Bacteriology- week 1 to 3 (2)

Carl Linnaeus.

Wastewater treatment, cheese and yoghurt production, antibiotics, and other chemicals.

Killing bacteria.

Paul Ehrlich in 1882.

28 minutes

Harmless bacteria found on the body.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

12.5 minutes

Through recycling and nitrogen fixation.

Budding is a form of mitotic cell division.

Osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted on bacteria by their environment, such as water and salt.

Bacterial and fungal cells.

A German physician who developed Koch's postulates.

The Autoclave

To demonstrate biochemical or other features that help differentiate different types or species of microorganisms.

X-rays, gamma rays, and high-speed electrons.

An increase in bacterial number but not in size.

Helicobacter pylori

It shows the forms of life.

Media with a known chemical composition, used for laboratory analysis of compounds produced by specified bacteria.

Chemoheterotrophic organisms.

Budding is a form of asexual reproduction where new organisms form from outgrowths (buds) of mature organisms.

Important parts of a bacterial cell include the cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleoid, and sometimes structures like flagella, pili, and capsules.

25°C to 45°C

Capsular polysaccharide.

Less energy is generated from fermentation, which is an incomplete form of glucose oxidation.

Peptidoglycan (murein) and teichoic acids.

Changes in the three-dimensional structure occur, inhibiting or destroying the molecules' ability to function properly.

Gram staining results.

Helicobacter pylori.

A higher number of organisms may require more time or higher temperatures to achieve complete sterilization.

Temperature affects the rate of bacterial metabolism and enzyme activity, with different bacteria having optimal growth temperatures.

The crude death rate for infectious diseases in the United States between 1900 and 1996 is not specified in the provided text.

They developed the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis.

Most bacteria, but not mycoplasma or viruses.

Disinfection is the process of killing most microbial forms except some resistant organisms or bacterial spores.

Outer membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Fermentation is a type of metabolism where an organic compound, rather than oxygen, is the terminal electron (or hydrogen) acceptor.

To kill or inactivate microorganisms.

Dry heat and moist heat.

They may have specific nutritional requirements or conditions that are difficult to replicate in the lab.

It contains ingredients that inhibit the growth of some organisms while enhancing the growth of others.

37°C (98.6°F)

5°C

0.01 µm.

Ultraviolet light and infrared light.

25°C

Noncritical instruments and devices that do not penetrate mucosa surfaces or sterile tissues.

Endoscopes.

Safety and efficacy.

Dry heat and moist heat.

To determine the minimal concentration of antibiotics that can be used.

Growth media are substances used to support the growth of microorganisms in a laboratory setting.

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

Mycobacterium leprae prefers low temperatures.

The species name is Latinized, written in italics, and begins with a small letter.

A biological process that converts food and other substances into energy and other metabolites that keep the cell viable.

Turbidity test.

Dyes and antimicrobics.

Carbohydrates and a pH indicator.

To identify pathogens.

For cleaning surfaces or instruments without bacterial spores and highly resilient organisms, such as laryngoscopes and anesthesia breathing circuits.

Alkalophiles.

A disinfectant is a substance or method used to kill microbes on surfaces.

PSI stands for pounds per square inch.

Flagellar protein.

Because it has high penetration power and does not increase temperature.

Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler.

A solid, liquid, or semi-solid designed to support the growth of microorganisms.

Counting colony forming units (CFU).

When specific pathogenic organisms are sought in sites with an extensive normal flora.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1677.

A selective and differential medium that inhibits certain Gram-positive bacteria and allows Gram-negative bacteria to grow.

Cholera, Syphilis, Anthrax, Leprosy, Bubonic plague, and Tuberculosis.

Alpha, beta, and gamma hemolysis.

A colony, which is an aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell.

For items involved in invasive procedures that cannot withstand sterilization.

It is important in identifying and diagnosing bacterial diseases.

Acidophiles.

Bacteria adapt to their new environment and prepare for cell division, but there is little to no increase in cell number.

Treponema pallidum prefers low temperatures.

Rapid cell division and exponential increase in the number of bacteria.

Liquid and gas.

Streptomyces species.

Broth or agar.

Red.

