What is a key characteristic of prolonged grief reaction?
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A persistent and pervasive grief response characterized by longing for the deceased or persistent preoccupation with the deceased accompanied by intense emotional pain.
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What is a key characteristic of prolonged grief reaction?
A persistent and pervasive grief response characterized by longing for the deceased or persistent preoccupation with the deceased accompanied by intense emotional pain.
What are the essential features of prolonged grief disorder according to ICD-11?
History of bereavement, persistent grief response, atypically long duration of grief, and significant impairment in functioning.
What emotional states may be experienced in prolonged grief disorder?
Sadness, guilt, anger, denial, blame, emotional numbness, and difficulty in engaging with social activities.
How long must grief responses last to be considered prolonged grief disorder?
For an atypically long period, markedly exceeding expected social, cultural, or religious norms.
What emotional symptoms may children with reactive attachment disorder exhibit during non-threatening interactions?
Episodes of unexplained irritability, sadness, or fearfulness.
What management approaches are recommended for prolonged grief disorder?
Antidepressants combined with CBT, complicated grief therapy (CGT), and exposure interventions.
What is the risk for children with a history of grossly insufficient care who form selective attachments?
They may be at risk of developing disinhibited social engagement disorder.
What is a defining feature of adjustment disorder?
A maladaptive reaction to an identifiable psychosocial stressor that usually emerges within a month of the stressor.
What symptoms characterize the reaction to a stressor in adjustment disorder?
Preoccupation with the stressor, excessive worry, and recurrent distressing thoughts about the stressor.
What can lead to remission of symptoms in children with reactive attachment disorder?
Provision of adequate care.
How long do symptoms of adjustment disorder typically last after the stressor ends?
Symptoms resolve within 6 months.
What happens if appropriate caregiving is not provided to children with reactive attachment disorder?
The disorder can persist for several years.
How does PTSD risk vary by trauma type?
PTSD risk varies significantly, with the highest risk thought to occur after traumas involving interpersonal violence.
What is the impact of adjustment disorder on functioning?
It results in significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, or occupational areas of functioning.
What are children with reactive attachment disorder at higher risk for during adolescence and adulthood?
Developing depressive disorders and other internalizing disorders.
What are common symptomatic presentations of PTSD?
Common symptoms include general dysphoria, dissociative symptoms, somatic complaints, suicidal ideation, social withdrawal, and excessive substance use.
What is a key feature of disinhibited social engagement disorder?
A history of grossly insufficient care of a child.
What emotional experiences are common in individuals with PTSD?
Common emotional experiences include anger, shame, sadness, humiliation, and guilt, including survivor guilt.
What behavior is characteristic of a child with disinhibited social engagement disorder?
Overly familiar behavior with unfamiliar adults.
When can the onset of PTSD occur after a traumatic event?
Onset can occur at any time during the lifespan, typically within three months, but can be delayed for years.
What are some signs of persistent neglect in children that may lead to disinhibited social engagement disorder?
Persistent disregard for the child’s basic emotional and physical needs.
What percentage of individuals with PTSD may experience complete recovery within three months?
Nearly one half of individuals diagnosed with PTSD.
What increases the risk of developing disinhibited social engagement disorder in children?
A history of grossly insufficient care, particularly before the age of two years.
What age must symptoms of disinhibited social engagement disorder be evident by?
Before the age of five years.
Which gender is more commonly diagnosed with PTSD?
Females are more commonly diagnosed with PTSD.
How do symptoms of disinhibited social engagement disorder compare to those of reactive attachment disorder?
Symptoms of disinhibited social engagement disorder tend to be more persistent even after appropriate care is provided.
What distinguishes disinhibited social engagement disorder from other mental disorders?
The disinhibited social engagement behavior is not better accounted for by another mental disorder.
What is cognitive behavioural therapy with graded exposure aimed at?
Assisting trauma survivors to re-experience distressing memories to reduce their response to trauma and promote emotional processing.
What are disorders specifically associated with stress related to?
Exposure to a stressful or traumatic event, or a series of such events or adverse experiences.
What are some pre-traumatic risk factors for developing PTSD?
Pre-traumatic risk factors include female gender, divorced or widowed status, lower socioeconomic status, and previous traumatic experiences.
What does Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) involve?
Incorporating cognitive behavioural therapy elements with bilateral eye movements while discussing traumatic memories.
Is an identifiable stressor necessary for all stress-related disorders?
Yes, it is a necessary, though not sufficient, causal factor.
What management options are recommended for adults with PTSD?
Consider venlafaxine or SSRIs like sertraline, and antipsychotics like risperidone in addition to psychological therapies for severe symptoms.
What co-occurring disorders are children with disinhibited social engagement disorder at risk for?
Post-traumatic stress disorder or complex post-traumatic stress disorder.
What is the effectiveness of psychological debriefing after trauma according to NICE guidelines?
There is no evidence for its usefulness in preventing or treating PTSD.
Do most people who experience stressors develop a disorder?
No, most people do not develop a disorder despite experiencing stressors.
What is a peri-traumatic risk factor for PTSD?
Trauma severity and perceived life threat are peri-traumatic risk factors.
What behavioral characteristic is commonly associated with disinhibited social engagement disorder in older children?
General impulsivity.
What is a significant characteristic of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD)?
It results in significant impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
What are the essential features of Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (C-PTSD)?
Exposure to prolonged or repetitive traumatic events, development of core PTSD elements, and severe affect regulation problems.
