What are the two primary responses associated with the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
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Fight or flight and rest and digest.
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What are the two primary responses associated with the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
Fight or flight and rest and digest.
Through which nerves do parasympathetic fibers leave the CNS?
Cranial nerves and lower spinal cord.
What does the Central Nervous System consist of?
The brain and spinal cord.
What regions does the vagus nerve supply?
Thoracic and abdominal regions, including the heart and GI tract.
What is the relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation?
They provide constant balance to help maintain homeostasis.
Where does the somatic efferent pathway start?
In the spinal cord.
Where is the cell body located in the somatic nervous system?
In the spinal cord.
How are the nerves organized in the Peripheral Nervous System?
Into spinal and cranial nerves.
What do spinal nerves branch out from?
The spinal cord.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in dogs?
36 pairs.
How many cervical spinal cord segments are there in dogs?
8 cervical segments.
What type of nerve is the postganglionic nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Cholinergic.
What is the length of the postganglionic nerve in the sympathetic nervous system?
Long.
What do the thoracic splanchnic nerves end on in the adrenal medulla?
Modified neuronal cells called chromaffin cells.
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system discussed?
Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system.
Where do the pre-ganglionic fibers originate in the autonomic nervous system?
Thoracic and upper lumbar segments, and the brainstem and sacral spinal cord.
What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
The entire nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of the Parasympathetic nervous system?
'Rest and digest' activities.
What type of receptors are both cholinergic and adrenergic receptors?
Metabotropic receptors coupled to G proteins.
What is the primary function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
To maintain homeostasis within the body.
What characterizes the somatic efferent pathway?
It consists of a single myelinated motor neuron.
How do the signaling mechanisms of the ANS and SNS differ?
They differ in the neurotransmitters and receptors involved in each signaling mechanism.
How many myelinated nerves are involved in the somatic efferent pathway?
One myelinated nerve.
Where do the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse?
Outside of the spinal cord, in a ganglia.
What happens when the patella ligament is tapped?
Sensory receptors send stretch information to the spinal cord via an afferent nerve.
What does the efferent signal do in response to the patella ligament stretch?
It tells the muscle to contract.
How do the lengths of pre- and post-synaptic fibers differ?
They vary between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
How is outgoing information sent to skeletal muscle?
Via efferent lower motor neurons.
What is the significance of the signaling mechanism described?
It is a classic way of signaling.
What is the effect of adrenaline on heart rate?
It causes a strong increase in heart rate.
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the digestive tract?
It increases motility and stimulates digestive secretions.
What is the role of adrenaline in the sympathetic response?
It floods the circulatory system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure.
What is the effect of the parasympathetic system on the urinary bladder?
It causes contraction for emptying.
What do cholinergic nerves release in the sympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine.
What are the main functions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Regulates involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
What type of receptor is found at the first synapse in the somatic nervous system?
Nicotinic type 1 receptor.
What type of receptor is found at the first synapse in the autonomic nervous system?
Nicotinic type 2 receptor.
What role do the spinal cord and brain play in processing information?
They integrate incoming and outgoing information.
Which nerves supply the urinary system, GI tract, and reproductive organs?
Sacral nerves.
Where do parasympathetic nerves synapse?
In autonomic ganglia close to the effector tissue.
What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System.
What organs are innervated by the sacral nerves?
The bottom portion of the GI tract, bladder, and reproductive organs.
What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
To coordinate the 'fight or flight' response.
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on blood vessels?
It causes constriction of blood vessels.
What type of receptors does acetylcholine bind to in the sympathetic nervous system?
Cholinergic receptors (muscarinic type 3).
What neurotransmitter is released by the presynaptic nerve in the sympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine.
What happens when acetylcholine binds to nicotinic type 2 receptors?
It allows ions to travel through and stimulates the postganglionic nerve.
Can we influence functions controlled by the ANS?
Yes, indirectly influence functions like heart rate.
What instinctive response does a zebra have when it sees a lioness hunting?
To run away.
What type of signals are afferent signals?
Incoming signals from the sensors to the CNS.
What type of signals are efferent signals?
Outgoing signals from the CNS to the effectors.
What is the function of the somatic efferent pathway?
To transmit motor signals from the spinal cord to skeletal muscles.
What do cholinergic and adrenergic nerves bind to?
A wide variety of downstream receptors.
What do cranial nerves supply in relation to the parasympathetic nervous system?
Facial glands and eyes.
What response is the parasympathetic nervous system associated with?
The 'rest and digest' response.
Which ion primarily passes through the ion channel when acetylcholine binds?
Sodium.
What types of information do cranial nerves relay?
Information about sight, taste, smell, and hearing.
What role do chromaffin cells play in the sympathetic nervous system?
They release adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream, acting as hormones.
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the ANS?
It is responsible for the body's 'fight or flight' responses.
What type of control does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) provide?
Involuntary control of glands and smooth muscle.
What is the role of the Sympathetic nervous system?
'Fight or flight' responses.
What components make up the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?
Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems.
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
What is the email address of Dr. Stephanie Bond?
What does the somatic efferent pathway connect to?
Skeletal muscle.
What are the two types of neurons in the ANS efferent pathway?
Preganglionic nerve and postganglionic nerve.
What type of nerve is involved in the somatic nervous system?
Cholinergic nerve.
Which neuron in the ANS is myelinated?
The preganglionic nerve.
Which neuron in the ANS is not myelinated?
The postganglionic nerve.
What happens when acetylcholine binds to its receptor?
The receptor opens the ion channel, allowing ions to flow inwards.
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs.
Where do cranial nerves emerge from?
Directly from the brain, including the brainstem.
What are the two main branches of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.
What is the role of autonomic ganglia?
They serve as relay points for postganglionic fibers to target organs.
What is a key difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
The autonomic nervous system has distinct anatomical characteristics compared to the somatic nervous system.
What type of muscle does the somatic nervous system primarily control?
Skeletal muscle.
What types of neurons are present in the ANS?
Both sensory (afferent) and efferent neurons.
Who is the lecturer for Neurophysiology Lecture 2?
Dr. Stephanie Bond.
What are the two main components of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System.
What is the primary cranial nerve associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
Cranial nerve 10, the vagus nerve.
What changes occur after the first synapse in the autonomic nervous system?
Nerves can be cholinergic or adrenergic, releasing either acetylcholine or norepinephrine.
What does the Peripheral Nervous System encompass?
Everything outside the brain and spinal cord.
What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Carries incoming sensory information to the CNS and outgoing signals for physiological and behavioral responses.
What is the characteristic length of the preganglionic nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Long.
What is the difference between the Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems?
The Autonomic Nervous System is not conscious, while the Somatic Nervous System is conscious.
What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Catecholamines, specifically adrenaline and noradrenaline.
What type of neuron is associated with the somatic nervous system?
Somatic motor neuron (myelinated).
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?
The brain and spinal cord.
What type of receptors does norepinephrine bind to?
Adrenergic receptors (alpha or beta receptors).
What type of nerves are associated with sweat glands in the sympathetic nervous system?
Cholinergic nerves.
What do metabotropic receptors stimulate instead of allowing ions through?
A signal transduction pathway.
How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems interact?
They work together, maintaining a balance despite having antagonistic effects.
What is neurophysiology?
The study of the functions and activities of the nervous system.
What is the first nerve in both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
Always cholinergic, releasing acetylcholine into the synapse.
What are the two structural divisions of the ANS?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
What is the purpose of the 'rest and digest' response?
To promote relaxation and digestion after stress.
How does the ANS differ from the somatic nervous system?
The ANS uses two neurons in its efferent pathway: a preganglionic nerve and a postganglionic nerve.
What neurotransmitter is released by the somatic nervous system at the muscle fiber?
Acetylcholine.
What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
The entire nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.
What type of control does the Autonomic Nervous System provide?
Involuntary control of glands and smooth muscle.
What characterizes the preganglionic nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system?
It is longer and myelinated, with the ganglion close to the target organ.
What type of receptor does acetylcholine bind to at the neuromuscular junction?
Nicotinic type 1 acetylcholine receptor.
What type of control does the Somatic Nervous System provide?
Voluntary control of skeletal muscle.
What is the nature of the nicotinic type 1 acetylcholine receptor?
It is ionotropic.
What type of information does the Somatic Nervous System receive?
Sensory information from afferent neurons.
What do afferent neurons detect?
Things like muscle length.
What are the types of spinal cord segments in dogs?
8 cervical, 13 thoracic, 7 lumbar, 3 sacral, and about 5 caudal.
What receptors does the postganglionic nerve release acetylcholine to bind with?
Muscarinic receptors (types 1, 2, and 3).
What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?
G-protein coupled receptors.
What is the significance of the location of sympathetic ganglia?
It allows for a short preganglionic nerve that synapses with a long postganglionic nerve to reach effector tissue.
What happens to the heart rate during sympathetic stimulation?
It increases and the force of contraction increases.
What physiological effects does noradrenaline have?
Blood vessel constriction, increased heart rate, GI inhibition, pupil dilation, and increased arterial pressure.
How do adrenaline and noradrenaline enhance sympathetic effects?
By circulating in the bloodstream and acting on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors.
What neurotransmitter is less common in the sympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine.
Where is the cell body of the first preganglionic fiber located?
In the spinal cord.
What is the more common neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system?
Norepinephrine.
What do postganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system primarily release?
Norepinephrine.
What type of receptor does acetylcholine bind to in the sympathetic nervous system?
Nicotinic type 2 receptor.
What is the characteristic of the first preganglionic fiber in the sympathetic nervous system?
It is myelinated.
What does the Somatic nervous system control?
Voluntary control of skeletal muscle.
What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?
Afferent neurons carry signals to the CNS, while efferent neurons carry signals away from the CNS.
What does the 'fight or flight' response prepare the body for?
Immediate action in response to a threat.
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?
The brain and spinal cord.
What are the primary functions of the Central Nervous System?
Gathers and processes information, organizes reflex and behavioral responses, voluntary movements, and higher cognitive functions.
Where do preganglionic nerves of the sympathetic nervous system exit the CNS?
In the thoracolumbar regions.
What neurotransmitter is released by the preganglionic nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Acetylcholine.
To which type of receptor does acetylcholine bind in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Nicotinic type 2 receptor.
What is the length of the preganglionic nerve in the sympathetic nervous system?
Short.
What is a key difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
The length of preganglionic and postganglionic nerves.
What is the primary function of cranial nerves?
To relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily the head and neck.
How does the parasympathetic system affect the heart?
It decreases the heart rate and the force of contraction of the atria only.
What happens to the lungs during sympathetic stimulation?
The bronchioles dilate.
What types of target organs are influenced by the autonomic nervous system?
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
What type of fibers are pre-ganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system?
Myelinated.
What is the function of the postganglionic nerve in the sympathetic nervous system?
It goes all the way to the effector tissue.
Where do preganglionic nerves exit the CNS in the parasympathetic nervous system?
In the brainstem and sacral regions.
Where do sympathetic preganglionic nerves synapse?
In the sympathetic trunk – chain ganglia next to the spinal column.
What type of ganglia make up the sympathetic trunk?
Paravertebral ganglia.
What is the characteristic length of the postganglionic nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Short.
What happens when muscarinic receptors are stimulated?
They stimulate a signal transduction pathway.
How do preganglionic sympathetic fibers differ in the adrenal medulla?
They do not terminate in a ganglion but end on chromaffin cells.
What is unique about the signaling mechanism of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system?
It uses signaling molecules (hormones) rather than axons to reach target structures.
What happens to the pupils during sympathetic stimulation?
They dilate to increase visual information.
How does the sympathetic system respond to stress?
By activating sweat glands and increasing blood pressure.
What functions does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) control?
Functions that mostly do not require conscious thought.
