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How many rRNA types are found in prokaryotes?
3 rRNA types.
What is the initiator tRNA in prokaryotes?
fMet-tRNA.
1/73
p.51
Types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

How many rRNA types are found in prokaryotes?

3 rRNA types.

p.54
Types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

What is the initiator tRNA in prokaryotes?

fMet-tRNA.

p.65
Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Function

What is co-translational targeting?

<p>The process where proteins are targeted to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) while they are being synthesized, using a protein called SRP (signal recognition particle)</p>

p.53
Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Function

What is the role of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in mRNA?

<p>It helps in the binding of mRNA to the rRNA on the ribosome during translation.</p>

p.16
Transcription Mechanisms and Promoter Structures

What type of mechanism is Rho-independent termination?

Non-enzymatic.

p.45
Mutations and the Genetic Code

What type of mutations are caused by the insertion or deletion of a base?

Frameshift mutations.

p.44
Mutations and the Genetic Code

What are tandem triplet repeats?

Repetitive sequences of three nucleotides in DNA that can expand and lead to genetic disorders.

p.24
Eukaryotic mRNA Processing and Modifications

What is the characteristic of repressed chromatin DNA?

It is hypermethylated (heterochromatin).

p.2
Types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

What are 23S and 28S rRNAs classified as?

Ribozymes.

p.25
Types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

Major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic RNA polymerase?

<p>Prokaryotes have a single RNA polymerase. Eukaryotes have 3 distinct RNA polymerases.</p>

p.44
Mutations and the Genetic Code

Name disease examples caused by tandem triplet repeats.

<p>Huntington's disease, Fragile X syndrome, Myotonic dystrophy.</p>

p.5
Types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

What modifications occur in Transfer RNA (tRNA)?

tRNA is spliced, has its 5' and 3' ends trimmed, a CCA sequence added at the 3' end, and bases are modified.

p.6
RNA Polymerases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

How many RNA polymerases are present in prokaryotes?

A single RNA polymerase.

p.29
Eukaryotic mRNA Processing and Modifications

How many adenylate residues can be added during polyadenylation?

Up to 200 adenylate residues.

p.39
RNA Polymerases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Which RNA Polymerase is most inhibited by Actinomycin D?

RNA Polymerase I.

p.3
Types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

What is the primary function of tRNA?

tRNA functions as adaptor molecules in protein synthesis.

p.18
RNA Polymerases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

What is the effect of Rifampin on bacterial RNA polymerase?

It inactivates bacterial RNA polymerase.

p.55
Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Function

What enzyme is responsible for peptide bond formation?

Peptidyl transferase.

p.56
Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Function

How many GTPs used in each round of elongation in translation?

<p>3 GTP + 1 ATP for aminoacyl-tRNA activation</p>

p.4
Eukaryotic mRNA Processing and Modifications

What are the key components of eukaryotic mRNA structure?

5' UTR, 5' cap, coding sequence, 3' UTR, and poly A tail.

p.27
Eukaryotic mRNA Processing and Modifications

What is a key feature of eukaryotic mRNA processing?

Addition of a 5' cap and a poly-A tail.

p.23
Gene Expression and Transcription

What do enhancers contain in their DNA sequence?

Response elements that bind transcription factors (TFs) to activate gene transcription.

p.7
RNA Polymerases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

What is the role of the sigma factor (σ) in prokaryotic RNA polymerase?

It provides promoter specificity to the core enzyme.

p.31
RNA Splicing and the Role of Spliceosome

What is the role of the Spliceosome in eukaryotic cells?

It carries out mRNA splicing.

p.34
RNA Splicing and the Role of Spliceosome

What is alternative splicing?

A process that allows a single gene to produce multiple mRNA variants by including or excluding certain exons.

p.32
RNA Splicing and the Role of Spliceosome

What is the role of snRNPs in splicing?

snRNPs are essential components of the spliceosome that facilitate the removal of introns from pre-mRNA.

p.35
RNA Splicing and the Role of Spliceosome

What are the two types of splicing pathways mentioned?

Single splicing pathway and alternative splicing pathway.

p.60
Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Function

What are polyribosomes?

Multiple ribosomes translating mRNA.

p.17
RNA Interference: siRNA and miRNA

What is the function of DNA intercalating antibiotic agents like Dactinomycin?

They act as transcription inhibitors.

p.51
Types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

How many rRNA types are found in eukaryotes?

4 rRNA types.

p.33
RNA Splicing and the Role of Spliceosome

What type of introns are spliced in the GU-AG mechanism?

Type 1 introns.

p.31
RNA Splicing and the Role of Spliceosome

What are the components of the Spliceosome?

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs).

p.11
Transcription Mechanisms and Promoter Structures

What are the two main structures of the prokaryotic promoter?

The promoter -35 sequence and the Pribnow box.

p.66
Mutations and the Genetic Code

What condition is caused by defective GlcNac-P glycosyltransferase?

I-cell disease.

p.5
Types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

Which type of RNA is not processed in prokaryotes?

Messenger RNA (mRNA).

p.6
RNA Polymerases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

What toxin inhibits mRNA synthesis by RNA Polymerase II?

α-Amanitin.

p.29
Eukaryotic mRNA Processing and Modifications

What are the functions of the polyA tail in mRNA?

