What are the two main types of cells?
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Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis.
What are the smallest cytoskeletal structures called?
Microfilaments.
How do microfilaments contribute to the mechanical properties of a cell?
They give the cell additional mechanical strength.
What is the primary function of the centrosome?
To organize microtubules and regulate the cell cycle.
Which staff member has the email kcsin@sfu.edu.hk?
Mr. SIN Ka Chun.
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
To provide structural support and shape to the cell.
What is the layer formed by the carbohydrate portions of large molecules on the membrane called?
Glycocalyx.
What does the cellular level of organization refer to?
The arrangement and function of cells in living organisms.
What is the smallest unit that carries out life’s essential physiological functions?
Cells.
What is the composition of ribosomes?
About 60% RNA and 40% protein.
What is the telephone number for Mr. LAW Yuen Tung Eric?
3702 4222.
What is cytoplasm?
A jelly-like substance present inside the cell where all organelles are suspended.
What links the Golgi apparatus with the plasma membrane?
Secretory vesicles.
What structural forms does the ER take?
Hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and chambers called cisternae.
What type of motion do flagella exhibit?
They beat in a wavelike motion.
What role do microtubules play in the cell?
They act as a monorail system to move vesicles or other organelles.
What role do glycoproteins and glycolipids play in the plasma membrane?
They form a viscous layer that lubricates and protects the plasma membrane.
What attendance rate will result in a fail grade for the course?
Below 80% of the scheduled period.
What role does a membrane play in providing support to cells?
Structural support.
How do cells contribute to the overall function of an organism?
Cells work together to perform specific functions necessary for life.
How are new peroxisomes produced?
By the growth and subdivision of existing peroxisomes.
What do microvilli actively absorb?
Materials from the extracellular environment.
What is the primary focus of Merchant and Favor's 2015 work?
The specific content of their work is not provided.
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
To protect the cell and regulate what enters and exits.
What does the cytoskeleton provide to the cytosol?
Strength and flexibility.
What proteins are responsible for the movement along microtubules?
Motor proteins.
What role do microfilaments play in the cytoskeleton?
They anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the plasma membrane.
How does the glycocalyx contribute to cell positioning?
It helps anchor the cell in place due to its sticky components.
What is the telephone number for Mr. SIN Ka Chun?
3653 4083.
What are cilia?
Long, slender extensions of the plasma membrane.
What is the title of the work by Merchant and Favor published in 2015?
Merchant and Favor (2015).
What does homeostasis refer to in an organism?
The ability to regulate various physiological processes to keep internal states steady and balanced.
What is the concentration of potassium ions (K+) in the cytosol compared to the extracellular fluid?
Higher in the cytosol.
What is the structure of the plasma membrane?
It is a phospholipid bilayer.
What is the office number for Mr. YU Tak Wing Tommy?
A401.
How do microtubules assist in cell movement?
Through the assembly and disassembly of microtubules, changing the shape of the cell.
What is the function of the centrosome?
It serves as the microtubule-organizing center.
Where are motile cilia found in the human body?
In the cells lining the respiratory and reproductive tracts.
What is the primary function of peroxisomes?
To break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
What are membranous organelles isolated from?
The cytosol by phospholipid membranes.
What are the building blocks of all organisms?
Cells.
What is one of the main functions of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?
Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.
What skill is emphasized in interpreting scientific data?
Interpreting the data collected from scientific experiments to address various physiological issues.
How does the dispersion of microfilaments affect the cytosol?
Where microfilaments are widely dispersed, the cytosol is more fluid.
What are somatic cells?
All other cells in the body excluding reproductive cells.
What are centrioles?
Cylindrical structures found within the centrosome, involved in cell division.
What do the ribosomal subunits contain?
Special proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
What do intermediate filaments form in the cytoplasm?
An elaborate network extending from a ring surrounding the nucleus to the plasma membrane.
What types of lifestyles can prokaryotic cells have?
They can be free-living or parasites.
How is the genetic material organized in prokaryotic cells?
It is present on a single chromosome.
What is cytosol also known as?
Intracellular fluid.
What role do microtubules play during cell division?
They distribute duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell by forming the spindle apparatus.
