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Respiratory Physiology Handout mcq

Created by Gerardo

p.1

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A. One
B. Three
C. Five
D. Two
E. Four

Select an answer

p.1

Explanation

The right lung has three lobes, which is a key anatomical feature of the lungs.

Click to see question

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p.1
Anatomy of the Lungs

How many lobes does the right lung have?

B

p.1
Anatomy of the Lungs

What connects the larynx to the bronchi?

A

p.1
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the primary function of the alveoli?

C

p.1
Anatomy of the Lungs

Which structure is responsible for delivering air to the alveoli?

B

p.1
Anatomy of the Lungs

What surrounds the lungs and helps to protect and lubricate them?

A

p.2
Lung Volumes and Capacities

What are the four main lung volumes?

A

p.2
Lung Volumes and Capacities

What is tidal volume?

D

p.2
Respiratory Epithelium and Ciliated Cells

What is the role of ciliated cells in the respiratory epithelium?

A

p.2
Respiratory Epithelium and Ciliated Cells

What type of cells are basal cells in the respiratory epithelium?

B

p.2
Respiratory Epithelium and Ciliated Cells

What is the function of goblet cells in the respiratory epithelium?

C

p.3
Respiratory Epithelium and Ciliated Cells

What is the primary function of ciliated cells in the respiratory tract?

B

p.3
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What are terminal respiratory units (TRUs)?

E

p.3
Anatomy of the Lungs

How many generations of airways are there in the human respiratory system?

A

p.3
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

Which part of the respiratory tract is responsible for gas exchange?

C

p.3
Respiratory Epithelium and Ciliated Cells

What is the role of Clara cells in the respiratory bronchioles?

E

p.4
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What are the small, balloon-like structures in the lungs responsible for gas exchange called?

C

p.4
Respiratory Epithelium and Ciliated Cells

What type of cells are responsible for gas exchange in the alveoli?

E

p.4
Surfactant Function and Importance

What is the function of type II pneumocytes in the alveoli?

C

p.4
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the role of the alveolar-capillary unit in the respiratory system?

C

p.4
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

How does oxygen move from the alveoli to the bloodstream?

C

p.5
Surfactant Function and Importance

What is the primary function of surfactant in the lungs?

A

p.5
Surfactant Function and Importance

Which proteins are involved in reducing surface tension in the alveoli?

E

p.5
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

What is collateral ventilation?

B

p.5
Surfactant Function and Importance

What can deficiencies in surfactant production lead to?

A

p.5
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Which channels are involved in collateral ventilation?

C

p.6
Respiratory Muscles

What is the primary muscle responsible for breathing?

C

p.6
Respiratory Muscles

Which muscles assist with raising and lowering the ribcage during breathing?

D

p.6
Lung Innervation

What role do sympathetic nerves play in lung function?

E

p.6
Lung Innervation

What is the function of parasympathetic nerves in the lungs?

E

p.6
Respiratory Muscles

Which muscles are recruited during times of increased respiratory demand?

B

p.7
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What does Laplace's law state about the pressure required to inflate a spherical bubble?

B

p.7
Surfactant Function and Importance

How does surfactant affect the surface tension in the alveoli?

C

p.7
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What is lung hysteresis?

C

p.7
Lung Volumes and Capacities

What happens to the compliance of the lungs during inspiration compared to expiration?

E

p.7
Surfactant Function and Importance

What can a decrease in surfactant production lead to?

E

p.8
Lung Volumes and Capacities

What does lung compliance refer to?

D

p.8
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

According to Poiseuille's law, what is the relationship between the radius of a tube and the flow rate of a fluid?

E

p.8
Surfactant Function and Importance

What effect does surfactant have on lung compliance?

D

p.8
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What can lead to increased work of breathing?

A

p.8
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is a clinical consequence of airway constriction in asthma?

B

p.9
Lung Volumes and Capacities

What does lung compliance refer to?

A

p.9
Surfactant Function and Importance

How does surfactant affect lung compliance?

