What are some challenges associated with ART?
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Many patients experience unpleasant side effects from ART.
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What are some challenges associated with ART?
Many patients experience unpleasant side effects from ART.
What types of tumors have an increased incidence in AIDS patients?
B cell lymphomas and Kaposi sarcoma.
What is a key strategy for preventing HIV transmission?
Reducing risk behaviors is a key strategy for preventing HIV transmission.
What are common opportunistic infections associated with AIDS?
Herpes, Mycobacterium (Tb), candidiasis, and pneumocystis jiroveci.
What are the characteristics of the early acute phase of HIV disease?
Lasts about 2-4 weeks, includes headaches, fever, flu-like symptoms, and has a high level of virus in blood.
What are secondary immunodeficiencies?
Secondary immunodeficiencies are far more common than primary deficiencies and are associated with various conditions.
What are the main modes of transmission for HIV?
Sexual contact, blood to blood contact, perinatally.
What protein binds to the CD4+ receptor on helper T cells?
Viral gp120 protein
What virus causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?
Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
How many new cases of HIV occur worldwide each year?
5 million new cases per year.
What types of inhibitors are included in ART?
ART includes reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, chemokine receptor inhibitors, and fusion inhibitors.
What medical treatments can cause secondary immunodeficiencies?
Chemotherapy, radiation, or certain drugs can cause secondary immunodeficiencies.
What is a key clinical indicator of progression to AIDS?
A rapid decline in CD4+ T cells to 200 cells/µl.
What type of virus is HIV?
RNA virus (retrovirus)
What is the annual incidence of AIDS cases in the United States?
About 31,000 cases per year.
How does the CD4+ cell count change during the chronic phase of HIV?
There is a gradual reduction of CD4+ cells in blood, decreasing from about 1000 to 200 cells/µl.
Is ART a cure for HIV?
No, ART is not a cure; it slows the progression of the disease.
What chronic infection is known to be associated with secondary immunodeficiencies?
AIDS is a chronic infection associated with secondary immunodeficiencies.
What does the virus do once it enters the cell?
Hijacks cellular machinery to replicate
How can malnutrition lead to secondary immunodeficiencies?
Malnutrition, particularly deficiencies in vitamins or zinc, can lead to secondary immunodeficiencies.
How many people are infected with HIV worldwide?
40 million infected.
What is the most common infection in AIDS?
Pneumocystis jiroveci.
What type of malignancy is associated with secondary immunodeficiencies?
Leukemia is a type of malignancy associated with secondary immunodeficiencies.
What is necessary for viral entry into the cell after gp120 binds to CD4+?
Chemokine-receptor activation
Name a metabolic disease associated with secondary immunodeficiencies.
Diabetes is a metabolic disease associated with secondary immunodeficiencies.
How many people are currently living with AIDS in the United States?
1.2 million currently living with AIDS.
What is ART in the context of HIV treatment?
ART stands for antiretroviral therapy, which involves a combination of drugs to manage HIV.
How does HIV affect the immune system?
It depletes the body’s T H cells (CD4+).
Which coreceptors are involved in the viral entry process?
CXCR4 or CCR5
What is the annual cost range for ART?
The annual cost for ART ranges from 10,000.
What occurs during the chronic phase (clinical latency) of HIV disease?
Lasts months to years, may have few to no symptoms, low virus levels in blood but many antibodies, with continuous replication and T-cell destruction in lymph nodes and spleen.
What is the typical prognosis for patients with clinical AIDS?
Often fatal within 1 to 2 years.