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
A network of intracellular membranes continuous with the nuclear envelope.
What are the main components of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
What is the basic unit of life?
The cell.
What must be submitted for a leave of absence longer than one day?
A written explanation with supporting documentary evidence.
What structural components do microtubules form?
They form structural components of organelles such as centrioles and cilia.
What happens to the consistency of the cytosol where microfilaments form a dense network?
The cytosol has a gelatinous consistency.
What are the two types of cilia found in human cells?
Non-motile (no movement) and motile (movement).
What are integral proteins?
Proteins that are part of the plasma membrane structure and cannot be easily separated without damaging the membrane.
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
It serves as the cell’s skeleton.
What are the hierarchical levels of biological organization mentioned?
Tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
How do all cells originate?
From the division of pre-existing cells.
What is the concentration of sodium ions (Na+) in the cytosol compared to the extracellular fluid?
Lower in the cytosol.
Where do proteins go after being modified in the RER?
They are exported to the Golgi apparatus.
How are phospholipid molecules arranged in the plasma membrane?
They form two layers.
What is the genetic material in prokaryotic cells?
Typically a single circular DNA molecule.
What is the function of anchoring proteins in the plasma membrane?
They attach the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilize its position.
In which type of cells are peroxisomes most numerous?
Metabolically active cells, such as liver cells.
Why is the cell membrane essential for cells?
It maintains homeostasis and provides a barrier against the external environment.
Who is the staff member with the email chduen@sfu.edu.hk?
Mr. DUEN Cheuk Him Daniel.
What is the spindle apparatus?
A network of microtubules that helps distribute chromosomes during cell division.
Where are free ribosomes located?
Scattered throughout the cytoplasm.
What are the main characteristics of prokaryotic cells?
They are unicellular, have a simple structure, and reproduce asexually.
What occurs to ribosomes synthesizing proteins with destinations other than the cytosol?
They become temporarily bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
What is the office location for Mr. CHUI Tong Ngai Edward?
CBCC 815.
What do peroxisomes absorb and break down?
Fatty acids and other organic compounds.
What are microtubules made of?
Hollow tubes built from the globular protein tubulin.
What is the function of motile cilia?
They beat rhythmically to move fluids or secretions across the cell surface.
What is the process of moving membranes and vesicles within a cell called?
Membrane trafficking.
How do peroxisomes contribute to cellular metabolism?
By participating in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide and fatty acids.
How are carbohydrates in the cytosol utilized?
They are broken down to provide energy.
What process is involved in protein synthesis?
The process of translating genetic information into proteins.
What role do carrier proteins play?
They bind to specific molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane.
What are non-membranous organelles?
Organelles that are not completely enclosed by membranes and have all their components in direct contact with the cytosol.
What is the function of the plasma membrane in relation to the cytosol?
It isolates the cytosol from the extracellular fluid.
Where are the hydrophobic fatty-acid tails located in the membrane?
Inside the membrane.
What results in the levels of organization in an organism?
The combined feedback of many cells.
What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum surround?
The nucleus.
What aspect of membranes allows them to respond to changes in the environment?
Sensitivity to the environment.
What are microvilli?
Small, finger-shaped projections of the plasma membrane on cell surfaces.
What function do glycoproteins and glycolipids serve in binding?
They can function as receptors, binding specific extracellular compounds.
What is the primary role of microtubules in the cell?
They form the main portions of the cytoskeleton, providing strength, maintaining shape, and anchoring organelles.
What do gametes refer to?
Male and female sex cells.
What connects the membranes of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
They are continuous and connected to the nuclear envelope.
What are the main components of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
How do microtubules contribute to cell function?
They facilitate intracellular transport and cell division.
What types of proteins can enzymes in plasma membranes be?
Enzymes can be either integral or peripheral proteins.
What is one of the primary functions of a membrane?
Physical isolation.
What protein are typical microfilaments made of?
Actin.
What happens to newly synthesized proteins in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
They are chemically modified.
What do microfilaments attach the plasma membrane to?
The enclosed cytoplasm.
What characterizes nonmembranous organelles?
They are not completely enclosed by membranes and are in direct contact with the cytosol.
Where are microvilli commonly found?
On the cells lining the digestive tract.