Antigenic characters that define serotypes within species, especially in Enterobacteriaceae.

Because of its high penetrating capacity and ability to give off large amounts of heat to surfaces without direct contact.

Different factors, including bacterial growth requirements and specimen collection methods.

Nutrient media.

Selective and Indicator (differential).

Bacteria can be seen under a microscope by using staining techniques such as Gram staining, which helps to differentiate bacterial species and enhances visibility.

45°C to 70°C

A type of growth media that allows the growth of certain bacteria while inhibiting others.

Cell parts like the cell wall provide structural support and protection, the plasma membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell, ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, and the nucleoid contains genetic material. In microbiology labs, understanding these structures helps in identifying bacteria, studying their functions, and developing antibiotics.

Cold (psychrophiles), moderate (mesophiles), and high (thermophiles) temperatures.

Water heating system or steam generating system.

Obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes.

The study of bacteria, a branch of microbiology.

A species is a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

Different materials can withstand different levels of heat and may affect the efficiency of the sterilization process.

Nutrient depletion and accumulation of toxic waste products cause the death rate to exceed the growth rate.

Carl Woese in 1987.

Albert Neisser

Three major domains.

0.22 µm to 0.45 µm.

Ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.

Nutrients, temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and moisture.

Green.

0°C to 18°C

He introduced the use of phenols as an antiseptic.

Most bacteria prefer a neutral pH of 7.0.

Blue.

1. High-level sterilization, 2. Intermediate-level, 3. Low-level.

Heat and UV light.

Certain bacteria, yeasts, and protozoans.

Bacterial growth is characterized by phases: lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and death phase.

Christian Gram in 1884.

To inhibit or eliminate microbes on skin or living tissues.

Because 4/5 of bacterial cell weight is water, and drying removes this water.

The procedure of assigning names to organisms using the Binomial Linnaean Scheme by Carl Linnaeus.

Many of the chemical requirements for bacteria are the same as for human cells.

He was born on 11 December 1843 and died on 27 May 1910.

By measuring their metabolic activity and cell products.

To determine the number of bacteria present.

35°C

A holding time of at least 15 minutes at 121°C (250°F) at 15 psi (100 kPa) above atmospheric pressure.

Increased temperature breaks chemical bonds, causing changes in the three-dimensional structure of molecules, which can inhibit or destroy their ability to function properly.

X-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays.

Nutrients, temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and moisture.

They are used for cleaning surfaces or instruments without bacterial spores and highly resilient organisms.

No, disinfectants are not effective against all bacteria or spores.

Nutrients provide the essential elements and energy sources needed for bacterial metabolism and reproduction.

They are used to treat noncritical instruments and devices that do not penetrate mucosa surfaces or sterile tissues.

The mean generation time is the average time it takes for a bacterial population to double in number.

18-24 hours

Peptidoglycan (murein).

Factors such as temperature, nutrient availability, pH, and oxygen levels can influence the mean generation time of bacteria.

Eucaryotic cells.

30 hours

Yes, sterilization is effective to kill bacterium spores.

The system of naming microorganisms.

It is carcinogenic.

Denaturation and coagulation of proteins.

No, they are prokaryotes.

Chemically defined media and complex media.

Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928.

Media with an unknown exact chemical composition, containing numerous ingredients and extracts derived from plants or meats.

Substances that provide the necessary nutrients for bacteria to grow in a laboratory setting.

From the oxidation of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, and protein).

Genus.

They have specific and complex nutritional requirements for growth.

Lag phase, log (exponential) phase, stationary phase, and death (decline) phase.

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

400 to 800 liters.

Fermentation supports anaerobic growth.

Surgical instruments.

Blood agar is used to identify and differentiate bacterial pathogens based on their hemolytic properties.

The genus name is Latinized, written in italics, and begins with a CAPITAL letter.

High-level disinfection.

Bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Halophilic organisms are those that can live in the presence of high levels of salt.

Bacterium.

Dehydration and oxidation of organisms, and protein denaturation.

Different bacteria have specific temperature preferences that affect their growth and ability to cause disease.

Around 15°C.

Oxygen levels determine whether bacteria can grow aerobically or anaerobically, with some bacteria requiring oxygen and others being inhibited or killed by it.

