Chapter 1 -neurobio

It represents the body map of motor control in the brain.

It has a pyramid-shaped cell body with an apical dendrite and several extensively branching basal dendrites.

The Golgi stain.

Light microscopy.

Small synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

They have one process leaving the cell body that gives rise to both peripheral and central branches.

Regular synapses.

Whether a missing component is necessary for a function.

A scientist who believed in the reticular theory and discovered the Golgi apparatus.

The entire morphology of individualized neurons.

By soaking it in a solution of silver nitrate and potassium dichromate in the dark for several weeks.

Black precipitates form, rendering the cells visible against an unstained background.

The majority of the cell can be visualized in its native tissue.

Neurotransmitter receptors.

Francis Galton in the 1800s.

Through gap junctions.

Ions and small molecules.

It is associated with difficulty understanding language.

Neuronal processes do not fuse together to form a continuous reticulum; neurons communicate at distinct contact sites called synapses.

They wrap their axon terminals around the cell bodies of pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum.

It has both dendrites and an axon leaving the cell body.

Pseudounipolar neurons.

They act as immune cells, engulfing damaged cells and debris, and help reorganize neuronal connections.

They wrap axons with myelin sheaths in their respective parts of the nervous system.

A sensory neuron that receives external stimuli and a motor neuron that controls muscle contraction.

The process of neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron and neurotransmitter reception at the postsynaptic neuron.

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The cell theory: all living organisms are composed of cells as their basic units.

It is responsible for our ability to speak and have good understanding.

The pyramidal neuron.

Charles Sherrington.

Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, Astrocytes, and Microglia.

They are involved in neural development and regulation of neuronal communication.

A sensory neuron detects a splash of water.

It communicates impulses to run.

To visualize structures at nanometer resolution.

Monozygotic twins.

They adjusted their auditory map to match their visual map.

The field of study that emphasizes observing animal behavior in their natural environments.

Adding a specific component to the system.

The Golgi stain.

Growth cone.

Functionally, structurally, and embryonically independent units of the nervous system.

Neurons start with only cell bodies, and axons grow out from the cell bodies to their final destinations.

In vitro experiments made possible by tissue culturing techniques.

Ramon y Cajal.

They increase the speed at which information is propagated along axons.

Muscle spindles.

By converting the physical impact of the hammer into electrical signals (receptor potentials).

Discrete bundles of axons.

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Hemispheres.

Changes made to DNA and chromatin that alter gene expression without modifying DNA sequences.

Protrusions on dendrites that specialize in information transfer.

The elementary unit of nerve impulses propagated along axons.

A representation of the sensory areas of the body in the brain.

Putting prisms on a barn owl.

20-100 nm.

At the junction between terminal endings and the peripheral axon.

By the peripheral and central axon to the spinal cord across a long distance.

At the junction between the dendritic and axonal compartments.

By a membrane potential change in ions across the gap junction.

Arrival of action potentials at presynaptic terminals.

Changes in the nervous system in response to experience and learning.

Oligodendrocytes and myelinated axons.

Neurotransmitter release and reception at chemical synapses.

Muscle.

The essential features of the stimulus that activate the fixed action pattern.

When several neurons synapse onto a postsynaptic neuron.

It consists of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem.

To distort their vision and study the correlation between auditory and visual systems.

Thick, bushy processes that receive information.

Unipolar neurons, which extend a single process giving rise to both dendritic and axonal branches.

The site of action potential initiation.

Transmission of neuronal signals proceeds from dendrites to cell bodies to axons.

Astrocytes, neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, and connections between neurons.

By membrane potential changes in the form of graded potentials and action potentials.

They release neurotransmitters onto the dendrites of motor neurons.

Ensembles of interconnected neurons that work together to perform a specific function.

Common configurations of neural circuits that allow specific functions.

The brain and spinal cord.

The ends of axons that specialize in the transmission of information between neurons.

Axons send information.

A type of graded potential produced at postsynaptic sites in response to neurotransmitter release.

Sensory neuron.

Dizygotic twins.

They extend outwards from the spinal cord and terminate in the same extensor muscle.

It declines with age; juvenile owls adapt more quickly than adult owls.

The rostral-caudal axis or CNS axis.

Neurons and glial cells.

Having two neuronal processes (cytoplasmic extensions).

Long, thin processes that extend far beyond the cell body.

Dendrites receive information.

By using the frequencies of action potentials.

Instinctive behaviors.

Clusters of cell bodies of nerve cells.

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Collaterals.

Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral groups.

Nerves and ganglia.

The center of the neuron.

Membrane potentials that vary continuously in magnitude, induced by sensory stimuli.

It proposed that nerve cells were linked together to form a giant net, or reticulum, constituting the unit of the nervous system.

The contribution of genetic differences to trait differences.

In three sections: transverse, sagittal, and horizontal.

A baby penguin nudging the beak of its parent for food.

Something genetically programmed within an organism from birth.

1. Receptive component (cell body and dendrites), 2. Transmission component (axon), 3. Effector component (axon terminals).

Luigi Galvani.