What is the structure of the primary cilium?
Similar to a 9 + 0 structure.
Why is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum compared to a workshop and shipping warehouse?
Because it combines protein synthesis and transport.
What do microtubules anchor within the cell?
The position of major organelles.
How do prokaryotic cells reproduce?
Asexually, usually through binary fission.
What happens when a primary lysosome fuses with a mitochondrion?
It facilitates the breakdown of materials within the mitochondrion.
What type of enzymes do peroxisomes contain?
Oxidative enzymes, such as catalase and oxidase.
What is the basic unit of life?
The cell.
What happens to sperm that have multiple flagella?
They are abnormal and cannot fertilize an oocyte.
How do prokaryotic cells primarily reproduce?
They divide asexually by binary fission.
What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?
To synthesize proteins.
What is the cytoplasm?
The material between the plasma membrane and the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
Where do the carbohydrate portions of large molecules extend?
Beyond the outer surface of the membrane.
What is the typical diameter of microfilaments?
About 5 nm.
What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton?
Provides support for organelles and keeps them in position.
What are inclusions in cellular context?
Masses of insoluble materials.
How does the cytoskeleton contribute to the shape of the cell?
It helps in shaping and reorganizing the organelles.
What is the primary function of microvilli?
To greatly increase the surface area of the cell exposed to the extracellular environment.
What role do centrioles play in cell division?
They help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes.
What is the email address of Mr. YU Tak Wing Tommy?
How do recognition proteins function in the immune system?
They help the immune system recognize other cells as normal or abnormal based on specific characteristics.
What type of organisms are prokaryotic cells?
Single-celled (unicellular) microorganisms.
Where do microtubules extend from in a cell?
From a region near the nucleus called the centrosome.
Do most cells contain microtubules?
Yes, most cells contain microtubules.
Which human cell has a flagellum?
The sperm cell.
What are peripheral membrane proteins?
Proteins that are attached to the exterior or interior surfaces of the membrane but do not penetrate the lipid bilayer.
What do the hydrophilic heads of membrane lipids face?
The watery environment, on both sides.
What is the office location for Mr. LEE King Cheung Lewis?
CBCC 815.
What is the role of membrane lipids in relation to ions and water-soluble compounds?
They act as a barrier to ions and water-soluble compounds.
What are peroxisomes smaller than?
Lysosomes.
What ability does the changing shape of the cytoskeleton provide to the cell?
It allows the cell to migrate.
What do cells maintain at the cellular level?
Homeostasis.
What structural function do microtubules serve in a cell?
They give the cell strength and help maintain its shape.
Do prokaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles?
No, they do not have membrane-bound organelles.
How are somatic cells created?
Through the process of fertilization from gametes.
What does the cytosol contain in comparison to extracellular fluid?
Smaller quantities of carbohydrates and lipids, and smaller reserves of amino acids.
What are organelles?
Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions.
How many flagella does a typical human sperm cell have?
One flagellum per cell.
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?
It is responsible for gene expression and housing DNA.
What is the significance of cell division?
It allows for growth, repair, and reproduction of cells.
What is the primary function of intermediate filaments?
To maintain cell shape and provide mechanical strength.
How does a membrane regulate interactions with the environment?
By regulating exchange with the environment.
Who is the Course Coordinator?
Mr. YU Tak Wing Tommy.
What are the two types of cells in humans?
Sex (gametes) cells and somatic cells.
What structures are contained within the centrosome?
Two centrioles.
How does the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) assist in storage?
It can store synthesized molecules or materials absorbed from the cytosol without affecting other cellular operations.
What is the relationship between nonmembranous organelles and cytosol?
All components of nonmembranous organelles are in direct contact with the cytosol.
What are microfilaments?
They are components of the cytoskeleton that help maintain cell shape and facilitate movement.
What structures are found within the centrosome?
A pair of cylindrical structures called centrioles.
What role do centrioles play during cell division?
They help in the formation of the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes.
What occurs when a primary lysosome fuses with an endosome?
It processes fluid or solid materials from outside the cell.
What is the function of motile cilia in the airway?
They move mucus up from the airway.
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?
It houses the cell's DNA and controls cellular activities.
What is DNA synthesis?
The process of replicating DNA before cell division.
What is the function of enzymes in membrane proteins?
They catalyze biochemical reactions at the membrane surface.
How are peripheral proteins different from integral proteins?
Peripheral proteins are bound to the inner or outer surface of the membrane and can be easily separated.
What role do microfilaments play in the cytosol?
They determine the consistency of the cytosol by interacting with other proteins.
What are organelles often referred to as?
Little organs.
What happens to the proteins manufactured by free ribosomes?
They directly enter the cytosol.
How do cells involved in the immune response recognize other cells?
They recognize glycoproteins and glycolipids as normal or abnormal.
What is the centrosome?
A region of cytoplasm located next to the nucleus in a cell.
What are the two types of fluids associated with the plasma membrane?
Extracellular fluid outside the cell and intracellular fluid (cytosol) inside the cell.
How are centrioles arranged within the centrosome?
In a perpendicular orientation to each other.
How does the ER contribute to detoxification?
It can absorb drugs or toxins and neutralize them with enzymes.
How many centrioles are typically found in a centrosome?
Two centrioles, arranged perpendicular to each other.
How do flagella compare to motile cilia in terms of structure?
Flagella have the same 9+2 microtubule organization as motile cilia but are much longer.
What role does DNA play in prokaryotic cells?
It directs protein creation and regulates cell actions.
What do receptor proteins in the plasma membrane respond to?
They are sensitive to specific extracellular ions or molecules called ligands.
Which organisms are classified as prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea.
What types of organisms are considered eukaryotes?
Animal cells, plants, fungi, and protists.
What are amino acids primarily used for in the cytosol?
To manufacture proteins.
What is DNA synthesis?
The process of replicating DNA prior to cell division.
How do membranous organelles differ from non-membranous organelles?
Membranous organelles are isolated from the cytosol by phospholipid membranes.
In which types of cells are intermediate filaments commonly found?
Intermediate filaments are found in a variety of cell types, including epithelial, muscle, and nerve cells.
What is the primary function of the centrosome?
To organize microtubules and provide structure to the cell.
What are the two subunits of a ribosome?
Small ribosomal subunit and large ribosomal subunit.
What are peroxisomes?
Membranous organelles that contain enzymes for oxidative reactions.
What is a flagellum?
A whiplike extension of the plasma membrane.
Where is Mr. LAW Yuen Tung Eric's office located?
A802.
What role do microfilaments play in the cytoskeleton?
They are involved in cell movement and shape changes.
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
What is the significance of intermediate filaments?
They provide mechanical strength to the cell.
Where do all reactions occur in a prokaryotic cell?
Within the cytoplasm.
What do some integral proteins in the plasma membrane contain?
A channel or central pore that forms a passageway through the membrane.
What role do ciliated cells play in the female reproductive system?
They move oocytes along the uterine tubes.
What structure is involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins?
Endoplasmic Reticulum.
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)?
It synthesizes proteins due to fixed ribosomes.
What role does the ER play in transport within the cell?
Materials can travel from place to place within the ER.
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
To provide an isolated environment for potentially dangerous chemical reactions.
What type of DNA do prokaryotic cells possess?
Circular DNA.
How do centrioles lie in relation to each other?
They lie perpendicular to each other.
What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic cells regarding their cellular structure?
They consist of a single membrane.
How are the microtubules organized in the centrosome?
They form nine groups, with three in each group.
What is autolysis in relation to lysosomes?
The breakdown of the lysosomal membrane following cellular injury or death.
What is used as an energy source when carbohydrates are unavailable?
Lipids, particularly triglycerides.
What is involved in protein synthesis?
The process of translating genetic information into proteins.
What are glycoproteins?
Membrane proteins that have carbohydrate chains attached, playing a role in cell recognition.
What is the function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells?
It serves as an outer protective covering that separates the cell from the surrounding environment.
What role do transport vesicles play in cellular function?
They connect the endoplasmic reticulum with the Golgi apparatus.
What does 'water-fearing' refer to in the context of membrane lipids?
It refers to the hydrophobic (non-polar) interior of the phospholipid bilayer.
What is the composition of centrioles?
