser control over the degree of multiprogramming.

A Connectionless socket in Java refers to a socket that uses the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) for sending data without establishing a connection, allowing for faster but less reliable communication.

It reduces the degree of multiprogramming.

Synchronous Communication is a type of message passing where the sender and receiver must be synchronized; the sender waits for the receiver to receive the message.

It is almost absent or minimal in time-sharing systems.

The system can select arbitrarily which process receives the message, and the sender is notified of the receiver.

A zombie process is a process that has completed execution but still has an entry in the process table because its parent has not yet called wait() to retrieve its exit status.

Operations on Processes include actions such as creation, termination, suspension, and resumption of processes, which are essential for managing process lifecycles.

A communication link is a connection established between processes P and Q to facilitate message exchange.

The Running state indicates that a process is currently being executed by the CPU.

Pipes act as a conduit allowing two processes to communicate.

Interprocess Communication (IPC) is a mechanism that allows processes to communicate and synchronize their actions when executing concurrently.

A key feature of Named Pipes is that no parent-child relationship is necessary between the communicating processes.

A communication method where messages are sent to a mailbox shared by multiple processes, allowing for flexible message delivery.

It is a process swapping scheduler that can re-introduce the process into memory and continue execution, with speed in between short and long-term schedulers.

A message variable that holds the item consumed by the consumer in the producer-consumer model.

Cooperating processes are processes that can affect or be affected by other processes, often sharing data and resources to achieve common goals.

Convenience refers to the ease of managing and coordinating multiple processes that can work together.

Yes, a link can potentially be associated with more than two processes, depending on the implementation.

The contents of all process-centric registers.

The Data section contains global variables.

Direct Communication is a method where processes communicate directly with each other without any intermediary.

The Heap contains memory that is dynamically allocated during run time.

To send a message to a specified mailbox (port) A.

It is also minimal in time-sharing systems.

Resource sharing options include: Parent and children share all resources, children share a subset of the parent's resources, or parent and child share no resources.

The text section refers to the program code of a process.

Exchanging messages via send/receive refers to the method by which processes communicate by sending messages to and receiving messages from each other.

The 'fork()' function is used to create a new process in C, returning the child's process ID to the parent and 0 to the child.

The communication can be unidirectional or bidirectional.

A program is a passive entity stored on disk (executable file), while a process is an active entity in execution.

Yes, several processes can use the named pipe for communication.

The Terminated state signifies that a process has completed execution and is no longer active.

A program becomes a process when its executable file is loaded into memory.

A Transition refers to the change of a process from one state to another, such as from Running to Waiting or from Waiting to Running.

The set of all processes residing in main memory, ready and waiting to execute.

A method of communication where messages are sent and received through mailboxes (ports) rather than directly between processes.

The set of processes waiting for an I/O device.

The login process, with PID 8415, is responsible for authenticating users and starting their sessions.

Ordinary pipes cannot be accessed from outside the process that created them, typically used for communication between a parent process and its child process.

The pdflush process, with PID 200, is responsible for flushing dirty pages from memory to disk in Linux.

Information about I/O devices allocated to the process and a list of open files.

Implementation issues in Message Passing include how links are established, whether a link can connect more than two processes, the number of links between pairs of processes, the capacity of a link, the size of messages it can accommodate, and whether the link is unidirectional or bi-directional.

Blocking Send is a communication primitive where the sending process is blocked until the message is received by the receiving process or by the mailbox.

It controls the degree of multiprogramming.

The Terminated state represents that a process has completed its execution and is no longer active.

Communication links can be implemented as direct or indirect communication, synchronous or asynchronous communication, and automatic or explicit buffering.

In a Blocking send, the sender is blocked until the message is received.

Priorities and scheduling queue pointers.

Yes, one program can have several processes, especially when multiple users are executing the same program.

Non-Blocking Receive is a communication primitive where the receiver retrieves a message without being blocked, allowing it to continue processing.

Named pipes can be accessed without a parent-child relationship, allowing for more flexible interprocess communication.

The ps process, with PID 9298, is used to display information about currently running processes.

Memory management data structures may need to be updated to manage address translation effectively, ensuring that the correct memory context is restored for the selected process.

Automatic buffering refers to the process where the system manages the storage of messages without explicit instructions from the user, allowing for smoother communication.

A Transition in Unix process states refers to the change of a process from one state to another, such as from Running to Waiting.

The execution of a process is started via GUI mouse clicks, command line entry of its name, etc.

Blocking Receive is a communication primitive where the receiver blocks until a message is available to be received.

It involves establishing a new communication port for sending and receiving messages.

Only one process at a time is allowed to execute a receive operation to prevent conflicts.

A link can be either unidirectional, allowing communication in one direction, or bi-directional, allowing communication in both directions.

It allows a process to receive a message from a specified mailbox (port) A.

Named Pipes are provided on both UNIX and Windows systems.

Ordinary pipes require a parent-child relationship between the communicating processes.

The capacity of a link refers to the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted through the link at any given time.

Ordinary pipes cannot be used over a network, while named pipes can be accessed without a parent-child relationship.

They use the corresponding port handle to send messages or callbacks and listen for replies.

The two models of Inter-Process Communication (IPC) are shared memory and message passing.

Automatic Buffering is a method where the system automatically manages the storage of messages sent between processes.

The special IP address 127.0.0.1 (loopback) is used to refer to the system on which the process is running.

Modularity refers to constructing a system in a way that divides its functions into separate processes or threads, enhancing organization and maintainability.

Data such as CPU used, clock time elapsed since start, and time limits.

It is a part of time-sharing systems.