A

p.9
Lung Volumes and Capacities

What can decrease lung compliance?

E

p.9
Flow-Volume Relationships

What does a flattened expiratory loop on a flow-volume curve indicate?

A

p.9
Flow-Volume Relationships

What is the purpose of spirometry in assessing lung function?

D

p.10
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

What is the minute ventilation equation used to calculate?

A

p.10
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

What are the components of the minute ventilation equation?

D

p.10
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?

D

p.10
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

How does the pulmonary circulation help in the removal of emboli?

C

p.10
Lung Volumes and Capacities

If the tidal volume is 500 mL and the respiratory rate is 12 breaths per minute, what is the minute ventilation?

A

p.11
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is the primary function of the Pulmonary Circulation?

D

p.11
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

How does gravity affect pulmonary blood flow?

A

p.11
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What role do vasoactive substances play in the Pulmonary Circulation?

C

p.11
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is hypoxic vasoconstriction?

E

p.11
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is the effect of pulmonary vascular resistance on blood flow?

A

p.12
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is the primary function of alveolar vessels in the pulmonary circulation?

D

p.12
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

How do extraalveolar vessels differ from alveolar vessels?

B

p.12
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

What role does hypoxic vasoconstriction play in the lungs?

B

p.12
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What determines the movement of fluid between pulmonary capillaries and the interstitial space?

D

p.12
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is a characteristic of extraalveolar vessels?

C

p.13
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What is hydrostatic pressure in the context of capillaries?

A

p.13
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What effect does oncotic pressure have on fluid movement in capillaries?

A

p.13
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What happens if hydrostatic pressure exceeds oncotic pressure in the capillaries?

A

p.13
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What is the primary reason for the low resistance in the pulmonary circulation?

E

p.13
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

How does the pulmonary vasculature respond to changes in ventilation and perfusion?

A

p.14
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What primarily controls pulmonary vascular resistance?

C

p.14
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is the effect of vasodilation on vascular resistance?

B

p.14
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

According to Poiseuille's law, what is vascular resistance inversely proportional to?

C

p.14
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What does recruitment refer to in the context of vascular resistance?

B

p.14
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What happens to vascular resistance when smooth muscle in blood vessel walls contracts?

B

p.15
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is the role of nitric oxide in the pulmonary circulation?

C

p.15
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

Which substance is a potent vasoconstrictor released in response to low oxygen levels?

A

p.15
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

What is the ideal V/Q ratio in the lungs?

B

p.15
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

How does prostacyclin affect vascular resistance?

B

p.15
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What role does the sympathetic nervous system play in regulating vascular resistance?

D

p.16
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

What does the V/Q ratio describe?

B

p.16
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

What is a shunt in the context of V/Q mismatch?

E

p.16
Causes of Hypoxemia

Which of the following can cause hypoxemia?

E

p.16
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is the role of Thebesian veins?

C

p.16
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What treatment is required for severe V/Q mismatch?

C

p.17
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is the primary function of Thebesian veins in the heart?

D

p.17
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

Where in the lungs is gas exchange primarily conducted?

C

p.17
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

What happens to pulmonary vessels in poorly ventilated areas of the lungs?

E

p.17
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

Which region of the lung has the highest ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratio?

A

p.17
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What factors can affect regional differences in gas exchange in the lungs?

E

p.18
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What is the primary function of the respiratory center located in the brainstem?

D

p.18
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

Which complex is primarily responsible for generating the basic rhythm of breathing?

A

p.18
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What types of sensors provide input to the respiratory center?

E

p.18
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

In which pathophysiological condition is the regulation of ventilation particularly critical?

E

p.18
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What role does the pre-Botzinger complex play in respiration?

A

p.19
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

Where is the expiratory area located in the brainstem?

B

p.19
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What is the function of the pneumotaxic center?

B

p.19
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What happens when there are lesions in the pneumotaxic center?

E

p.19
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

How does the cortex influence breathing?

