What is meant by 'party wall'?
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A wall wherein the common boundary of two land parcels is located.
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What is meant by 'party wall'?
A wall wherein the common boundary of two land parcels is located.
What type of instruments should be recorded in field notes?
Type and identification number of instruments including total station and steel tape.
What is the process described in the examples?
Amalgamation of subdivided portions of lots.
When are new designations assigned to the resultant land parcel after amalgamation?
Except when all the subdivided portions of a lot/section/subsection are involved in the amalgamation.
What information should be included in the survey report?
The survey report should contain the rationale of how the boundaries are established, information regarding the root of title, evidence found, and relevant plans, sketches, photographs, or documents used for boundary definition.
What is the purpose of the plan numbering system for LBP submitted to LSA?
For clarity in establishing the land boundary record and ensuring uniqueness.
What is the tolerance for area calculations?
Tolerance: ± 0.1 %.
What is the designation for the first subdivision of a lot?
Sections labeled with letters in alphabetical order (e.g., Section A, Section B, Section C, etc.).
How should areas be rounded off under 2000 m^2?
To the nearest 0.1 m^2.
What does the ALS certify in the field notes?
That the field notes are a correct and complete record of the observations and measurements made in the field, and that the survey was carried out in conformity with the Code of Practice approved by the Land Survey Authority.
When should the version number of the LBP be updated?
If any of its content has been changed.
How many permanent survey marks (PSMs) should be established for every land boundary survey?
At least two.
How should field notes be prepared for all land boundary surveys?
They should be a complete original record of all field observations and field measurements recorded in the field, and printout from electronic data recorder or a storage device shall bear the signature of the surveyor.
What are the objectives of preparing a Survey Record Plan (SRP)?
To maintain repeatability and convey what constitutes and marks the boundary.
What is the required size for a LBP plan and copy?
A3 size or as specified under the Section 8 of Land Registration Regulations (Cap. 128A).
What is the responsibility of an Authorized Land Surveyor (ALS) in relation to land boundary surveys?
To carry out land boundary surveys in compliance with the LSO and the Code of Practice (COP).
What is the 'Hong Kong 1980 Geodetic Datum (HK80)'?
The survey datum used by the Survey and Mapping Office of Lands Department since 1980.
What are the possible boundary conflicts and disputes that could result from boundary re-establishment?
The survey report should highlight possible boundary conflicts and disputes that may arise as a result of boundary re-establishment.
What are the components of the land boundary record plan?
(a) Grid lines with coordinates, (b) Location diagram, (c) Coordinates of points, (d) Scale, (e) Reference to relevant document and computations, (f) Standard north point symbol, (g) Setting out and PSM radiations, (h) Positions and descriptions of PSMs.
What is the form of the certificate that every SRP shall bear?
A certificate signed and certified by the ALS in a specific form.
How should distances be measured and recorded in the field?
In metres and decimals of a metre, recorded to 0.001 of a metre.
What is the method to be used when the survey station to be used for the origin of coordinates is collinear with two adjacent stations of the same existing traverse?
Check whether the three stations are still in a straight line and measure the distance between any two of them.
How should every boundary mark be placed and checked?
Placed by bearing and distance from a survey station and checked independently by radiation from another survey station.
What is the designation for the resultant land parcel after amalgamation?
A letter for section or a number for subsection following on from the last letter or number used in the previous subdivision at that highest level.
What are the different types of survey marks used to mark traverse survey stations?
Iron tubes, Epoxy putty, Iron spikes, Survey nails, Wooden pegs, or Cut marks (only where other marks cannot be emplaced).
How should new sections/subsections be designated on further subdivision of the resultant land parcel?
In the manner as described in Paragraphs 54 and 55.
What is the procedure when the survey station to be used for the origin of coordinates is a control station established by using GNSS?
Measuring the distance of a calculated ray and observing the angle between this ray and the calculated ray to another survey station.
What is the maximum allowable linear misclosure for a traverse?
(10+2 S /15) millimetres, where S is the total length of the traverse in metres.
What is essential for the re-establishment of lot boundaries?
It should be evidence-based, with boundary-related evidence collected as far as practicable, weighted logically, adopted with justification, and presented and recorded clearly in the survey report.
What are the requirements for handwritten field notes?
They shall be neatly and clearly recorded or annotated in permanent blue or black ink, and corrections may only be made by crossing out the erroneous entry in such a way that it remains legible, and writing the correct value above or alongside it.
What is the process of creating a new parcel of land by amalgamating sections/subsections of a lot?
Amalgamation.