What types of stressful events can lead to disorders in this grouping?
Normal life experiences (e.g., divorce, bereavement) and extremely threatening or horrific events.
What is a post-traumatic risk factor for developing PTSD?
Chronic adversity, ongoing stress, and poor psychosocial support are post-traumatic risk factors.
What additional clinical features may be present in complex PTSD?
Suicidal ideation and behavior, substance abuse, depressive symptoms, psychotic symptoms, and somatic complaints.
What is the stability of symptoms in disinhibited social engagement disorder?
Symptoms are moderately stable and may persist throughout childhood and adolescence.
What are the core elements of PTSD that must develop after a traumatic event?
Re-experiencing the trauma, deliberate avoidance of reminders, and persistent perceptions of heightened threat.
What distinguishes the disorders associated with stress?
The nature, pattern, and duration of symptoms, along with associated functional impairment.
When do symptoms of complex PTSD typically onset?
After exposure to chronic, repeated traumatic events and/or victimization over months or years.
What is the impact of early removal from an adverse environment on disinhibited social engagement disorder?
It decreases the likelihood that indiscriminate social behaviors will persist.
What is one of the essential features of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
Exposure to an event of an extremely threatening or horrific nature.
What emotional issues are associated with Complex PTSD?
Severe problems in affect regulation, persistent feelings of worthlessness, and difficulties in sustaining relationships.
How do the symptoms of complex PTSD compare to those of PTSD?
Symptoms of complex PTSD are generally more severe and persistent than those of PTSD.
What type of relationships do adolescents with a history of disinhibited social engagement disorder typically demonstrate?
Superficial peer relationships and increased conflict with peers.
What are the three core elements of the PTSD syndrome?
Re-experiencing the traumatic event, deliberate avoidance of reminders, and persistent perceptions of heightened current threat.
How might a person with C-PTSD react to reminders of their trauma?
They may actively avoid thoughts and situations that remind them of the trauma.
What is the relationship between early trauma exposure and complex PTSD?
Exposure to repeated traumas, especially in early development, increases the risk of developing complex PTSD.
What is recommended for treating children and adolescents diagnosed with disinhibited social engagement disorder?
Evidence-based treatment for maltreated children and enhancing secure attachment.
What does re-experiencing the traumatic event involve?
Experiencing the event as occurring again, often through vivid intrusive memories, flashbacks, or nightmares.
What feelings might a person with C-PTSD experience about themselves?
Feelings of being diminished, defeated, or worthless, often accompanied by shame and guilt.
Which gender is at greater risk for developing complex PTSD?
Females are at greater risk than males.
What does treatment for disinhibited social engagement disorder involve?
The entire family to strengthen the bond between the child and caregivers.
What is a common behavioral response to heightened threat in individuals with PTSD?
Hypervigilance and an enhanced startle reaction to stimuli.
What is meant by deliberate avoidance in PTSD?
Avoiding thoughts, memories, or situations that remind the person of the traumatic event.
What may worsen symptoms of preoccupation in adjustment disorder?
Reminders of the stressor(s), leading to avoidance of associated stimuli, thoughts, feelings, or discussions.
What are the core elements of PTSD?
Re-experiencing the traumatic event, deliberate avoidance of reminders, and persistent perceptions of heightened current threat.
What types of therapies may be included in the treatment for disinhibited social engagement disorder?
Expressive therapies such as play therapy or art therapy.
What percentage of adults experience at least one traumatic event in their lifetime?
70%.
What additional psychological symptoms may accompany adjustment disorder?
Depressive or anxiety symptoms, as well as impulsive 'externalizing' symptoms like increased substance use.
What distinguishes the cause of PTSD from complex PTSD?
PTSD usually results from a single incident trauma, while complex PTSD results from prolonged or repetitive traumatic events.
What percentage of people who experience a severe traumatic event will develop PTSD?
About 30%.
When do symptoms of adjustment disorder typically abate?
When the stressor is removed, sufficient support is provided, or additional coping mechanisms are developed.
What additional elements are associated with complex PTSD?
Affect dysregulation, negative self-concept, and interpersonal disturbances.
When does the onset of adjustment disorder usually occur?
Within a month after exposure to a stressful life event, but can occur later.
How does the severity of symptoms in PTSD compare to complex PTSD?
PTSD symptoms are usually less severe and less persistent compared to complex PTSD symptoms.
How do acute stressful life events affect the onset of adjustment disorder symptoms?
They typically result in a rapid onset of symptoms with a shorter duration.
What is the main biological treatment for adjustment disorder?
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors).
What is the treatment of choice for adjustment disorder?
Supportive therapy.
What are the essential features of Reactive Attachment Disorder?
A history of grossly insufficient care and markedly abnormal attachment behaviors towards adult caregivers.
What behaviors characterize a child with Reactive Attachment Disorder?
Minimal seeking of comfort when distressed and rare or minimal response to comfort when offered.
What is presumed to be responsible for the inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior in Reactive Attachment Disorder?
Grossly insufficient care.
What developmental level must a child reach to form selective attachments?
Typically at least 9 months of developmental age or 1 year chronological age.
What type of maltreatment is associated with Reactive Attachment Disorder?
Persistent maltreatment rather than isolated incidents.
What risks do children with Reactive Attachment Disorder face?
They are at risk for developing co-occurring PTSD or complex PTSD.
What general emotional disturbances may children with Reactive Attachment Disorder exhibit?
A relative lack of social and emotional responsiveness to others and limited positive affect.