D

p.19
Respiratory Sensors

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

p.20
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What is the primary function of the Hering-Breuer reflex?

D

p.20
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What physiological response is associated with the diving reflex?

A

p.20
Respiratory Epithelium and Ciliated Cells

Which type of lung receptor is primarily responsible for initiating the cough reflex?

D

p.20
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What role do stretch receptors play in the lungs?

B

p.20
Respiratory Epithelium and Ciliated Cells

What is a potential consequence of dysfunction in lung receptors?

D

p.21
Respiratory Epithelium and Ciliated Cells

What is a common symptom that may indicate an underlying respiratory disease?

B

p.21
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What approaches should be considered for managing cough in patients with respiratory disorders?

E

p.22
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What does oxyhemoglobin equilibrium refer to?

A

p.22
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

How is oxygen saturation (SaO2) measured?

D

p.22
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the normal range for oxygen saturation (SaO2)?

D

p.22
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What factors can influence oxygen saturation?

A

p.22
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the formula for calculating oxygen content in the blood?

D

p.23
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the normal maximal oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood in ml/g of Hb?

C

p.23
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What does a right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve indicate?

A

p.23
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the effect of fetal hemoglobin on the oxygen dissociation curve?

B

p.23
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

Which factor does NOT cause a right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve?

D

p.23
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the Bohr effect in relation to hemoglobin?

B

p.24
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the shape of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

D

p.24
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What effect does a decrease in pH have on hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

D

p.24
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the Haldane effect?

A

p.24
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate ions?

E

p.24
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

How is carbon dioxide primarily transported in the blood?

A

p.25
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What does the Haldane effect describe?

E

p.25
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the Bohr effect?

D

p.26
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What effect does high CO2 levels have on pH in the lungs?

E

p.26
27
28
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What is the primary role of the chemical buffer system in pH regulation?

E

p.26
27
28
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

How does the respiratory system help regulate blood pH?

B

p.26
27
28
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What is the normal pH range in arterial blood?

B

p.26
27
28
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What is the role of the renal system in pH regulation?

D

p.27
26
28
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What does the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relate to in the body?

C

p.27
26
28
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What is the purpose of the Davenport diagram?

A

p.27
26
28
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

In the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, what does pKa represent?

A

p.27
26
28
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

How can the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation be rearranged?

E

p.27
26
28
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What does a deviation from the diagonal line in the Davenport diagram indicate?

A

p.28
26
27
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What does an elevated PaCO2 indicate in arterial blood gas interpretation?

E

p.28
26
27
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

In which condition is the pH decreased and HCO3- decreased?

C

p.28
26
27
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What is the role of the Davenport diagram in clinical practice?

E

p.28
26
27
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What happens to HCO3- levels in respiratory alkalosis?

E

p.28
26
27
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What indicates hypoxemia in arterial blood gas analysis?

C

p.29
30
31
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What does Fick's law explain in respiratory physiology?

B

p.29
30
31
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

According to Fick's law, what is the relationship between tissue thickness and gas transfer rate?

C

p.29
30
31
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is a critical determinant of the rate of gas exchange in the lungs?

C

p.29
30
31
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What condition can impair gas exchange by increasing the thickness of the diffusion barrier?

B

p.29
30
31
32
Lung Volumes and Capacities

What is the estimated surface area of the lungs for gas exchange?

C

p.30
29
31
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the primary function of the large surface area of the lungs?

A

p.30
29
31
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What does diffusion capacity refer to in the context of the lungs?

E

p.30
29
31
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

Which factor can increase the diffusion capacity of the lungs?

D

p.30
29
31
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What components make up the diffusing capacity of the lungs?

C

p.30
29
31
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

Which gas is used to evaluate the ability of the alveolar-capillary membrane to transfer gases?

D

p.31
29
30
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What does the diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) measure?

B

p.31
29
30
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

Which factor does NOT affect the diffusion capacity of the lungs?

A

p.31
29
30
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

In which condition is the diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) likely to be decreased?