What happens to the resultant land parcel if the highest level of the subdivided portions in the amalgamation involves the Remaining Portion?
It shall be designated as the Remaining Portion of the original lot/section/subsection.
When can the certificate be applied in a land boundary survey conducted by more than one ALS?
It can be applied when the land boundary survey is conducted by more than one ALS, and the ALS who signed and certified the plan is responsible for its accuracy and completeness.
What are the types of survey marks specified for boundary marks?
Iron tubes, Epoxy putty, Iron spikes, Survey nails, Wooden pegs, Cut marks (only if other marks cannot be emplaced).
What instruments are included in distance measuring instruments?
Steel tape and EDM.
What is the purpose of a Survey Record Plan (SRP)?
To record survey data used in a land boundary survey and to maintain repeatability and convey what constitutes and marks the boundary.
What is the responsibility of the ALS who signed and certified the plan?
To be responsible for the accuracy and completeness of the plan.
What information should be included in a Survey Record Plan (SRP) regarding land parcel information?
Plot of boundaries, designation of the subject lot, area of each lot, notation of each boundary corner, boundary dimensions, coordinates of each boundary corner, and abutting land information.
What is the maximum allowable angular misclosure for a traverse?
(30 √ n ) seconds, where n is the number of survey stations in the traverse.
What is the requirement for ALS or his assistants regarding the field notes?
They shall initial and date each page of the field notes, and ALS or his delegate will additionally initial and date those pages where the survey has been tested or checked.
What is the key to the designations for further subdivisions of a section or a subsection into the next tiers?
A section is followed by a subsection, which is in turn followed by a section, ad infinitum. The last portions are always designated as the Remaining Portion of the original section/subsection.
When a traverse longer than 1.5 km is run, how many traverse survey stations should be between control bearings?
No more than fifteen.
What are the accuracy standard and quality requirements for control stations established using GNSS?
Compliance with the standards as stipulated in Part I of Appendix F, and following the recommended practice for establishing such control stations and maintaining survey records for quality checking as set out in Part II of Appendix F.
What do the regulations state regarding land boundary surveys in Hong Kong?
The requirements for carrying out all land boundary surveys in Hong Kong under the Land Survey Ordinance (LSO).
What is the form of the certificate that the LBP shall bear in a land boundary survey carried out partly by another ALS?
It should be in a specific format certifying the preparation of the land boundary plan in conformity with the Code of Practice and signed by the Authorized Land Surveyor.
What is the requirement for surveying physical features near a boundary line?
Positions of all buildings or prominent physical features within 0.5 meters of a boundary line must be surveyed, calculated, and shown on the SRP.
What shall be used as the origin of coordinates and bearings?
Only survey stations.
What are the survey tolerances for distance measurements?
Tolerance: ± (0.015 + 0.0001 x distance in metres) metre.
Why is a field survey essential for every land boundary survey?
To verify the actual field conditions, even when a division of land is carried out by pure calculations based on an existing LBP.
What does the plan numbering system LBP/[DSO]/[ALS#]/[Plan#]/[Type][Version] represent?
It represents the district survey office, ALS number, plan number, type of survey, and version number of the plan.
What is the maximum setting out distance from a survey station to a boundary mark using steel tape and EDM?
20 metres and 150 metres respectively.
How is the method applied when the survey station to be used for the origin of coordinates is a geodetic survey station?
By observing a minimum of 1 angle between the calculated rays to two or more other geodetic survey stations, and measuring the distance of any one of the calculated rays.
How should areas be rounded off at 2000 m^2 and above?
To the nearest 1 m^2.
What information should be included in a Survey Record Plan (SRP) regarding survey station information?
Plot of survey stations, description of the survey stations, and bearings and distances of traverses.
What form should the certificate signed and certified by the ALS take?
It should include a statement certifying the preparation of the land boundary plan in conformity with the Code of Practice approved by the Land Survey Authority.
What designation is given to a portion of a lot/section/subsection when it is resumed by the Government?
No designation.
What supporting information should be included in a LBP?
Grid lines with coordinates, location diagram of the site, plot details, scale, and standard north point symbol.
Define 'traverse' in land surveying.
A series of lines between survey stations established by angular and linear measurements starting from and closing onto geodetic survey stations or old traverse survey stations, or control stations established by using GNSS.
What is the definition of 'boundary mark' in the context of land boundary surveys?
A survey mark which demarcates a parcel of land.
What is meant by 'land boundary'?
A line defining the territorial limits of a parcel of land.
What is the consequence of an ALS failing to observe general principles in a boundary re-establishment exercise?
Failure to observe general principles will be regarded as non-compliance with the requirements of the COP, unless the ALS can demonstrate circumstances preventing compliance in the survey report.
What should the first page of field notes show?
Designation of the land parcel, locality, or other reference/legal descriptions, and the date of starting and completing the survey.
What are the survey tolerances for bearing/angular measurements?
Under 15 m: ± 2' 00", 15 m - 150 m: ± 1' 00", over 150 m: ± 0' 30".
What is the designation process for new sections/subsections after further subdivision of the resultant land parcel?
It shall be designated in the manner as described in Paragraph 56.
How should the reliability of survey stations for origin of coordinates be proved?
By direct observations and measurements, such as observing angles between trigonometric stations and measuring distances to witness marks.
Under what circumstances should the SRP bear a different form of certificate?
When the land boundary survey is carried out partly by or under the supervision or direction of another ALS.
What is required on the first page of the field notes of every survey by ALS?
A certificate signed by the ALS in a specific form.
What does the 'Type' component in the plan numbering system represent?
It represents the nature of the survey, with 'D' for lot dimension plan and 'S' for lot setting-out plan.
What should the re-established boundaries follow in order to reflect the intention of grant?
Surviving boundary features that are found or believed to have been in existence when the lot was first granted.
What does LBP stand for?
Land Boundary Plan.
What happens to the last section or subsection when a remaining portion is further subdivided?
It is designated as the Remaining Portion of the original lot/section/subsection.
How should all PSMs be fixed?
By double radiation.
What labels are used for the designations of the subdivided portions when involving resumed portion(s) with no designation?
The letter 'A' for sections or the number '1' for subsections if the parent lot/section/subsection has not been subdivided previously.
How should the color markings on a LBP be presented?
Colored, hatched, or cross-hatched as specified under the Section 8 of Land Registration Regulations (Cap. 128A).
What is the definition of 'adopted data' in the context of land boundary surveys?
The traverse or land boundary information accepted from previous survey.
What does 'ITRF96' refer to?
International Terrestrial Reference Frame 1996 to which the geodetic coordinates of the Hong Kong GNSS Control Stations are referred.
When does a 'missing lot' arise?
When its landowner requests the Government to locate the boundaries of a lot but a search of Government records fails to establish their position.
What are the survey tolerances used when proving origins and testing agreements with previous survey work?
The survey tolerances stated in Part V.
How precise should the bearings be observed with a theodolite?
To 20 seconds or better precision.
What is the process of amalgamation involving some of the subdivided portions of a lot/section/subsection?
The resultant land parcel will be regarded as a new section or subsection of the original lot/section/subsection depending on the highest level of the subdivided portions in the subdivision tree involved.
What does the certificate for the SRP need to certify?
That the survey record plan has been prepared in conformity with the Code of Practice approved by the Land Survey Authority.
What are the general principles for re-establishment of lot boundaries that ALSs are required to follow?
Follow the intention of grant, adopt original occupation, respect existing boundary features, adopt common land boundaries previously defined, present the evidence, and provide reasons for discrepancies.
What method is used when the survey station to be used for the origin of coordinates is a traverse station and it is impossible or impractical to prove its reliability?
Measuring the distance of a previously observed and adjusted ray and observing the angles between this ray and at least two other calculated rays to distant geodetic survey stations.
What should be done before any traverse begins?
The reliability of the survey stations used for an origin should be proved.
How are the subdivided portions designated when a lot is subdivided for the first time?
They are called 'Sections' and designated with letters in alphabetical order, with the last section designated as the Remaining Portion of the original lot.
How are the subdivided portions labeled when the remaining portion is further subdivided?
Alphabetically for sections and numerically for subsections, following the previous sequence.
When should common land boundaries previously defined be adopted for re-establishment of lot boundaries?
Unless there is overriding justification to the contrary, which should be fully explained in the survey report.
What file format should an Authorized Land Surveyor (ALS) submit containing the boundary data of the SRP to the LSA?
ASCII format.
What information should a LBP include regarding land parcel information?
Plot of boundaries drawn to scale, designation of the subject lot, area of each lot, notation and description of each boundary corner, boundary dimensions, coordinates of each boundary corner, and abutting land information.
What is the meaning of 'survey mark' in land surveying?
A mark defining a surveyed position.
What is an 'urban survey mark' in geodetic surveying?
A geodetic survey station made of metal in a mushroom-like shape.
What is the definition of 'geodetic survey station' in the context of land boundary surveys?