They are made up of microtubules arranged in a specific pattern.
Where do intermediate filaments extend from?
From a ring surrounding the nucleus.
What is the role of the cytoskeleton in cells?
To provide structural support and facilitate movement.
How does the tail of a motile cilium behave during the power stroke?
It is relatively stiff.
What distinguishes a true nucleus from a fake nucleus?
A true nucleus is found in eukaryotic cells, while prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid region instead of a true nucleus.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
To protect the cell and regulate what enters and exits.
What occurs during cell division?
The process by which a cell divides to form two new daughter cells.
What role do phospholipid membranes play in membranous organelles?
They isolate the organelles from the cytosol, similar to how the plasma membrane isolates the cytosol from the extracellular fluid.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
To modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids.
What is the structure of the Golgi Apparatus?
It typically consists of five or six flattened membranous discs called cisternae.
What does the term 'somatic' refer to?
Non-reproductive cells in the body.
What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
Involved in the synthesis of lipids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates.
What are the two major types of functional ribosomes in cells?
Free ribosomes and fixed ribosomes.
How do cilia differ from typical microtubule arrangements?
Cilia have pairs of microtubules instead of triplets.
What is the structure of centrioles?
They are composed of microtubule triplets arranged in a cylindrical shape.
What are integral membrane proteins?
Proteins that are embedded within the lipid bilayer and can span across the membrane.
What happens to the tail of a motile cilium during the return stroke?
It becomes flexible.
What important proteins are lacking in prokaryotic chromosomes?
Histone proteins.
What is the sexual mode of reproduction in prokaryotic cells?
Conjugation.
What role does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum play in relation to calcium ions?
It sequesters, or isolates, calcium ions.
How does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum contribute to drug metabolism?
It is involved in the detoxification of drugs.
What is the role of carrier proteins in the plasma membrane?
They bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane.
Which organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells?
Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, chloroplasts, and lysosomes.
What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
What is the jelly-like substance inside a cell called?
Cytoplasm.
What types of proteins make up intermediate filaments?
Intermediate filaments are composed of various proteins, including keratins, vimentin, and neurofilaments.
What is the role of extracellular fluid?
It serves as a transport substance only, with no materials stored there.
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
What is cytoplasm?
The gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles.
What is the function of channel proteins?
They facilitate the transport of specific substances across the membrane by forming pores.
What is one of the primary functions of the Golgi Apparatus?
Modifies and packages secretions, such as hormones or enzymes, for release from the cell.
What is the function of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
Protein synthesis occurs here.
What are the main components of a cell discussed in Martini et al., 2023?
Cell structure, organelles, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and gene expression.
What variations exist among prokaryotic cells?
They come in different shapes and sizes.
What are receptor proteins?
Proteins that bind to signaling molecules and initiate a cellular response.
What organelle is responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria.
How do intermediate filaments differ from microfilaments and microtubules?
Intermediate filaments are thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules, and they have a more stable structure.
What is a key characteristic of prokaryotic cells regarding their nuclear structure?
They lack a nuclear membrane.
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
What is the function of ciliated cells in the male reproductive system?
They move sperm from the testes into the reproductive tract.
What are intermediate filaments?
Intermediate filaments are a type of cytoskeletal component that provide structural support to cells.
What is the composition of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?
It is made up of carbohydrates and amino acids.
What role does the Golgi Apparatus play in relation to the plasma membrane?
It renews or modifies the plasma membrane.
What does the Golgi Apparatus package within vesicles?
Special enzymes for use in the cytoplasm (lysosomes).
How does the Golgi Apparatus affect proteins?
It adds or removes carbohydrates to or from proteins to change their structure and function.
Who are the authors of 'Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology'?
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F.
In what year was the 12th Global Edition of 'Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology' published?
What edition of 'Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology' is recommended?
12th Global Edition.
What is the title of the recommended reading?
'Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology'.
What should students illustrate regarding body systems?
The physiologic mechanisms using the interaction of the major body systems.
What aspect of body organization should be examined?
The communication and homeostasis of the body organization in the states of health.
What is one learning outcome related to human body tissues?
Demonstrate understanding in the functions of the different tissues and organs of the human body.