D

p.31
29
30
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What can increase the diffusion capacity of the lungs?

D

p.31
29
30
32
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

Why are nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) not commonly used to measure diffusion capacity?

E

p.32
29
30
31
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the normal partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood?

E

p.32
33
34
38
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What does the alveolar gas equation estimate?

C

p.32
33
34
38
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What happens to alveolar oxygen partial pressure if PIO2 decreases or PACO2 increases?

C

p.32
33
34
38
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)?

A

p.32
33
34
38
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

In which conditions is the alveolar gas equation particularly useful?

C

p.33
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What does RER stand for in the context of metabolism?

C

p.33
32
34
38
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the purpose of the hyperoxia test?

B

p.33
32
34
38
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is a normal response to the hyperoxia test?

B

p.33
34
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

What does 'wasted' ventilation refer to?

D

p.33
34
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

How can wasted ventilation be assessed clinically?

E

p.34
Anatomy of the Lungs

What is anatomic dead space?

D

p.34
35
Lung Volumes and Capacities

What is the typical volume of anatomic dead space in healthy adults?

D

p.34
32
33
38
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

Which equation is used to calculate physiologic dead space?

E

p.34
33
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

What does the alveolar ventilation formula account for?

C

p.34
35
37
38
Effects of Exercise and High Altitude on Respirato...

In which condition can increased physiologic dead space occur?

B

p.35
38
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What happens to ventilation during exercise?

C

p.35
34
Lung Volumes and Capacities

Which of the following changes occurs in the lungs during exercise?

B

p.35
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is the effect of vasodilation of pulmonary blood vessels during exercise?

B

p.35
34
37
38
Effects of Exercise and High Altitude on Respirato...

What is the anaerobic threshold?

E

p.35
34
37
38
Effects of Exercise and High Altitude on Respirato...

How can regular exercise affect the anaerobic threshold?

B

p.36
VO2 Max

What does VO2 max measure?

D

p.36
Anaerobic Threshold

What is the anaerobic threshold?

D

p.36
VO2 Max

How can VO2 max be improved?

A

p.36
High Altitude

What is a significant consequence of high altitude on the respiratory system?

A

p.36
VO2 Max

Which group of athletes typically has the highest VO2 max values?

B

p.37
34
35
38
Effects of Exercise and High Altitude on Respirato...

What physiological response occurs in the body due to decreased atmospheric pressure at high altitudes?

E

p.38
34
35
37
Effects of Exercise and High Altitude on Respirato...

What is the primary treatment for decompression sickness?

E

p.38
Respiratory Epithelium and Ciliated Cells

What role do particle size play in respiratory health?

E

p.38
32
33
34
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is a common consequence of inhaling fine particles (0.5-2 µm)?

B

p.38
35
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

What happens during a pneumothorax?

B

p.38
Respiratory Epithelium and Ciliated Cells

Which respiratory defense mechanism helps clear trapped particles?

C

p.39
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships

What is a potential consequence of fluid redistribution in microgravity?

D

p.39
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

How does microgravity affect diaphragm function?

C

p.39
Pulmonary Function Changes

What changes in pulmonary function tests are associated with microgravity?

B

p.39
Effects of Exercise and High Altitude on Respirato...

What is decompression sickness commonly known as?

D

p.39
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What is a recommended practice to reduce the risk of decompression sickness?

D

p.40
Gas Exchange Mechanisms

What is the primary consequence of a disrupted pressure gradient in the pleural cavity?

D

p.40
Control of Ventilation and Respiratory Centers

Who is at higher risk for spontaneous pneumothorax?

C

p.40
Vascular Resistance and Pulmonary Circulation

What is a common cause of pneumothorax?

C

p.40
Effects of Exercise and High Altitude on Respirato...

Which underlying condition increases the risk of pneumothorax?

B

p.40
Acid-Base Balance in Respiratory Physiology

What happens to gas exchange in a lung affected by pneumothorax?

E

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