Thermometer or temperature meter.

The growth rate of bacteria is typically expressed as the number of generations per unit time, often per hour.

Through a systematic process of nomenclature and classification.

Moisture is necessary for bacterial metabolic processes and nutrient transport.

Holder method: 63°C for 30 minutes; Flash method: 72°C for 15-20 seconds followed by quick cooling to 13°C.

Generation time.

2537 Angstroms.

Understanding bacterial growth helps in diagnosing infections, determining antibiotic treatment, and controlling the spread of bacteria.

Bacterial growth refers to the increase in the number of bacterial cells in a population.

27-30 minutes

A type of growth media that distinguishes between different types of bacteria based on their biological characteristics.

Sterilizing plastics, syringes, swabs, catheters, etc.

Laboratory glass, flasks, instruments with sharp cutting edges, and powders.

Growth media provide the necessary nutrients and environmental conditions for bacteria to grow and reproduce.

It is not suitable for heat-sensitive materials and toxic chemicals.

Incineration is used for sterilizing needles, inoculating wires, glassware, and other objects that are not destroyed in the incineration process.

Bacteria adapt to their environment and prepare for future growth, but do not yet multiply significantly.

Helicobacter

He demonstrated that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation.

MacConkey agar contains bile salts and crystal violet, which inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, making it selective for Gram-negative bacteria.

Increased expression of genes related to repair, antioxidant metabolism, and nutrient transport.

Bacteria are classified as chemoheterotrophs or chemoautotrophs based on how they acquire carbon.

Short range UV (UVC).

Mollicutes (Mycoplasma) and Chlamydia.

There is a decrease in the number of bacteria, indicating it is not a growth phase.

By binary fission.

It led to great advances in public health that initiated the decline in disease and death.

A bacterium that requires only low levels of oxygen for growth.

1–10 micrometers (um).

Bacteria adapt to their environment and prepare for cell division, but there is no increase in cell number.

Nitrogen is involved in protein synthesis and is part of the structure of nucleic acids.

It is free of life of every kind.

Physical and chemical requirements.

Organic material can protect microorganisms from disinfectants, reducing their effectiveness.

It has no penetrating ability.

Higher temperatures and longer exposure times generally increase the effectiveness of sterilization.

Complete removal of all kinds of microbes (bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, and fungi) by physical or chemical methods.

Pilus or fimbriae protein.

Lactobacillus, Clostridium, and Bacteroides.

Carl Woese.

It causes bonds to break, changing the three-dimensional structure and destroying protein function.

Organisms with sporing capacity are more resistant to heat and require more stringent conditions for sterilization.

Chemoheterotrophs.

pH affects enzyme activity and membrane transport; different bacteria have specific pH ranges for optimal growth.

The two main types of growth media are liquid (broth) media and solid (agar) media.

Carbon.

To sterilize metallic objects by holding them in flame until they are red hot.

No, an item is either sterile or not sterile.

Fermentation or anaerobic respiration.

Ethylene oxide and ozone.

Mean generation time and growth rate are inversely related; a shorter mean generation time corresponds to a higher growth rate.

Unicellular.

They have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Pasteur's Swan-Necked Flask experiment involved boiling broth in a flask with a long, curved neck. The design allowed air to enter but trapped airborne microorganisms in the neck, preventing them from reaching the broth.

Air purification and water purification in hospitals.

Tyndallisation is a sterilization method involving exposure to 100°C for 20 minutes for 3 consecutive days, named after John Tyndall.

By binary fission.

Various biological processes that convert food and other substances into energy and other metabolic by-products.

Betadyne, Providone.

Moist heat, pasteurization, and Tyndallisation.

Thermophiles thrive at temperatures between 45°C and 80°C.

180 minutes.

The bud separates when it reaches the size of the parent cell.

Missed identification of the pathogen and wrong diagnosis.

Steam (moist heat) and dry heat.

Steam outlet and inlet valves.

It can penetrate human tissue and may cause genetic mutations.

The Germ Theory of Disease states that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases.

The distinctive features of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde.

Depletion of nutrients, leading to decreased metabolic activity and consumption of non-essential cellular proteins.

Louis Pasteur is one of the key figures associated with the development of the Germ Theory of Disease.

38 moles of ATP.

The parent cell splits into two daughter cells.

Bacteria can be spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), or comma-shaped (vibrios).

1984

Humans are more closely related to fungi than to bacteria.

Nature of the item to be disinfected, number of contaminants, amount of organic material present, type and concentration of disinfectant, and duration and temperature of exposure.

Common methods of sterilization include autoclaving, dry heat, filtration, radiation, and chemical sterilants.

Glass plates, cotton wool, and glass slides.

Psychrophiles thrive at temperatures below 15°C.

Circular.

They isolated specific agents and proved that they could cause disease.

Common methods of disinfection include the use of chemical disinfectants such as alcohol, chlorine compounds, and hydrogen peroxide.

150 minutes.

Sugars (N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)) and amino acids.

It is used to sterilize items that do not get damaged by high temperatures, such as laboratory glass, flasks, instruments with sharp cutting edges, and powders.

Osmotic pressure can inhibit bacterial growth.

1707-1778.

MacConkey agar is used to identify and differentiate Gram-negative bacteria, particularly enteric pathogens.

Rapid exponential growth and maximum nutrient metabolism.

They believed disease was spontaneously generated.

It is highly lethal to DNA and other vital contents.

A bacterium that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

Single-celled.

Incineration involves dry heat.

The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.

A set of criteria used to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

MacConkey agar differentiates bacteria based on their ability to ferment lactose, with lactose fermenters producing pink colonies and non-fermenters producing colorless colonies.

The number of dying bacteria exceeds the number of new bacteria being produced, leading to a decline in the overall population.

Chemoheterotrophs obtain carbon by breaking down other carbon molecules.

Ethylene oxide.

It is another term for the Exponential Growth Phase, where bacteria multiply at a constant and rapid rate.

Bacterial spores are dormant, resistant to harsh conditions, and can survive without nutrients, while vegetative cells are active and metabolically functional.

An agent or method used to remove or kill all microbes.

Because they have maximum nutrient availability and optimal metabolic conditions.

Red heat and flaming.

Mesophiles thrive at temperatures between 20°C and 45°C.

Yes, both are present.

They include all pathogens and obtain energy (synthesis of ATP) from oxidation of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, and protein).

The ability to divide and double their number through binary fission.

Approximately a million bacteria per millimeter of water.

The cell envelope in Gram-positive bacteria primarily consists of a thick peptidoglycan layer and teichoic acids.

The presence of pathogenic microbes in living tissue.

1. Cell membrane injury, 2. Coagulation and denaturation, 3. Interactions with functional groups of proteins.

Bacteria adapt to a new environment and exhibit high biosynthesis.

Respiration and fermentation.

The rate of bacterial cell growth equals the rate of cell death, leading to a stable population size.

Blood agar differentiates bacterial species based on their ability to hemolyze red blood cells, showing clear, greenish, or no zones around colonies.

The human body provides bacteria with optimal osmotic pressure, optimal temperature range, and optimal pH range.

Asexual reproduction.

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.

A bacterium that can grow with or without oxygen.

More than one.

Needles, inoculating wires, glassware, and other objects that are not destroyed in the incineration process.

Sterilization is the process of eliminating all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, spores, and fungi.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria using a microscope he designed.

Lag phase, log (exponential) phase, stationary phase, and death (decline) phase.

Environmental conditions such as temperature and pH level.

A mixture designed to melt only after being subjected to relevant holding time.

Campylobacter.

Bacteria can be both; they play essential roles in processes like digestion and nitrogen fixation but can also cause diseases.

Eukaryotic cells.

24 hours per generation.

The killing of most microbial forms.

Antisepsis is the process of applying antiseptic agents to living tissue to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction.

A chemical substance used to kill microbes on surfaces but too toxic to be applied directly to tissue.

Bacteria

160°C for 2 hours.

On body surfaces and membranes.

Oxygen is a specific growth requirement for some bacteria.

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an additional outer membrane.

Teichoic acids provide structural support and help maintain cell shape in Gram-positive bacteria.

Yeast is an example of an organism that undergoes budding.

It is the phase where the number of bacteria increases rapidly due to optimal conditions for growth.

Helicobacter pylori.

It is a type of metabolism that uses oxygen as a terminal hydrogen acceptor and derives 38 moles of ATP from the oxidation of 1 mole of glucose.

Bacteria adapt to their environment and prepare for future growth, but do not yet multiply.

A material or method used to remove or kill all microbes.

A bacterium that grows in oxygen but does not use it in metabolism.

Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895).

The number of dying cells exceeds the number of new cells being produced, leading to a decline in the overall population.

Bacteria typically range from 0.2 to 2.0 micrometers in diameter.

Different materials may interact with disinfectants in various ways, affecting the overall effectiveness.

1-3 hours.

Hypochlorites denature proteins.

Decreased metabolism and nutrient availability, along with increased toxic product accumulation.

Spores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus.

The growth rate slows and stabilizes as the rate of cell division equals the rate of cell death.

Because it is the toughest organism for an autoclave to destroy.

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Cresol, Lysol, Tek-Trol.

Hyperthermophiles thrive at temperatures above 80°C.

Ethylene Oxide.

The absence of pathogenic microbes.

Bacteria adapt to their environment and prepare for cell division, but there is no increase in cell number.

Autoclave or Hot air oven.

A bacterium that requires oxygen for growth.

Binary fission.

1875–1910.

Additional carbohydrates and proteins.

Procaryotic cells.

Ultraviolet (UV) and Infrared (IR).

Only in prokaryotes.

pylori

The theory that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases.

Semmelweis and Lister

Phosphorous, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Oxygen.

The purpose of Pasteur's Swan-Necked Flask experiment was to demonstrate that microorganisms in the air were responsible for contaminating sterile solutions.

Passing the object over a flame without allowing it to become red hot.

Chemoautotrophs obtain carbon from CO2.

It is flammable, explosive, and potentially carcinogenic.

The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

Fever.

Rapid cell division and exponential increase in the number of bacteria.

Phosphorus is essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids and ATP.

In the operating room to purify air.

Increased numbers of pathogens help to defeat the host defense.

Bacterial metabolism refers to the chemical processes that occur within a bacterium to maintain life, including catabolism (breaking down molecules for energy) and anabolism (building up molecules for cellular functions).

Temperature.

A process that uses organic compounds as the terminal electron acceptor.

70 S in the cytoplasm.

Proteobacteria (G-ve)

Iodine

Phenols

Single or double doors with a locking mechanism.

It is the phase where bacteria undergo rapid exponential growth.

The growth rate is the rate at which a bacterial population increases in number over a specific period of time.

1875–1910

Agar is used to solidify the growth media, allowing for the isolation and observation of individual bacterial colonies.

Inoculating wires, needles, forceps.

Pressure meters.

Aerobic growth.

One.

Heat-sensitive liquid and pharmaceutical products.

Pasteur and Koch

Strips or tapes that change color once the correct conditions have been met.

The first exposure kills all bacteria and spores, which will germinate in a favorable medium and be killed on subsequent occasions.

The time it takes for a bacterial population to double.

Autoclave, Hot air oven, Chemical and gas (Ethylene Oxide), Filtration, Radiation (Gamma, UV).

The first golden age of microbiology refers to the period in the late 19th century when many foundational discoveries were made, including the identification of many pathogens and the development of techniques for studying microorganisms.

By using oxygen as the electron acceptor, deriving 38 moles of ATP from the oxidation of 1 mole of glucose, yielding 380,000 calories.

Some historic landmarks in microbiology include the discovery of the microscope, the development of germ theory, and the identification of specific bacteria causing diseases.

It helps in controlling bacterial infections and optimizing bacterial cultures in industrial and laboratory settings.

Bacterial growth refers to the increase in the number of bacterial cells through cell division.

Dental plaque on teeth.

Three advantages of bacteria are: 1) They play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, such as nitrogen fixation. 2) They are used in the production of antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals. 3) They are essential in food production processes like fermentation.

The theory that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases.

The growth rate slows and stabilizes as the number of new bacteria equals the number of dying bacteria.