It stabilizes mRNA and assists in the translation process.

p.39
Eukaryotic mRNA Processing and Modifications

Does a prokaryotic or eukaryotic mRNA 5'-end have a phosphate group?

P (Prokaryotic).

p.73
Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Function

If an antibiotic results in the formation of dipeptides, what step is inhibited?

<p>Translocation (diphteria toxin)</p>

p.15
Transcription Mechanisms and Promoter Structures

What is Rho-dependent termination?

An enzymatic mechanism that employs a hexomeric ATP-dependent RNA-DNA helicase.

p.39
Transcription Mechanisms and Promoter Structures

What process is the sigma factor necessary for in transcription?

Initiation.

p.73
Mutations and the Genetic Code

What is a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to a stop codon called?

Nonsense mutation.

p.39
RNA Interference: siRNA and miRNA

Define siRNA.

Short interfering RNA, a class of double-stranded RNA involved in RNA interference.

p.29
Eukaryotic mRNA Processing and Modifications

What is the role of the AAUAAA sequence in polyadenylation?

It is a polyA-addition consensus sequence where cleavage occurs approximately 10-30 nucleotides downstream.

p.73
Mutations and the Genetic Code

What is a mutation that changes a stop codon to an amino acid codon called?

<p>Frameshift mutation.</p>

p.6
RNA Polymerases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

What is the function of RNA Polymerase II (Pol II)?

Synthesizes mRNA and most snRNAs.

p.5
Types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

What is unique about Messenger RNA (mRNA) processing in eukaryotic cells?

mRNA is spliced, capped at the 5' end, and has a polyA tail added at the 3' end.

p.29
Eukaryotic mRNA Processing and Modifications

What is required for polyadenylation?

3' -end cleavage by an endonuclease and poly-A addition by polyadenylate polymerase.

p.73
Post-Translational Modifications and Protein Targeting

What sequence directs secreted proteins to the ER?

<p>SRP</p>

p.73
Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Function

What is the name for a ribosome binding sequence?

Shine-Dalgarno sequence.

p.6
RNA Polymerases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

What are the three different nuclear RNA polymerases in eukaryotes?

Pol I, Pol II, and Pol III.

p.6
RNA Polymerases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Do RNA polymerases require a primer for synthesis?

No, they do not require a primer.

p.6
RNA Polymerases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

What does RNA Polymerase III (Pol III) synthesize?

tRNA, 5S rRNA, and some small nuclear RNAs.

p.73
Mutations and the Genetic Code

What is a mutation that changes a codon without changing the amino acid called?

Silent mutation.

p.58
Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Function

Inhibitory effects of common antibiotics on translation:

<p>Streptomycin: 30S subunit - initiation<br>Tetracyline: 30S subunit - aminoacyl-tRNA binding <br>Erythromycin: 50S subunit - translocation<br>Chloramphenicol: 50S subunit - peptidyl transferase<br>Puromycin: A site - translocation </p>

p.73
Post-Translational Modifications and Protein Targeting

What modification targets proteins for degradation?

Ubiquitination.

p.39
Transcription Mechanisms and Promoter Structures

What process is the Rho factor required for in transcription?

Termination.

p.39
RNA Splicing and the Role of Spliceosome

Does a prokaryotic or eukaryotic mRNA undergo splicing?

E (Eukaryotic).

p.39
RNA Polymerases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Which RNA Polymerase is most sensitive to α-amanitin?

RNA Polymerase II.

p.29
Eukaryotic mRNA Processing and Modifications

Which type of mRNA is an exception to polyadenylation?

Histone mRNAs are not polyadenylated.

p.39
Eukaryotic mRNA Processing and Modifications

Does a prokaryotic or eukaryotic mRNA contain a poly-A tail?

E (Eukaryotic).

p.39
Eukaryotic mRNA Processing and Modifications

What is the sequence required for 3' end polyadenylation of mRNAs?

AAUAA.

p.6
RNA Polymerases in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Do RNA polymerases have proofreading activity?

No, they do not have proofreading activity.

p.6

What is the function of RNA polymerase I?

<p>rRNA synthesis</p>

p.9
Transcription Mechanisms and Promoter Structures

What cofactor is required for RNA polymerase to do its job?

<p>Mg2+ ions.</p>

p.20
Transcription Mechanisms and Promoter Structures

What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic promoters?

<p>CAAT box, GC box, TATA box (-25)</p>

p.22
Transcription Mechanisms and Promoter Structures

Which transcription factor opens the ds DNA and phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase to initiate transcription?

<p>TFIIH</p>

p.24

The series of post-translational modifications on histones that regulate gene activation is known as _____.

<p>Histone Code</p>

p.26
Types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

Which RNA has the greatest number of base modifications?

<p>tRNA</p>

p.26

Region on tRNA where amino acid binds?

<p>CAA</p>

p.66
Protein Synthesis and Ribosomal Function

What is the role of N-Acetylglucosamine phosphotransferase?

<p>It is involved in the targeting of enzymes to lysosomes with mannose 6 phosphate</p>

p.46

tRNA specificity is due to each tRNA having one ________________.

<p>aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase</p>

p.49
Types of RNA: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA

How many steps and what is required for the attachment of tRNA to its corresponding amino acid?

<p>2 steps and 1 ATP.</p>

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder