What is a third device used in mechanical cell disruption?
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Hughes Press.
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What is a third device used in mechanical cell disruption?
Hughes Press.
What type of equipment is used for acoustic mechanical cell disruption?
Ultrasonic homogenizer.
What is an important aspect of bioseparation engineering?
The application of industrial disruption techniques.
What mechanical methods are used for cell disruption?
Homogenization, grinding, ultrasonic homogenization, and high-pressure homogenization.
What scale do high-pressure homogenizers typically serve?
Medium to large scale.
What is a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.
What is one indirect method for measuring disruption degree?
Protein concentration.
What is the significance of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material and controls various cellular functions.
What is the focus of the Bioseparation Engineering Group led by Sonja Berensmeier?
Industrial disruption techniques.
What type of milling equipment is the stirred media mill?
It is a type of mechanical cell disruption method.
What is the role of the Bioseparation Engineering Group led by Sonja Berensmeier?
Focus on developing methods for the separation and purification of bioproducts.
What is the model name of the high pressure homogenizer mentioned?
Typ Ariete NS3015H.
Is there a video available related to the high pressure homogenizer?
Yes, it's available on YouTube.
What is the formula for calculating the degree of disruption in high pressure homogenization?
A = 100 * ln(100 / (100 - pN^k * A))
What is the source of the image mentioned?
Public Domain.
What are empirical factors represented by in the stirred media mill equation?
k.
What are the two modes of operation for stirred media mills?
Continuous mode and batch mode.
What does 'c CDW' represent in the disruption kinetics?
Cell dry weight [kg m -3].
What does c_i – c_o indicate?
The difference between total solute molarity inside and outside the cell.
Name another device for mechanical cell disruption.
French Press.
What are chemical techniques used for cell disruption?
Osmotic shock, enzyme digestion, solubilization, lipid dissolution, and alkali treatment.
What scale does a ball mill generally operate in for cell disruption?
Small to medium scale.
What is the main focus of the Bioseparation Engineering Group led by Sonja Berensmeier?
Cell disruption techniques.
What are the primary techniques of cell disruption?
Mechanical, chemical, and osmotic methods.
What factors influence the homogenization process?
Cell dry weight, afflux temperature, osmotic effects, and viscosity.
What is the role of chamber design in stirred media mills?
It influences the efficiency of the milling process.
What is a key step in bioseparation engineering that involves breaking down cells?
Cell disruption.
What technique is commonly used to separate components based on their density?
Centrifugation.
Why is bead size important in stirred media mills?
It affects the grinding efficiency and product size distribution.
What is an ultrasonic homogenizer used for in bioseparation engineering?
It is used for cell disruption and homogenization.
What financial consideration is important for cell disruption methods?
Low investment costs.
What does the variable P represent in the specific energy input formula?
Power, measured in W (kg m² s⁻³).
What is one type of device used for mechanical cell disruption?
Vibratory mills.
What type of equipment is used for hydrodynamic mechanical cell disruption?
High pressure homogenizer.
What type of equipment is mentioned in the text?
High pressure homogenizer.
What are the key components of a high pressure homogenizer?
Valve seat, fluid valve, outlet, and impact ring of hard material.
What types of forces are involved in the homogenization process?
Cavitation, impact stress, turbulence, and shear force.
Who vectorized the image related to the eukaryotic cell membrane?
Mortadelo2005.
What is the difference between a unit procedure and unit operations in bioseparation engineering?
Unit procedure refers to specific steps in a process, while unit operations are the fundamental physical operations used in chemical engineering.
What measurement can reflect the ionic strength of a solution in disruption studies?
Conductivity.
What is the primary focus of Sonja Berensmeier's research?
Bioseparation Engineering.
How many industrial disruption techniques are mentioned?
What is a high pressure homogenizer used for in bioseparation engineering?
To achieve cell disruption and homogenization.
What is the formula to calculate the degree of disruption?
A = [(c - c0) / (cmax - c0)] * 100, where A is the degree of disruption [%].
What does 'c' represent in the disruption degree formula?
Measured (target molecule) concentration [mol ∙L^-1].
What is a key criterion for cell disruption to prevent product damage?
No product damage or denaturation.
What does 'A' represent in the high pressure homogenization formula?
Degree of disruption [%]
How does agitator speed affect the performance of stirred media mills?
It influences the shear forces and energy input during milling.
What factors about the agitator can influence milling outcomes?
Agitator design and speed.
What should be avoided during cell disruption to ensure product purity?
No contamination of the product (no additives).
What is the effect of pressure on ultrasonic homogenization?
It has a negative effect.
What role does glass powder play in ultrasonic homogenization?
It acts as cavitation germs.
In the specific energy input formula, what does V_susp represent?
Suspension volume, measured in m³.
What are the primary mechanisms of mechanical cell disruption?
Mechanical load, stress by cavitation, and turbulent flow.
What are the techniques involved in cell disruption?
Various methods aimed at breaking down cell walls to release intracellular materials.
Which company produces the high pressure homogenizer mentioned?
Firma GEA Niro Soavi.
What does τ represent in the context of stirred media mills?
Residence time.
In the equation for stirred media mills, what does 'j' signify?
A series of j completely mixed mills.
What is 'cmax' in the context of disruption degree?
Maximal (target molecule) concentration [mol ∙L^-1].
What is the desired degree of disruption in cell disruption processes?
High degree of disruption.
What variables are included in the disruption formula?
N (Number of passes), p (Pressure), k and a (Empirical factors).
What is a key process in bioseparation engineering?
Cell disruption.
What is the primary function of a ball mill in bioseparation?
To disrupt cells for the extraction of biological materials.
What type of cell membrane is discussed?
Eukaryotic cell membrane.
What is the equation related to stirred media mills?
t_k = A * (100/j) * ln(100/j) - (1/τ) * (100/j) + k.
What is one direct method for measuring disruption degree in bioseparation?
Counting of dead and living cells.
What type of cells are eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes are typically animal cells.
What does van’t Hoff law describe in cell lysis?
The osmotic transmembrane pressure.
Which organization is associated with the science primer?
National Center for Biotechnology Information.
What is the focus of bioseparation engineering?
The process of separating biomolecules from complex mixtures.
Which indirect measurement can indicate the activity of disrupted cells?
Enzyme activity.
What are prokaryotic cells characterized by?
Prokaryotic cells are characterized by their lack of a membrane-bound nucleus.
What does 'c0' signify in the disruption degree calculation?
Initial (target molecule) concentration [mol ∙L^-1].
What does π represent in van’t Hoff law?
Osmotic transmembrane pressure in pascals (Pa).
What is the gas constant R in van’t Hoff law measured in?
J∙mol⁻¹∙K⁻¹.
What does T represent in the context of van’t Hoff law?
Absolute temperature in Kelvin (K).
What does bead loading refer to in the context of stirred media mills?
The amount of beads used in the milling process.
What are the main components of an ultrasonic homogenizer?
Inlet, outlet, sonotrode, cooling jacket, generator, and piezo.
What is the preferred frequency for ultrasonic homogenization?
Lower frequency is better.
Why is easy cell debris removal important in cell disruption?
To facilitate subsequent processing steps.
What material is typically used for the sterility of the cell disruption device?
Usually steel.
What is the method called that extracts valuable compounds using solvents?
Extraction.
What organization does Sonja Berensmeier belong to?
Bioseparation Engineering Group.
What process can indicate structural changes in proteins due to cell disruption?
Denaturation.
What is the formula for specific energy input in disruption kinetics?
E_spec = ΔN_c p BDW.
What is the maximum viscosity for optimal performance in ultrasonic homogenization?
40%.
How does amplitude affect ultrasonic homogenization?
Higher amplitude is better, but it affects temperature.
What is another indirect method for assessing the disruption degree related to cell content?
Total nitrogen.
What is the significance of 'E_spec' in the context of high pressure homogenization?
Specific energy input [J kg -1, m² s -2].
What technique is utilized for the purification of biomolecules based on their interactions with specific materials?
Chromatography.
What is an important factor regarding energy usage in cell disruption?
Low energy consumption.
What role does feed rate play in stirred media mills?
It influences the residence time and overall milling efficiency.
What is the formula for specific energy input in ultrasonic homogenization?
E_spec = P * t / V_susp.
What do c_i and c_o represent in van’t Hoff law?
c_i is the total solute molarity inside the cell, and c_o is the total solute molarity outside the cell (both in mol∙m⁻³).
How does cell concentration impact the operation of stirred media mills?
It can affect the viscosity and flow behavior of the mixture.
Why is temperature a significant parameter in stirred media mills?
It can affect the viscosity of the medium and cell viability.
What does c_CDW stand for in the context of ultrasonic homogenization?
Cell dry weight, measured in kg m⁻³.
What aspect of time is a criterion for effective cell disruption?
Low time consumption.
What role does the sonotrode play in an ultrasonic homogenizer?
It transmits ultrasonic vibrations to the liquid for homogenization.
What does the variable t represent in the specific energy input formula?
Time, measured in seconds (s).
Why is a cooling jacket important in an ultrasonic homogenizer?
It prevents overheating of the sample during the homogenization process.
What is the unit of specific energy input (E_spec)?
J kg⁻¹ (m² s⁻²).