Louis Pasteur used the Swan-Necked Flask experiment to support the Germ Theory of Disease.

The growth rate slows down and stabilizes as nutrient levels decrease and waste products accumulate.

Lag phase: Bacteria adapt to new environment; Log phase: Rapid cell division and growth; Stationary phase: Nutrient depletion slows growth and death rate equals birth rate.

The removal of all forms of life of every kind by physical or chemical methods.

Staphylococcus.

Human cells are eukaryotic, while bacterial cells are prokaryotic.

Prokaryotic cells.

The outcome of Pasteur's Swan-Necked Flask experiment was that the broth remained sterile, proving that microorganisms from the air were necessary for contamination.

No, there is no safe chemical solution that will sterilize instruments immersed in it.

Antibodies usually develop during the course of the disease.

Bacteria are ubiquitous, meaning they can be found everywhere.

Approximately 40 million bacteria per gram of soil.

121°C, 15 Ib pressure, 15 minutes.

15 minutes at 121°C.

Longer exposure times and appropriate temperatures can enhance the effectiveness of disinfectants.

Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Bacteroides.

Lag phase, log (exponential) phase, stationary phase, and death (decline) phase.

Inhibiting bacterial multiplication. Bacteriostatic action is reversible by removal or inactivation of the agent.

Bacteria rapidly divide and the population increases exponentially.

The peptidoglycan layer is much thicker in Gram-positive bacteria compared to the thin layer found in Gram-negative bacteria.

18 minutes.

The bacterial cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. Its function is to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell and to facilitate communication and metabolic processes.

They lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.

Alcohols precipitate proteins and denature lipids.

The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.

Yes, they are metabolically active.

Disinfection is the process of eliminating or reducing harmful microorganisms from inanimate objects and surfaces.

It can damage skin and eyes and does not penetrate glass, cloth, and paper.

Pseudomonas.

Advancements in technology, genomics, and molecular biology have significantly enhanced our understanding and manipulation of microorganisms.

Bacteria and Archaea.

No, both are absent.

80 S in the cytoplasmic reticulum.

Alcohols, Hypochlorite, Iodine, Phenols

Phenols denature proteins and alter cell wall permeability.

Temperature and time.

pH is a physical requirement that affects bacterial growth.

Osmotic pressure is a physical requirement that affects bacterial growth.

The rate of bacterial cell growth equals the rate of cell death, leading to a stable population size.

The periplasmic space is the area between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria, containing enzymes and transport proteins.

Autoclaving, which uses steam under pressure to kill all microorganisms.

Bleach (sodium hypochlorite) is a common chemical disinfectant.

The bacterial capsule is composed of polysaccharides. It prevents phagocytosis, contains K (capsular) antigens, aids in attachment, resists desiccation, and stores nutrients.

Using antiseptic agents such as alcohol or iodine.

Pili (fimbriae) are hair-like structures of protein. They aid in adherence to surfaces, resist phagocytosis, and contain F antigens.

By filtration, as they cannot withstand high temperatures.

Aerotolerant anaerobes are bacteria that do not require oxygen but can tolerate its presence.

Osmotic pressure, pH, and temperature.

Linear.

Bleach, Clorox.

Special growth media and incubation conditions, such as a GasPak jar.

Spheres, rods, and spirals.

A higher number of contaminants may require more disinfectant or longer exposure time to achieve effective disinfection.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can exist either as independent organisms or as parasites.

The structure, physiology, and genetics of microbes in detail.

Molecular biology, genetics, genomics, and proteomics.

Antiseptic agents are chemical substances that are applied to living tissues to inhibit or destroy microorganisms. Examples include iodine, alcohol, and chlorhexidine.

Yes, most prokaryotic cells have a cell wall.

Using physical, chemical, and biological indicators.

Koch's postulates are a set of criteria used to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease. They include: 1) The microorganism must be found in all organisms suffering from the disease. 2) The microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3) The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. 4) The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host.

Actinobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

60 minutes.

Hypochlorite

Enterobacteriaceae

Mycobacterium

The bacterial nucleoid is composed of a single, circular DNA molecule. Its function is to store genetic information and control cellular activities.

Alcohols, Hypochlorite, Iodine

The bacterial capsule is composed of polysaccharides or polypeptides. Its function is to protect the bacterial cell from desiccation and phagocytosis, and to aid in adherence to surfaces.

No, bacterial cells do not have organelles.

Using chemical disinfectants like bleach or autoclaving if appropriate.

Nitrogen is a key component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which are essential for bacterial growth and reproduction.

A microaerophile is a bacterium that requires oxygen at lower concentrations than are present in the atmosphere.

There is a risk of producing tissue damage if residual solution is carried over into the wound.

Psychrotrophs can grow at low temperatures but have an optimal range between 15°C and 30°C.

Iodine compounds denature proteins.

Different disinfectants have varying levels of effectiveness, and their concentration can determine how well they eliminate contaminants.

The inhibition or elimination of microbes on skin or other living tissue.

Actinobacteria

Alcohols, Hypochlorite

0.22-0.45 micrometers.

Gamma and UV radiation.

The outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria acts as a barrier to protect against harmful substances and contains lipopolysaccharides that can trigger immune responses.

Nitrogen and Hydrogen.

Bacteria primarily reproduce through binary fission, a process where a single bacterial cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction in bacteria where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Hypochlorite

Bacterial flagella are composed of the protein flagellin. Their function is to provide motility to the bacterial cell.

By using biological indicators such as spore tests to confirm that the autoclave reaches the necessary temperature and pressure to kill all microorganisms.

Yes, eukaryotic cells have organelles such as mitochondria.

Bacterial inclusion bodies are composed of stored nutrients or building blocks, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, or sulfur. Their function is to store these materials for later use by the cell.

Bacterial flagella are composed of flagellin (protein). They are responsible for motility and contain H (flagellar) antigens.

Obligate aerobes are bacteria that require oxygen for their growth and survival.

A halophile is a bacterium that thrives in high-salt environments.

Nutrient depletion and accumulation of toxic waste products cause the number of dying cells to exceed the number of new cells formed.

Catabolism and anabolism.

Carbon.

Some eukaryotic cells, such as plant cells and fungi, have a cell wall.

Bacteria that can survive with or without oxygen. Example: Staphylococcus.

Bacteria that require oxygen at lower concentrations than atmospheric levels. Example: Campylobacter.

Alcohols, Hypochlorite, Iodine, Phenols

Enterobacteriales

An antiseptic is a substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms on living tissues, such as skin.

Yes, sterols are usually present in eukaryotic cells.

The bacterial cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins. It regulates permeability and transport.

Using disinfectants such as ethanol or bleach.

By filtration, as antibiotics are heat-sensitive.

A mesosome is a folded invagination in the plasma membrane that plays a role in cell wall formation and chromosome replication, increasing the surface area of the cell.

Osmotolerant bacteria can tolerate high osmotic pressure and can grow in environments with varying solute concentrations.

Questions relating to the links between specific microbial properties and disease.

The main points in the germ theory of disease are: 1) Microorganisms are the cause of many diseases. 2) These microorganisms can be transferred from one individual to another. 3) Specific diseases are caused by specific microorganisms.

The cell envelope in Gram-negative bacteria consists of a thin peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, and a periplasmic space.

A single circular DNA molecule located in the nucleoid region.

Multiple linear DNA molecules contained within a nucleus.

Corynebacteriales

45 minutes.

Radiation (Gamma or UV).

Alcohols, Phenols

Escherichia

The bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan. Gram-positive bacteria have a higher amount of peptidoglycan, while Gram-negative bacteria have a lower amount.

Phenols

Chlorine acts by oxidizing cellular components, leading to the destruction of microorganisms.

Plasmids are extra-chromosomal circular DNA. R-Plasmids mediate antibiotic resistance, and F-Plasmids mediate DNA exchange.

Oxygen is required by some bacteria for aerobic respiration, while others may be anaerobic and do not require oxygen.

By flaming them until they are red hot.

Sterilization is the process of eliminating all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, spores, and fungi, from an object or surface.

Nutrient depletion and accumulation of waste products cause the rate of cell death to exceed the rate of cell division.

Iodine

Bacteria have a rigid layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, except in Mycoplasma.

