HIS 2.01 Blood and Myeloid Tissue

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA).

Basophil and Eosinophil.

Hyalomere and Granulomere.

The steps involved are: Activate phagocyte, Chemotaxis, Attach to microorganism, Ingest the engulfed microorganism.

The primary function of eosinophils is to fight parasitic infections and participate in the inflammatory response.

The primary function of neutrophils is phagocytosis, where they are usually the first to arrive at sites of infection and can survive in anaerobic environments.

Azurophilic primary granules are large, dense vesicles that play a major role in killing and degrading engulfed microorganisms. They contain myeloperoxidase, lysozymes, and defensins.

A CBC test evaluates an individual's health status and detects pathologic disorders such as anemia, infection, and leukemia.

They are immature cells that gradually assume morphological and functional cell types.

Plasma and formed elements (blood cells).

Basophils have a 2-3 irregularly lobed nucleus, usually obscured by large purple/deep violet granules in the cytoplasm.

Between progenitor to precursor development but has significant presence throughout.

Hyalomere and granulomere.

Decreased neutrophil count.

To stimulate the production and differentiation of blood cells.

Heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Install cap piercer on the EDTA tube, add a drop of blood on a glass slide, use a second glass slide to touch the drop of blood, and rapidly push the slide forward.

Lymphocytes.

Immunological defense.

Humoral immune response and production of immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies.

The process of blood cell formation in the myeloid tissue.

Precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system.

Transport of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products throughout the body.

To initiate blood clotting.

Erythrocytes are biconcave, anucleate cells that contain hemoglobin.

-cyte, except for neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.

Myeloperoxidase produces hypochlorite and other agents that are toxic to bacteria.

Platelets are cytoplasmic fragments of extraordinarily large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes.

It increases with maturity until precursors for proliferation and is absent in mature cells.

55%.

Increased neutrophil count.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6).

Granulocyte.

RBCs of varying sizes

Blood loss, iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency, bone marrow disease, suppression of RBC production in bone marrow, decreased erythropoietin in cases of renal failure

Increased RBCs; can be primary (overproduction of RBCs) or secondary (common in individuals who live at high altitudes)

Neutrophils constitute 60-70% of white blood cells.

Eosinophils have a bilobed (spectacled appearing) nucleus and large specific granules stained by eosin (red or dark pink).

Progenitor cells that give rise to colonies of one cell type.

To provide automated processing and printing of read-outs of the different blood components.

Cell-mediated immune response, including phagocytes and antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells, and releasing cytokines in response to a specific antigen.

Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow.

They stimulate progenitor and precursor proliferation, promote cell differentiation, and maturation within specific lineages.

It is usually associated with bleeding.

In the liver (main site) and spleen.

The process of erythrocyte (red blood cell) formation.

More willing to bind to acidic dyes

It changes to yellow bone marrow.

11.0-14.0%

RBCs < 6μm; seen in iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, and sideroblastic anemia

Anisocytosis

By the density of their granules into granulocytes and agranulocytes

Granulocytes are a type of white blood cell that are easier to identify on a blood smear due to the difference in the color of their granules.

Cells that give rise to all blood cell types and proliferate very slowly.

A blood smear is used to manually count 100 leukocytes and determine the number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils when machines cannot provide the differential count.

Small to medium-sized spherical cells with a large, round nucleus that takes up most of the cell and a thin rim of cytoplasm.

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), platelet factor 4, and several other platelet-specific proteins.

From late precursor development throughout maturity.

Complete Blood Count.

4.2-6.2 million/mm^3.

Hepatocytes and peritubular endothelial cells of the kidney.

Endothelial cells of marrow and T lymphocytes.

The process of thrombocyte (platelet) formation.

Defects in spectrin or ankyrin, causing RBCs to lose biconcavity and become more fragile

82-98 fL

RBCs > 9μm; seen in bone marrow dysplasia, alcoholism, and vitamin B12 deficiency

The nucleus of a neutrophil is multilobated, with 2-5 lobes linked by fine chromatin threads.

Transport, defense, and homeostasis.

Platelets rapidly release their granules' contents upon contact with collagen or other ECM material outside of the endothelium to begin the process of clot formation and reduce blood loss from the vasculature.

Plasma, erythrocytes, and buffy coat.

Granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Increased white blood cell count.

120 days.

It acts as a mitogen for all hematopoietic progenitors.

In the bone marrow.

Platelets adhere to the vessel wall, releasing granules and aggregating to stop the bleeding.

Interleukin-7 (IL-7).

Thrombocyte (Platelets).

33-38%

RBCs may appear irregularly shaped, have thorny projections, and have irregularities in the membrane

Immunity and repair of injured tissues

Specific blood cells.

Major basic proteins (MBP) are arginine-rich proteins that confer eosinophilic or anti-parasitic properties.

It decreases with maturity until progenitor cells and is nonexistent in precursors and mature cells.

It decreases with maturity and is absent in precursors and mature cells.

Maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Erythrocytes are anucleated, biconcave discs with no organelles, appearing as pink circles with pale centers, often described as 'donuts without a hole'.

Connective Tissue: Macrophages, Liver: Kupffer Cells, Nervous System: Microglia, Bone: Osteoclasts.

The process of blood cell formation.

97%.

~3.9-5.5 million/μL

RBCs stack together in a formation resembling a small roll of coins.

Anchors the spectrin lattice to the glycophorins and band 3 proteins

Erythrocyte (RBC).

Microcytosis

The reference interval is the normal values used by the laboratory to compare and interpret test results to determine if they are within the normal range or show an increase/decrease.

60 μm in diameter.

ADP, ATP, and serotonin taken up from plasma.

At the precursor stage and remain stable at the mature cell stage.

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) or hematopoietic growth factors.

Small, biconvex disks, non-nucleated cell fragments, 2-4 μm in diameter, can occur in clumps, small basophilic clusters of cells, have alpha and delta granules.

They play a role in the adhesion and aggregation of platelets in blood coagulation.

Interleukin-4 (IL-4).

In the medullary canals of long bones and small cancellous bone cavities.

Granules that will stain to specific dyes and have specific functions

Basophils are involved in allergic reactions due to containing histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

Decreased white blood cell count.

The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood.

Low blood platelet count.

Platelets.

Neutrophil progenitors.

Endothelial cells of marrow and macrophages.

~4.1-6.0 million/μL

It is given to patients with neutropenia secondary to chemotherapy.

By 'clusters of differentiation'.

Serum is the liquid that separates from the blood clot in tubes without anticoagulants or when blood is allowed to stand, and it contains growth factors and other proteins released during clot formation, whereas plasma is the aqueous solution of proteins, organic, and inorganic substances in blood.

Attacking tumor cells and viral-infected cells.

To transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

The buffy coat contains platelets and different leukocytes.

It acts as a mitogen for megakaryoblasts and their progenitors.

Water.

Production of antibodies.

It regulates activities and cytokine secretion of leukocytes and other cells.

It promotes eosinophil development and activation.

Lysosomes that will stain blue/violet

Largest agranular cells with a large horseshoe/kidney-shaped nucleus and blue-gray cytoplasm with dark blue/purple non-specific granules.

Blood clot formation.

Transporting substances such as blood cells, nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers (hormones), and proteins throughout the body.

Peripheral proteins

They may be performed in patients with lymphoma or hematopoietic malignancies.

Hemoglobin facilitates O2-CO2 gas exchange.

T helper cells secrete IL-2, which acts as a mitogen for T and B cells and promotes NK cell differentiation.

It is administered as an injection to patients with anemia secondary to renal failure, those undergoing dialysis, and those undergoing cancer therapy.

In conditions like severe bleeding or hypoxia.

Blood smears to evaluate blood components and flow cytometry to show the distribution of leukocytes.

28-33 pg

IL-3 acts as a mitogen for granulocyte and megakaryocyte progenitors.

Red bone marrow.

Links membrane components to form a meshwork which reinforces the RBC membrane

Eosinophil, Basophil, Neutrophil.

Monocytes, lymphocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils