Who were the first theorists of globalization according to the text?
Click to see answer
Marxists.
Click to see question
Who were the first theorists of globalization according to the text?
Marxists.
What is crucial for understanding historical analysis in International Relations?
The history of the production process.
What historical context is mentioned in relation to imperialism?
The scramble for Africa.
What are the three main factors identified by Hobson (1902) that contribute to imperialism?
Overproduction, underconsumption, and oversavings.
How are changes in society explained according to historical analysis?
As a reflection of the economic development of society.
What did Rhodes suggest about colonies?
They should provide raw materials, cheap labor, and a dumping ground for surplus goods.
What is seen as a solution to the issues of overproduction, underconsumption, and oversavings?
Expansion into new markets.
What three elements are specifically related in historical analysis?
Means of production, social relations, and power.
What was one of the economic motivations for imperialism mentioned?
To exploit cheap slave labor available in the colonies.
What role does the state play in supporting the bourgeoisie according to the theory of imperialism?
The state intervenes to support the bourgeoisie.
What has the unequal distribution of COVID vaccines led to?
Deepened inequality and exaggerated the gap between rich and poor.
What model describes the relationship between modes of production and the political sphere?
Base-Superstructure model.
What role did colonies play in relation to surplus goods?
They served as a dumping ground for surplus goods produced in factories.
How did developed countries respond to vaccine distribution?
They were far more likely to vaccinate their citizens and hoard vaccine stocks.
What developments are associated with the expansion of globalizing capitalism?
New markets, investments, and wage competition.
What is emphasized as the primary force to explain International Relations?
Economic forces.
What does US global activism aim to achieve?
A capitalist world order favorable to its interests.
What does the Latin American Dependency school emphasize?
The development of the periphery depending on the core.
What impact did vaccine inequity have on human development?
It reversed decades of hard-won progress on human development.
What is a Gramscian interpretation of the Liberal International Order (LIO)?
It views the US as the 'core' of the core in global structure pushing for its interests.
What type of capital is developed as a result of imperialism?
Finance capital.
What is the central question regarding resource distribution in society?
Who gets what?
What is a key limitation of Marxism in International Relations regarding economic determinism?
It questions whether the political sphere is always shaped by economic forces.
Who developed the World Systems Theory?
Immanuel Wallerstein.
What are the historical origins discussed in the context of international relations?
The foundational events and developments that shaped current international relations theories.
What are the constituent units of the international system supposed to be?
Sovereign states.
What event marked the beginning of the first worldwide economic crisis?
The failure of the Ohio Life Insurance & Trust Company on August 24, 1857.
What was vaccine equity a test for?
Global governance and the political economy of the future.
What strategic ideologies does the US focus on for economic security?
Access to resources and freedom of navigation.
Is everything about the economy and class inequality?
This is a question posed to explore the depth of economic and class issues.
What does Marxism suggest about classes in International Relations?
It suggests that classes are the main actors in IR.
What is the context in which international relations take place according to World Systems Theory?
Within the world capitalist system since the long 16th century.
What are the core assumptions of international relations?
Fundamental beliefs that underpin various theories in international relations.
How many banks collapsed across America following the 1857 crisis?
More than 1,400 banks.
What organizations exist to maintain stable political and economic relations between independent states?
Bretton Woods institutions, such as the IMF and the World Bank, and the UN.
What role do transnational actors play in international relations?
They include a global business class, transnational defense-industrial class, and transnational civil society.
What shapes International Relations according to the core assumptions?
Economic factors.
What are the interlinked interests affecting vaccine distribution?
Political interests, business interests, and public health.
What is one core assumption about the dynamics of the international system?
It influences the structure of the global system.
What reductionist view does Marxism hold about the state?
It presents a reductionist view of the state.
What does the transnational division of labor refer to?
Relations and relations of production across different countries.
Which cities were affected by the shockwave of the 1857 crisis?
Liverpool and London.
How does membership in international organizations affect weaker countries?
It invariably curbs their freedom.
Is Marxism considered a type of political activism or an International Relations theory?
This question seeks to clarify the role of Marxism in political and academic contexts.
Who are the key theorists associated with imperialism?
Hobson and Lenin.
What is not considered the primary unit of analysis in this perspective?
The state.
What type of international system is described?
A hierarchical international system.
What is a significant concern regarding global inequalities?
They are growing, and attention should be paid to the 'losers' in the system.
What characterized the competition for vaccines?
Competition rather than cooperation.
What important factors does Marxism ignore in International Relations?
Politics, ideology, nationalism, resilience of the state, and military power.
How does the location of states affect their international relations?
It determines their relations and foreign policies.
What does the international economic order rest on?
Deep inequality and the infringement of the sovereignty of weaker states.
What famous quote reflects the activist nature of Marxism?
"The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point is to change it."
What was the global reach of the 1857 crisis by the end of the year?
It reached continental Europe, Latin America, South Africa, Australia, and Asia.
Who are considered the main actors in International Relations?
Social classes.
What does dependency theory focus on?
The relationship between developed and developing countries and how resources flow from the latter to the former.
What tradition does Gramscianism build upon?
Marxian tradition.
What is a by-product of imperialism in the context of international relations?
The expansion of the economic system beyond Europe.
How does Marxism view nationalism in relation to transnationalism?
It tends to overlook the significance of nationalism.
What type of external interference in domestic affairs is noted in the text?
A subtler kind than in the 19th century.
What is the relationship between the periphery and the core?
The periphery is exploited by the core.
Is Marxism useful for understanding today's International Relations?
This question examines the relevance of Marxism in contemporary global politics.
What new phenomenon did a German exile diagnose in London during the 1857 crisis?
A global economic crisis as a feature of a global capitalist system.
What is Gramsci's contribution to the concept of global hegemony?
His theory emphasizes the role of cultural and ideological dominance in maintaining power.
What significant event influenced Gramscianism's development?
The failure of workers’ revolution in the West.
What drives state behavior in the global capitalist system?
The global distribution of means of production.
What role does Marxism assign to the state in International Relations?
It often underestimates the resilience of the state as a major actor.
What is meant by the 'semi-periphery' category?
A classification of states that are neither core nor periphery.
What factors contributed to the 1857 global economic crisis?
Global interconnected system, market, uneven and combined development, and inequalities.
What must be followed by increasingly tight conditions on domestic policy?
Provision of funds above a certain sum.
How is Marxism applied to contemporary cases?
By analyzing current global issues through the lens of class struggle and economic exploitation.
What aspect of power does Marxism tend to overlook?
Military power.
What do opportunities for some states and constraints for others indicate?
The unequal dynamics within the international capitalist system.
What emerged as a result of the 1857 crisis?
An intellectual tradition that inspired a political movement across the globe.
What do cross-country business interests ensure?
Secure property rights, low taxation, and the independence of central banks.
What does Gramscianism emphasize in contrast to economic determinism?
Subjectivity, culture, and ideology.
What are some limitations of Marxist approaches in international relations?
Critiques include its deterministic nature and inability to account for non-economic factors.
What drives actions in this perspective of International Relations?
Economic interests.
How does Gramscianism redefine political power?
As a more subtle form resting upon consent, not just coercion.
What concept did Marx and Engels address in their writings?
'Geopolitical deficiency.'
What role does the state play according to these assumptions?
It is only the executing agent of capitalist elites.
What economic theory did Marx and Engels respond to?
Commercial liberalism (Smith, Cobden).
What role does hegemonic discourse play according to Gramscianism?
It serves diverse interests, coopts, and divides opponents.
Which theorists are associated with early applications of Marxism to International Relations?
Hobson, Hilferding, Lenin.
What is society prone to, according to these core assumptions?
Conflict.
Who used Gramscian theory to understand the emergence of 'World Order'?
Cox.
What is considered the driving motor of International Relations?
Class struggle.
What are examples of ruling hegemonic ideas mentioned?
Washington Consensus and Neoliberalism.
What additional insights are provided by Gramsci?
Critical Theory.
How do economic processes relate to state borders?
They ignore state borders.
What fields does Marxism intersect with in the context of International Relations?
International political economy (IPE) and historical sociology.
What type of actors are significant in this perspective?
Transnational actors.
What theories are associated with Dependency theory and World-systems theory?
Cardoso, Wallerstein, Andre Gunder Frank, Samir Amin, Rosenberg.
What are the core assumptions of Realism?
What is the view of the state in Realism?
Insecure, selfish, and power- or security-seeking.
What is the view of the international system in Liberalism?
Anarchy but progress is possible towards a liberal international order.
What are the core assumptions of Liberalism?
What is the view of the state in Constructivism?
Artifact, socially constructed.
What are the divisions or sub-schools of Realism?
What is the major theory associated with Liberalism?
Democratic peace theory.
Who are some major theorists of Realism?
Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Morgenthau, Waltz, Mearsheimer, Herz.
Who are some major theorists of Liberalism?
Grotius, Adam Smith, Kant, Wilson, Keohane, Ikenberry.
What are the arguments or theories associated with Realism?
What are the arguments or theories associated with Constructivism?
What is the focus of the world system organization established in the late 20th century?
To analyze global economic and political systems.
What led to colonial expansion according to Lenin in 1917?
Processes of capitalist accumulation.
What does the term 'monopoly of industrial-financial capital' refer to?
The international expansion of dominant industrial and financial powers.
What is the 'law of uneven development'?
A concept that explains the disparities in economic development across different regions.
What was a source of conflict during World War I?
Inter-imperialistic rivalry.
What are the intellectual sources of Marxism?
Marxism draws from various philosophical, economic, and social theories, including Hegelian dialectics and classical political economy.
What are the key assumptions of Marxism?
Marxism assumes that economic factors drive historical development and that class struggle is central to societal change.
What are some approaches within Marxism?
Approaches within Marxism include historical materialism, cultural Marxism, and critical Marxism.
What is the relevance of Marxism today?
Marxism remains relevant in analyzing global inequalities, capitalism, and social movements.
What are the limitations of Marxist approaches?
Limitations include its deterministic view of history, neglect of non-class factors, and challenges in addressing contemporary issues.