Enterotoxigenic E. coli

Bacterial plasmids are composed of small, circular DNA molecules. Their function is to carry genes that may provide a selective advantage, such as antibiotic resistance.

Chemical requirements and physical requirements.

By autoclaving after it has been dissolved in water.

Obligate anaerobes are bacteria that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.

95%.

Filtration.

Sterilization is crucial in healthcare settings to prevent infections and ensure that medical instruments and surfaces are free from all microorganisms.

0.22 micrometers.

The purpose is to reduce the risk of spreading infectious diseases by eliminating or reducing pathogenic microorganisms on surfaces.

The bacterial cytoplasm contains chromosomes, ribosomes, water, enzymes, and inclusion granules. It is involved in metabolic and catabolic activities.

Extrachromosomal DNA is often present in the form of plasmid(s) in bacterial cells.

The nucleoid is a circular molecule of DNA that contains the cell's genetic codes.

Facultative anaerobes are bacteria that can grow with or without oxygen, but generally grow better with oxygen.

Hot air oven.

Sterilization eliminates all forms of microbial life, while disinfection reduces or eliminates pathogenic microorganisms but may not kill all spores.

Methods that use physical agents such as heat, radiation, or filtration to achieve sterilization.

Eukaryotic cells do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

Escherichia coli

No, sterols are absent in bacterial cells except in Mycoplasma.

The bacterial cytoplasm is composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases. Its function is to facilitate the chemical reactions necessary for the cell's metabolism and growth.

Temperature affects the rate of bacterial metabolism and enzyme activity, with different bacteria having optimal growth temperatures.

An acidophile is a bacterium that thrives in acidic environments with a low pH.

Alcohols, Phenols

Mycobacteriaceae

7.5 minutes.

Bacterial ribosomes are composed of RNA and proteins. Their function is to synthesize proteins by translating messenger RNA.

Sterilization is the process of killing all forms of microbial life, including spores, while disinfection is the process of eliminating most pathogenic microorganisms, except bacterial spores.

Filtration, which removes microorganisms from liquids and gases by passing them through a filter.

Autoclaving, which uses steam under pressure to achieve high temperatures.

Bacterial ribosomes are composed of protein and RNA. They are responsible for translation (protein synthesis).

By autoclaving or using dry heat sterilization.

Granules in bacteria store nutrients such as phosphate, sulfur, and carbon.

A neutrophile is a bacterium that grows best at a neutral pH, typically around pH 7.

Disinfection is the process of reducing or eliminating pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects and surfaces, but it may not kill all spores.

The bacterial cell wall is primarily composed of peptidoglycan. Its function is to provide structural support and shape to the cell, and to protect against osmotic pressure.

It is a semipermeable layer not possessing functions of the prokaryotic membrane.

Contains enzymes of respiration, active secretion of enzymes, and is the site of phospholipid and DNA synthesis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The bacterial cell wall protects from osmotic lysis and mediates interactions between the cell and its environment.

Bacterial endospores are composed of a tough outer coating made of keratin-like proteins. Their function is to ensure the survival of the bacterium in harsh environmental conditions.

Extrachromosomal DNA is found in organelles in eukaryotic cells.

Carbon is a fundamental element in organic molecules and is essential for the synthesis of cellular components.

By using ethylene oxide gas or gamma irradiation.

pH affects the enzyme activity and overall metabolism of bacteria, with different bacteria having optimal pH ranges for growth.

Iodine

Bacterial pili are composed of the protein pilin. Their function is to facilitate attachment to surfaces and to mediate conjugation (transfer of genetic material between bacteria).

No, disinfection is typically used on inanimate objects and surfaces. Antiseptics are used on living tissues.

Osmotic pressure refers to the pressure exerted by the solutes in a solution, which can affect the movement of water across bacterial cell membranes.

Sex pili are long hair-like structures of protein, also known as F or sex pilus. They are involved in the transfer of DNA during conjugation (sexual reproduction).

Phosphorus is a component of nucleic acids, ATP, and phospholipids, making it essential for energy transfer and cellular structure.

An alkalophile is a bacterium that thrives in alkaline environments with a high pH.