A trigonometric station, a traverse station, or a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) control station emplaced and mathematically fixed under the Hong Kong Geodetic Survey System.
What is a 'land boundary plan'?
A plan showing and delineating the land boundary of a parcel of land.
What type of survey data should the certificate not be applied to?
It should not be applied to the adoption of survey stations, lot boundary coordinates, and other types of survey data extracted or derived from the work of another surveyor.
How should the plan numbering system be structured for the SRP submitted to LSA?
It should be structured as SRP/[DSO]/[ALS#]/[Plan#]/[Type][Version], where [DSO] represents the 2-alpha code of District Survey Office, [ALS#] represents the 3-figure registration number of the ALS, [Plan#] represents the 5-numeric figure prepared by the ALS, [Type] represents the nature of the survey, and [Version] represents the version number of the plan.
What happens when all the subdivided portions of a lot/section/subsection are involved in the amalgamation?
The original lot/section/subsection will be deemed to have been 're-established' by means of amalgamation and the original designation shall be adopted.
How is the resultant land parcel designated after amalgamation?
It will be a section if the highest level of subdivided portions in the amalgamation involves sections. It will be a subsection if the highest level of subdivided portions in the amalgamation involves subsections.
What should be done to avoid confusing new sections/subsections with the old sections/subsections after amalgamation?
The new sections/subsections shall be designated in the manner as described in Paragraph 56 above.
How should the intention of grant be ascertained for re-establishment of lot boundaries?
From the parcel clause of the land grant document and portrayed in the survey report.
What is the process called when the remaining portion of a lot/section/subsection is further subdivided?
Resubdivision.
How should curved boundaries be marked?
At both end points and at least one other point on the curve, and at intervals not exceeding 15 metres along the chord.
What is the designation for subsequent subdivisions of a section?
Subsections labeled with numbers successively (e.g., Subsection 1, Subsection 2, Subsection 3, etc.), with the last subsection designated as the Remaining Portion of the original section.
Under what ordinance is the deposit of a duplicate LBP prepared for a division of land required?
Land Registration Ordinance (Cap. 128).
What does 'picket box' mean in geodetic surveying?
A geodetic survey station enclosed by a cast iron box.
What is the definition of 'Satellite Positioning Reference Station' in Hong Kong?
A Hong Kong GNSS Control Station with GNSS equipment set up by the Geodetic Survey Section, Survey and Mapping Office of Lands Department for continuous tracking of GNSS data in support of positioning activities throughout the territory of Hong Kong.
What is a 'survey station' in connection with land boundary surveys?
A survey mark over which survey observations are made, and it can be a trigonometric station, a traverse station, or a control station established by using GNSS.
What is the 'Hong Kong Geodetic Survey System'?
The current network of survey stations based on the 'Hong Kong 1980 Geodetic Datum (HK80)' by the Survey and Mapping Office of Lands Department.
What does 'calibration' mean in the context of land boundary surveys?
The process of checking of a distance measuring equipment against a standard baseline established by the Survey and Mapping Office of Lands Department for corrections to be made to measured lines.
What is a 'permanent survey mark'?
A survey mark established by a land boundary survey for future use and reference, providing primary evidence for boundary definition when other more vulnerable survey stations have been disturbed or destroyed by development/redevelopment.
What does 'survey record plan' (SRP) refer to in land boundary survey?
A plan recording survey data used in a land boundary survey, including land boundaries, survey evidence, survey marks, traverses, alignments, and significant ties to occupation and related features.
What documents should a land boundary survey performed by an ALS and submitted to the Land Survey Authority (LSA) comprise?
A survey report, Survey Record Plan (SRP), and Land Boundary Plan (LBP).
What does 'field note' refer to in the context of land boundary surveys?
The original record of field observations and measurements recorded in the field in the course of a land boundary survey, including a print-out from an electronic data recorder or a storage device.
What does 'land boundary survey' mean?
Any survey required in connection with defining land boundaries, including the preparation of field notes, SRPs, and LBPs.
What does 'Hong Kong GNSS Control Station' refer to?
A geodetic survey station emplaced and mathematically fixed under the Hong Kong Geodetic Survey System with geodetic coordinates published by the Geodetic Survey Section, Survey and Mapping Office of Lands Department.
What is the meaning of 'common land boundary' in the context of land boundary surveys?
The common boundary of two adjoining land parcels.
What is included in the 'land boundary record'?
The record of all measurements, computations, and survey data used in connection with defining the land boundary of a parcel of land, including the SRP, the LBP, and other documents.