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Koper - GAS Thoracic Wall 2024 2

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p.16

Which types of movement are allowed by the sternoclavicular joint? A) Only rotational movement B) Vertical, antero-posterior, and rotational movement C) Only vertical movement D) Only antero-posterior movement E) None of the above

Select an answer

p.16

Explanation

No explanation provided.

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p.16
Functions of the Thoracic Wall

Which types of movement are allowed by the sternoclavicular joint?
A) Only rotational movement
B) Vertical, antero-posterior, and rotational movement
C) Only vertical movement
D) Only antero-posterior movement
E) None of the above

B) Vertical, antero-posterior, and rotational movement
Explanation: The sternoclavicular joint allows for vertical, antero-posterior, and rotational movements, making it versatile in its function.

p.34
Functions of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the thoracic wall?
A) To protect the heart and lungs
B) To support the abdominal organs
C) To facilitate digestion
D) To produce blood cells
E) To store fat

A) To protect the heart and lungs
Explanation: The thoracic wall serves as a protective structure for vital organs such as the heart and lungs, ensuring their safety from external trauma.

p.6
Functions of the Thoracic Wall

What role does the thoracic wall play in relation to the upper limbs?
A) It provides insulation
B) It provides attachment and support to upper limbs
C) It regulates movement
D) It produces blood cells
E) It stores energy

B) It provides attachment and support to upper limbs
Explanation: The thoracic wall serves as an attachment point for muscles and structures that support and facilitate the movement of the upper limbs, contributing to overall mobility.

p.11
True and False Ribs

Which ribs are classified as 'true ribs'?
A) Ribs 1-5
B) Ribs 1-7
C) Ribs 8-12
D) Ribs 11-12
E) Ribs 5-10

B) Ribs 1-7
Explanation: True ribs are defined as ribs 1 through 7, which directly attach to the sternum, distinguishing them from false ribs.

p.17
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

What type of joint is formed between the first rib and the sternum?
A) Synovial
B) Fibrocartilaginous
C) Symphysis
D) Hinge
E) Ball and socket

B) Fibrocartilaginous
Explanation: The joint between the first rib and the sternum is classified as fibrocartilaginous, which provides stability and support at this critical junction.

p.23
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the innermost intercostal muscles?
A) Elevate the ribs
B) Stabilize the thoracic wall
C) Depress the ribs
D) Rotate the trunk
E) Flex the spine

C) Depress the ribs
Explanation: The innermost intercostal muscles primarily function to depress the ribs, aiding in forced expiration.

p.27
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

How many medial arcuate ligaments are present in the body?
A) One
B) Two (bilateral)
C) Three
D) Four
E) None

B) Two (bilateral)
Explanation: The medial arcuate ligaments are present bilaterally, meaning there are two of them, one on each side of the body, contributing to the support of the diaphragm.

p.25
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

What is the primary function of the diaphragm in the thoracic wall?
A) To support the ribs
B) To assist in breathing
C) To protect the heart
D) To produce sound
E) To store air

B) To assist in breathing
Explanation: The diaphragm is a crucial muscle in the thoracic wall that plays a primary role in respiration by contracting and relaxing to facilitate inhalation and exhalation.

p.20
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the external intercostal muscles?
A) To assist in expiration
B) To assist in inspiration
C) To stabilize the thoracic wall
D) To support the diaphragm
E) To protect the lungs

B) To assist in inspiration
Explanation: The external intercostal muscles are primarily responsible for aiding in the process of inspiration by elevating the ribs and expanding the thoracic cavity.

p.37
Arterial Supply

Which artery branches off the subclavian artery and supplies the upper intercostal spaces?
A) Internal thoracic artery
B) Costocervical trunk
C) Anterior intercostal artery
D) Superior intercostal artery
E) Subclavian artery

D) Superior intercostal artery
Explanation: The superior intercostal artery, also known as the supreme intercostal artery, branches from the costocervical trunk of the subclavian artery and supplies the upper two or three intercostal spaces.

p.22
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the internal intercostal muscles?
A) To assist in inhalation
B) To stabilize the thoracic wall
C) To aid in forced exhalation
D) To elevate the diaphragm
E) To support the spine

C) To aid in forced exhalation
Explanation: The internal intercostal muscles primarily function to aid in forced exhalation by depressing the ribs, which decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and expels air from the lungs.

p.23
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscle is located beneath the ribs and assists in expiration?
A) Intercostal
B) Subcostal
C) Transversus thoracis
D) Diaphragm
E) Pectoralis major

B) Subcostal
Explanation: The subcostal muscles are located beneath the ribs and play a role in expiration by helping to lower the rib cage during breathing.

p.15
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

Which other joint works in conjunction with the costovertebral joint?
A) Costotransverse joint
B) Sternoclavicular joint
C) Acromioclavicular joint
D) Sacroiliac joint
E) Glenohumeral joint

A) Costotransverse joint
Explanation: The costotransverse joint works alongside the costovertebral joint to facilitate the movement of the ribs.

p.19
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the serratus anterior muscle?
A) Flexion of the elbow
B) Abduction of the shoulder
C) Protraction of the scapula
D) Extension of the wrist
E) Rotation of the forearm

C) Protraction of the scapula
Explanation: The serratus anterior muscle is primarily responsible for the protraction of the scapula, which is essential for movements such as pushing and reaching forward.

p.8
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

How many parts does the sternum consist of?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Five

C) Three
Explanation: The sternum is typically divided into three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process, each contributing to its overall structure.

p.17
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint?
A) Synovial
B) Fibrocartilaginous
C) Hinge
D) Ball and socket
E) Pivot

B) Fibrocartilaginous
Explanation: The manubriosternal joint is classified as a symphysis, which is a type of fibrocartilaginous joint, providing stability between the manubrium and the body of the sternum.

p.20
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is a mnemonic to remember the orientation of the external intercostal muscles?
A) 'Hands on the hips'
B) 'Hands in the pocket'
C) 'Hands above the head'
D) 'Hands at the sides'
E) 'Hands behind the back'

B) 'Hands in the pocket'
Explanation: The external intercostal muscles are often described with the mnemonic 'hands in the pocket' to indicate their orientation and direction of fibers, which run obliquely downward and forward.

p.7
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What is another name for the suprasternal notch?
A) Sternal angle
B) Jugular notch
C) Xiphoid process
D) Vertebra prominens
E) Costal margin

B) Jugular notch
Explanation: The suprasternal notch is also referred to as the jugular notch, which is a prominent feature located at the top of the sternum.

p.22
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscle forms the floor of the thoracic cavity?
A) External intercostals
B) Internal intercostals
C) Diaphragm
D) Pectoralis minor
E) Serratus anterior

C) Diaphragm
Explanation: The diaphragm is the primary muscle that forms the floor of the thoracic cavity, playing a crucial role in respiration by contracting and relaxing to facilitate breathing.

p.18
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscle is located deeper, pectoralis major or pectoralis minor?
A) Pectoralis major
B) Pectoralis minor
C) Both are at the same depth
D) Neither, they are superficial
E) Both are deep muscles

B) Pectoralis minor
Explanation: The pectoralis minor is located deeper than the pectoralis major, lying underneath it and contributing to the stabilization of the scapula.

p.6
Functions of the Thoracic Wall

How does the thoracic wall contribute to lung function?
A) By increasing lung size
B) By providing a rigid exterior wall to prevent collapse of elastic lungs
C) By filtering air
D) By producing surfactant
E) By regulating blood flow

B) By providing a rigid exterior wall to prevent collapse of elastic lungs
Explanation: The thoracic wall provides structural support that prevents the elastic lungs from collapsing, ensuring they can function effectively during respiration.

p.10
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

What is the primary function of the costal groove?
A) To support the spine
B) To allow for rib movement
C) To protect blood vessels and nerves
D) To facilitate breathing
E) To connect to the sternum

C) To protect blood vessels and nerves
Explanation: The primary function of the costal groove is to provide a protective channel for blood vessels and nerves that run along the rib, ensuring their safety as they travel through the thoracic cavity.

p.27
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the function of the median arcuate ligament?
A) Supports the diaphragm
B) Connects the ribs
C) Stabilizes the thoracic vertebrae
D) Protects the heart
E) Attaches to the sternum

A) Supports the diaphragm
Explanation: The median arcuate ligament is a fibrous structure that supports the diaphragm, playing a crucial role in the anatomy of the thoracic wall.

p.14
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What does the sternal angle indicate regarding the trachea?
A) It marks the beginning of the trachea
B) It marks the bifurcation of the trachea
C) It indicates the length of the trachea
D) It shows the position of the trachea in the neck
E) It marks the end of the trachea

B) It marks the bifurcation of the trachea
Explanation: The sternal angle is significant as it marks the bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi, which is crucial for respiratory anatomy.

p.19
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is a common consequence of injury to the long thoracic nerve?
A) Winged scapula
B) Frozen shoulder
C) Rotator cuff tear
D) Tennis elbow
E) Carpal tunnel syndrome

A) Winged scapula
Explanation: Injury to the long thoracic nerve can lead to a condition known as winged scapula, where the scapula protrudes outwards due to weakness of the serratus anterior muscle.

p.32
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What are the primary nerves responsible for innervating the intercostal muscles?
A) Dorsal primary rami
B) Ventral primary rami
C) Intercostal nerves
D) Lateral cutaneous branches
E) Anterior cutaneous branches

C) Intercostal nerves
Explanation: The intercostal nerves, which are part of the ventral primary rami, are specifically responsible for innervating the intercostal muscles, facilitating movement and respiration.

p.25
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

Which nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the diaphragm?
A) Vagus nerve
B) Phrenic nerve
C) Intercostal nerve
D) Sciatic nerve
E) Median nerve

B) Phrenic nerve
Explanation: The phrenic nerve is the main nerve that innervates the diaphragm, providing the necessary signals for contraction during the breathing process.

p.20
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What structure is associated with the external intercostal muscles?
A) External intercostal membrane
B) Internal intercostal membrane
C) Diaphragm
D) Thoracic vertebrae
E) Sternum

A) External intercostal membrane
Explanation: The external intercostal muscles are associated with the external intercostal membrane, which is the continuation of the muscle fibers and provides support to the thoracic wall.

p.26
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

Which nerves are responsible for the innervation of the diaphragm?
A) Vagus nerves
B) Intercostal nerves
C) Phrenic nerves
D) Sciatic nerves
E) Accessory nerves

C) Phrenic nerves
Explanation: The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerves, which originate from the cervical spinal nerves C3, C4, and C5, playing a crucial role in respiration.

p.2
Thoracic Cavity Structure

What are the three main parts of the thoracic cavity?
A) Left pleural cavity, right pleural cavity, mediastinum
B) Left lung, right lung, diaphragm
C) Heart, lungs, aorta
D) Trachea, bronchi, alveoli
E) Esophagus, stomach, liver

A) Left pleural cavity, right pleural cavity, mediastinum
Explanation: The thoracic cavity is divided into three main parts: the left pleural cavity, the right pleural cavity, and the mediastinum, which are essential for understanding the structure of the thoracic region.

p.15
Functions of the Thoracic Wall

What movements do the ribs perform at the costovertebral joint?
A) Only rotation
B) Only elevation
C) Rotation and elevation
D) Flexion and extension
E) Abduction and adduction

C) Rotation and elevation
Explanation: The ribs rotate and elevate along the costovertebral joint, allowing for important movements during respiration.

p.8
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

What is the primary function of the sternum in the human body?
A) To protect the brain
B) To support the rib cage
C) To facilitate digestion
D) To produce blood cells
E) To anchor the spine

B) To support the rib cage
Explanation: The sternum plays a crucial role in supporting the rib cage, providing structural integrity and protection for the thoracic organs.

p.19
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which nerve innervates the serratus anterior muscle?
A) Axillary nerve
B) Musculocutaneous nerve
C) Long thoracic nerve
D) Median nerve
E) Radial nerve

C) Long thoracic nerve
Explanation: The serratus anterior muscle is innervated by the long thoracic nerve, which is crucial for its function in scapular movement.

p.8
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

What is the location of the xiphoid process?
A) At the top of the sternum
B) In the middle of the sternum
C) At the bottom of the sternum
D) Attached to the clavicle
E) At the base of the spine

C) At the bottom of the sternum
Explanation: The xiphoid process is the smallest and most inferior part of the sternum, located at the bottom, and serves as an attachment point for various muscles.

p.22
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscle is primarily responsible for elevating the ribs during inhalation?
A) Rectus abdominis
B) External intercostals
C) Internal intercostals
D) Diaphragm
E) Pectoralis major

B) External intercostals
Explanation: The external intercostals are the muscles that elevate the ribs during inhalation, facilitating the expansion of the thoracic cavity and allowing air to enter the lungs.

p.39
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

Which artery branches off the subclavian artery and supplies the anterior thoracic wall?
A) Brachial artery
B) Internal thoracic artery
C) Axillary artery
D) Carotid artery
E) Femoral artery

B) Internal thoracic artery
Explanation: The internal thoracic artery branches from the subclavian artery and is responsible for supplying blood to the anterior thoracic wall, making it crucial for thoracic circulation.

p.34
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

What is the role of the diaphragm in relation to the thoracic wall?
A) It protects the thoracic organs
B) It aids in respiration
C) It supports the spine
D) It connects the ribs
E) It produces hormones

B) It aids in respiration
Explanation: The diaphragm plays a crucial role in respiration by contracting and relaxing to facilitate the inhalation and exhalation of air, working in conjunction with the thoracic wall.

p.2
Thoracic Cavity Structure

What will be discussed in upcoming lectures regarding the thoracic cavity?
A) The anatomy of the heart
B) Details of the pleural cavities and mediastinum
C) The function of the diaphragm
D) The blood supply to the thoracic wall
E) The respiratory system

B) Details of the pleural cavities and mediastinum
Explanation: The text indicates that further details about the pleural cavities and mediastinum will be covered in upcoming lectures, highlighting their importance in thoracic anatomy.

p.14
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What significant anatomical feature does the sternal angle mark?
A) The inferior edge of the lungs
B) The superior edge of the heart
C) The apex of the heart
D) The base of the skull
E) The diaphragm

B) The superior edge of the heart
Explanation: The sternal angle marks the superior edge of the heart, indicating its position relative to the thoracic wall.

p.11
True and False Ribs

Which ribs are considered 'floating ribs'?
A) Ribs 1-2
B) Ribs 3-4
C) Ribs 8-10
D) Ribs 11-12
E) Ribs 5-6

D) Ribs 11-12
Explanation: Ribs 11 and 12 are classified as floating ribs because they do not attach to the sternum or to other ribs, allowing for greater flexibility in the rib cage.

p.20
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

How can the internal intercostal muscles be visually identified?
A) They are located on the surface of the skin
B) They are visible through a 'window'
C) They are covered by the external intercostal muscles
D) They are found only in the abdomen
E) They are not visible at all

B) They are visible through a 'window'
Explanation: The internal intercostal muscles can be identified through a 'window' created by the external intercostal membrane, allowing for their visibility during anatomical studies.

p.13
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

What is the primary function of the superior and inferior articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae?
A) Flexion of the neck
B) Rotation of the trunk
C) Lateral bending of the spine
D) Extension of the legs
E) Elevation of the arms

B) Rotation of the trunk
Explanation: The superior and inferior articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae facilitate the rotation of the trunk, allowing for a range of motion in the upper body.

p.35
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Where is the shingles virus transported in the body?
A) Through the bloodstream
B) Along axons
C) Through lymphatic vessels
D) In the digestive system
E) Through the respiratory tract

B) Along axons
Explanation: The shingles virus is transported along axons, which are the long projections of nerve cells, leading to its effect on a specific dermatome.

p.18
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the pectoralis minor muscle?
A) Flexion of the elbow
B) Stabilization of the scapula
C) Extension of the shoulder
D) Abduction of the arm
E) Rotation of the wrist

B) Stabilization of the scapula
Explanation: The pectoralis minor primarily functions to stabilize the scapula by drawing it anteriorly and inferiorly against the thoracic wall.

p.3
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

Which vertebra marks the inferior boundary of the thoracic wall?
A) T1
B) T5
C) T12
D) T10
E) T7

C) T12
Explanation: The inferior boundary of the thoracic wall is marked by vertebra T12, which is the lowest vertebra in the thoracic region.

p.21
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscle is located most superficially in the thoracic wall?
A) Internal intercostal m.
B) Transverse thoracis m.
C) External intercostal m.
D) Innermost intercostal m.
E) External intercostal membrane

C) External intercostal m.
Explanation: The external intercostal muscle is the most superficial muscle layer in the thoracic wall, playing a crucial role in the mechanics of breathing by aiding in inhalation.

p.16
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

What divides the sternoclavicular joint into two compartments?
A) Ligaments
B) Cartilage
C) Articular disc
D) Synovial membrane
E) Muscle tissue

C) Articular disc
Explanation: The sternoclavicular joint is divided into two compartments by an articular disc, which helps in stabilizing the joint and allowing for smooth movement.

p.10
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

What is the costal groove found on the underside of a rib?
A) A type of muscle attachment
B) A depression for blood vessels and nerves
C) A joint articulation point
D) A site for rib fractures
E) A location for cartilage attachment

B) A depression for blood vessels and nerves
Explanation: The costal groove is a notable feature on the underside of a rib that serves as a channel for blood vessels and nerves, providing protection and a pathway along the rib.

p.26
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

From which cervical spinal nerves do the phrenic nerves originate?
A) C1, C2, C3
B) C2, C3, C4
C) C3, C4, C5
D) C4, C5, C6
E) C5, C6, C7

C) C3, C4, C5
Explanation: The phrenic nerves, which innervate the diaphragm, arise from the cervical spinal nerves C3, C4, and C5, indicating their importance in controlling diaphragm movement.

p.27
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the role of the lateral arcuate ligament?
A) Connects the diaphragm to the spine
B) Supports the thoracic wall
C) Stabilizes the abdominal organs
D) Connects the ribs to the sternum
E) Attaches to the pelvic floor

B) Supports the thoracic wall
Explanation: The lateral arcuate ligaments, which are also present bilaterally, play a role in supporting the thoracic wall and maintaining structural integrity.

p.35
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

How does shingles affect the body?
A) It spreads throughout the entire body
B) It affects multiple dermatomes
C) It affects a single dermatome
D) It causes respiratory issues
E) It leads to muscle paralysis

C) It affects a single dermatome
Explanation: Shingles is transported along axons and specifically affects a single dermatome, which is a region of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.

p.1
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

Which of the following best describes the thoracic wall?
A) A solid structure
B) A flexible cage
C) A rigid wall
D) A soft membrane
E) An open cavity

B) A flexible cage
Explanation: The thoracic wall is often described as a flexible cage that allows for the expansion and contraction necessary for breathing while providing protection to the thoracic cavity.

p.19
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Where does the serratus anterior muscle originate?
A) Clavicle
B) Ribs
C) Scapula
D) Sternum
E) Humerus

B) Ribs
Explanation: The serratus anterior muscle originates from the upper eight or nine ribs, which allows it to effectively protract and stabilize the scapula during arm movements.

p.28
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

At which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava pass through the diaphragm?
A) T6
B) T8
C) T10
D) T12
E) L1

B) T8
Explanation: The inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm at the caval hiatus located at the T8 vertebral level, which is crucial for understanding the anatomy of the diaphragm.

p.39
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What is the function of the anterior intercostal arteries?
A) Supply blood to the lungs
B) Supply blood to the diaphragm
C) Supply blood to the intercostal muscles
D) Supply blood to the heart
E) Supply blood to the abdominal organs

C) Supply blood to the intercostal muscles
Explanation: The anterior intercostal arteries branch from the internal thoracic artery and supply blood to the intercostal muscles, which are essential for respiration.

p.22
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscle assists in both inhalation and exhalation, depending on the phase of respiration?
A) Rectus abdominis
B) External intercostals
C) Internal intercostals
D) Diaphragm
E) Transversus thoracis

D) Diaphragm
Explanation: The diaphragm assists in both inhalation and exhalation; it contracts during inhalation to increase thoracic volume and relaxes during exhalation to decrease thoracic volume.

p.3
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What is the role of the costal margin in the thoracic wall?
A) It forms the superior boundary
B) It is part of the transverse boundary
C) It is part of the inferior boundary
D) It connects to the xiphoid process
E) It supports the cervical vertebrae

C) It is part of the inferior boundary
Explanation: The costal margin is part of the inferior boundary of the thoracic wall, contributing to the lower limit of the thoracic cavity.

p.9
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

Which structure is located on the 1st rib and serves as an attachment point for muscles?
A) Head
B) Neck
C) Scalene tubercle
D) Tubercle
E) Groove for subclavian artery

C) Scalene tubercle
Explanation: The scalene tubercle on the 1st rib serves as an attachment point for the scalene muscles, which are important for respiration and neck movement.

p.16
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
A) Fibrous joint
B) Cartilaginous joint
C) Synovial joint
D) Hinge joint
E) Ball-and-socket joint

C) Synovial joint
Explanation: The sternoclavicular joint is classified as a synovial joint, which is characterized by the presence of a joint capsule and synovial fluid, allowing for a wide range of movements.

p.34
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscles are primarily involved in the movement of the thoracic wall during breathing?
A) Biceps
B) Quadriceps
C) Intercostal muscles
D) Hamstrings
E) Trapezius

C) Intercostal muscles
Explanation: The intercostal muscles are primarily responsible for the movement of the thoracic wall during breathing, helping to expand and contract the chest cavity.

p.15
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

What type of joint is the costovertebral joint?
A) Fibrous joint
B) Cartilaginous joint
C) Synovial joint
D) Hinge joint
E) Ball-and-socket joint

C) Synovial joint
Explanation: The costovertebral joint is classified as a synovial joint, which allows for movement such as rotation and elevation of the ribs.

p.23
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscle is involved in the stabilization of the thoracic wall and is located on the inner surface of the thoracic cage?
A) Subcostal
B) Transversus thoracis
C) External intercostal
D) Serratus anterior
E) Rectus abdominis

B) Transversus thoracis
Explanation: The transversus thoracis muscle is located on the inner surface of the thoracic cage and helps stabilize the thoracic wall.

p.8
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

Which of the following bones is commonly referred to as the breastbone?
A) Clavicle
B) Scapula
C) Sternum
D) Humerus
E) Radius

C) Sternum
Explanation: The sternum is commonly known as the breastbone, located in the center of the chest and serving as a key component of the thoracic skeleton.

p.1
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What structure encloses the inferior thoracic aperture?
A) Thoracic wall
B) Rib cage
C) Diaphragm
D) Sternum
E) Vertebral column

C) Diaphragm
Explanation: The inferior thoracic aperture is enclosed by the diaphragm, which separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

p.19
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which of the following movements does the serratus anterior NOT assist with?
A) Lifting the arm overhead
B) Pushing movements
C) Pulling movements
D) Stabilizing the scapula
E) Rotating the scapula upward

C) Pulling movements
Explanation: The serratus anterior primarily assists with pushing movements and stabilizing the scapula, but it does not play a significant role in pulling movements.

p.17
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

What type of joint is the xiphisternal joint?
A) Synovial
B) Fibrocartilaginous
C) Hinge
D) Ball and socket
E) Pivot

B) Fibrocartilaginous
Explanation: The xiphisternal joint is also a symphysis, which is a fibrocartilaginous joint, connecting the xiphoid process to the body of the sternum.

p.37
Arterial Supply

What is the function of the internal thoracic artery?
A) Supplies the lower limbs
B) Supplies the thoracic wall and breast
C) Supplies the brain
D) Supplies the abdominal organs
E) Supplies the heart

B) Supplies the thoracic wall and breast
Explanation: The internal thoracic artery primarily supplies the thoracic wall and the breast, providing important blood flow to these areas.

p.7
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What is the significance of the sternal angle?
A) It marks the location of the xiphoid process
B) It is the lowest point of the sternum
C) It indicates the level of the second rib
D) It is where the ribs attach to the vertebrae
E) It is the point where the diaphragm attaches

C) It indicates the level of the second rib
Explanation: The sternal angle is an important anatomical landmark that corresponds to the level of the second rib, aiding in the identification of thoracic structures.

p.39
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscle is associated with the transversus thoracis?
A) Pectoralis major
B) Rectus abdominis
C) Intercostal muscles
D) Diaphragm
E) Serratus anterior

C) Intercostal muscles
Explanation: The transversus thoracis muscle is located on the inner surface of the thoracic wall and is associated with the intercostal muscles, playing a role in the mechanics of breathing.

p.33
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

Which of the following is NOT a type of thoracic splanchnic nerve?
A) Greater thoracic splanchnic
B) Lesser thoracic splanchnic
C) Middle thoracic splanchnic
D) Least thoracic splanchnic
E) All of the above are types

C) Middle thoracic splanchnic
Explanation: The thoracic splanchnic nerves include the greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnics, but there is no middle thoracic splanchnic nerve.

p.5
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

Which muscle primarily forms the diaphragm?
A) Intercostal muscles
B) Rectus abdominis
C) Pectoralis major
D) Diaphragm muscle
E) Latissimus dorsi

D) Diaphragm muscle
Explanation: The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that plays a crucial role in respiration by contracting and relaxing to facilitate breathing.

p.36
Arterial Supply

Which artery is responsible for supplying the anterior intercostal spaces?
A) Thoracic aorta
B) Internal thoracic a.
C) Radicular a.
D) Posterior intercostal a.
E) Subclavian a.

B) Internal thoracic a.
Explanation: The internal thoracic artery gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries, which supply blood to the anterior intercostal spaces, contributing to the overall arterial supply of the thoracic wall.

p.31
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscles lie between the internal intercostal muscle and the innermost intercostal muscle?
A) External intercostal muscles
B) Diaphragm
C) Rectus abdominis
D) Transversus thoracis
E) No muscles lie between them

E) No muscles lie between them
Explanation: The internal intercostal muscle and the innermost intercostal muscle lie directly adjacent to each other, with no other muscles situated between them in the intercostal space.

p.6
Functions of the Thoracic Wall

What is one of the primary functions of the thoracic wall?
A) To regulate body temperature
B) To protect internal air- and fluid-filled organs
C) To facilitate digestion
D) To produce hormones
E) To store fat

B) To protect internal air- and fluid-filled organs
Explanation: The thoracic wall serves a crucial role in protecting vital internal organs that are filled with air and fluids, such as the lungs and heart, from external injury.

p.10
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

Which part of the rib contains the costal groove?
A) The head
B) The neck
C) The body
D) The tubercle
E) The cartilage

C) The body
Explanation: The costal groove is located on the body of the rib, specifically on its underside, which is important for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.

p.34
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

What is the anatomical significance of the thoracic vertebrae?
A) They protect the brain
B) They support the rib cage
C) They connect to the pelvis
D) They are involved in arm movement
E) They produce red blood cells

B) They support the rib cage
Explanation: The thoracic vertebrae provide structural support for the rib cage, anchoring the ribs and contributing to the overall stability of the thoracic wall.

p.2
Thoracic Cavity Structure

Which part of the thoracic cavity is located between the left and right pleural cavities?
A) Diaphragm
B) Mediastinum
C) Thoracic wall
D) Abdominal cavity
E) Pericardial cavity

B) Mediastinum
Explanation: The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, situated between the left and right pleural cavities, and contains vital structures such as the heart and major blood vessels.

p.23
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

How many pairs of ribs are typically associated with the intercostal muscles?
A) 12
B) 10
C) 24
D) 14
E) 16

C) 24
Explanation: There are typically 24 ribs in the human body, which correspond to 12 pairs, and these ribs are associated with the intercostal muscles.

p.11
True and False Ribs

What classification do ribs 8-12 fall under?
A) True ribs
B) Floating ribs
C) False ribs
D) Fixed ribs
E) Accessory ribs

C) False ribs
Explanation: Ribs 8 through 12 are classified as false ribs because they do not attach directly to the sternum, with ribs 11 and 12 being specifically noted as floating ribs.

p.25
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

Which of the following best describes the diaphragm's anatomical position?
A) Above the lungs
B) Below the lungs
C) At the front of the thoracic cavity
D) At the back of the thoracic cavity
E) In the abdominal cavity

B) Below the lungs
Explanation: The diaphragm is located below the lungs, separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, which is essential for its function in respiration.

p.3
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What is the superior boundary of the thoracic wall?
A) Vertebra T12
B) Rib 12
C) Manubrium of sternum
D) Rib 6
E) Vertebra T5

C) Manubrium of sternum
Explanation: The superior boundary of the thoracic wall is defined by vertebra T1, rib 1, and the manubrium of the sternum, which collectively form the upper limit of the thoracic cavity.

p.3
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

Which of the following is NOT part of the inferior boundary of the thoracic wall?
A) Vertebra T12
B) Rib 12
C) Costal margin
D) Xiphoid process
E) Rib 1

E) Rib 1
Explanation: The inferior boundary of the thoracic wall includes vertebra T12, rib 12, the costal margin, and the xiphoid process, while rib 1 is part of the superior boundary.

p.38
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

Which artery branches off from the aorta to supply the posterior intercostal spaces?
A) Internal thoracic artery
B) Anterior intercostal artery
C) Costocervical trunk
D) Posterior intercostal artery
E) Superior intercostal artery

D) Posterior intercostal artery
Explanation: The posterior intercostal arteries branch directly from the aorta and supply blood to the intercostal spaces located at the back of the thoracic wall.

p.28
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

What structure passes through the esophageal hiatus?
A) Abdominal aorta
B) Thoracic duct
C) Esophagus
D) Inferior vena cava
E) Vagus nerve

C) Esophagus
Explanation: The esophageal hiatus, located at the T10 vertebral level, allows the esophagus to pass through the diaphragm, facilitating the connection between the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

p.7
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

Which structure is located at the inferior end of the sternum?
A) Suprasternal notch
B) Sternal angle
C) Xiphoid process
D) Vertebra prominens
E) Manubrium

C) Xiphoid process
Explanation: The xiphoid process is the inferior part of the sternum, serving as an important landmark in thoracic anatomy.

p.32
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

Which of the following is NOT a branch of the dorsal primary rami?
A) Deep back
B) Lateral cutaneous branch
C) Anterior cutaneous branch
D) Ventral primary rami
E) Intercostal nerve

C) Anterior cutaneous branch
Explanation: The anterior cutaneous branch is a part of the intercostal nerves, which originate from the ventral primary rami, not the dorsal primary rami.

p.41
Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the azygous veins?
A) To supply oxygenated blood to the heart
B) To drain blood from the thoracic wall and abdominal wall
C) To transport lymphatic fluid
D) To connect the heart to the lungs
E) To carry blood to the lower extremities

B) To drain blood from the thoracic wall and abdominal wall
Explanation: The azygous veins primarily function to drain blood from the thoracic and abdominal walls, playing a crucial role in venous return to the heart.

p.30
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What are the main arteries supplying the thoracic wall?
A) Subclavian arteries
B) Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries
C) Femoral arteries
D) Carotid arteries
E) Brachial arteries

B) Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries
Explanation: The thoracic wall receives its blood supply from the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries, which branch from the aorta and other major arteries, ensuring adequate perfusion to the thoracic structures.

p.6
Functions of the Thoracic Wall

In what way does the thoracic wall assist with lung expansion?
A) By contracting during exhalation
B) By providing auxiliary lung expansion
C) By increasing blood pressure
D) By absorbing excess air
E) By decreasing lung volume

B) By providing auxiliary lung expansion
Explanation: The thoracic wall aids in lung expansion by providing additional support and space, allowing for greater lung capacity during inhalation.

p.34
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the thoracic wall?
A) Ribs
B) Sternum
C) Vertebrae
D) Diaphragm
E) Pelvis

E) Pelvis
Explanation: The pelvis is not part of the thoracic wall; it is part of the lower body structure, while the ribs, sternum, and vertebrae are integral components of the thoracic wall.

p.14
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

Which vertebral levels does the sternal angle correspond to?
A) T1-2
B) T2-3
C) T3-4
D) T4-5
E) T5-6

D) T4-5
Explanation: The sternal angle marks the plane through the T4-5 vertebral levels, serving as an important anatomical landmark.

p.35
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is shingles also known as?
A) Chickenpox
B) Herpes simplex
C) Herpes zoster
D) Smallpox
E) Measles

C) Herpes zoster
Explanation: Shingles is medically referred to as herpes zoster, which is a viral infection that affects the spinal ganglion.

p.11
True and False Ribs

What is the primary function of floating ribs?
A) To protect the heart
B) To anchor the rib cage by abdominal muscles
C) To assist in respiration
D) To provide attachment for the diaphragm
E) To support the spine

B) To anchor the rib cage by abdominal muscles
Explanation: Floating ribs play an important role in anchoring the rib cage through the abdominal muscles, providing stability while allowing for flexibility.

p.35
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What type of infection is shingles?
A) Bacterial infection
B) Fungal infection
C) Viral infection
D) Parasitic infection
E) Autoimmune disorder

C) Viral infection
Explanation: Shingles is a viral infection caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which is the same virus that causes chickenpox.

p.1
Thoracic Cavity Structure

What is the thoracic region commonly referred to as?
A) Abdomen
B) Pelvis
C) Thorax
D) Neck
E) Head

C) Thorax
Explanation: The thoracic region is commonly referred to as the thorax, which encompasses the area between the neck and the abdomen.

p.17
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

What happens to symphyses and costal cartilages with age?
A) They become more flexible
B) They ossify
C) They disappear
D) They become more elastic
E) They increase in size

B) They ossify
Explanation: With age, symphyses and costal cartilages tend to ossify, which can lead to decreased flexibility and mobility in the thoracic region.

p.38
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the internal thoracic artery?
A) Supply blood to the brain
B) Supply blood to the thoracic wall
C) Supply blood to the abdomen
D) Supply blood to the arms
E) Supply blood to the legs

B) Supply blood to the thoracic wall
Explanation: The internal thoracic artery primarily supplies blood to the thoracic wall and the anterior intercostal spaces, playing a crucial role in the vascularization of the chest area.

p.28
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

Which structure passes through the aortic hiatus?
A) Esophagus
B) Inferior vena cava
C) Abdominal aorta
D) Thoracic duct
E) Vagus nerve

C) Abdominal aorta
Explanation: The aortic hiatus, located at the T12 vertebral level, allows the abdominal aorta and thoracic duct to pass through the diaphragm, which is essential for vascular and lymphatic circulation.

p.18
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the pectoral region?
A) Pectoralis major
B) Pectoralis minor
C) Serratus anterior
D) Biceps brachii
E) Subclavius

D) Biceps brachii
Explanation: The biceps brachii is primarily located in the upper arm and is not considered part of the pectoral region, unlike the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and subclavius.

p.21
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the internal intercostal muscles?
A) Elevate the ribs during inhalation
B) Depress the ribs during exhalation
C) Stabilize the thoracic wall
D) Assist in the rotation of the spine
E) Support the diaphragm

B) Depress the ribs during exhalation
Explanation: The internal intercostal muscles primarily function to depress the ribs during forced exhalation, contributing to the expulsion of air from the lungs.

p.28
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

Which of the following structures is NOT associated with the diaphragm's openings?
A) Inferior vena cava
B) Esophagus
C) Abdominal aorta
D) Thoracic duct
E) Pulmonary artery

E) Pulmonary artery
Explanation: The pulmonary artery is not associated with the diaphragm's openings; instead, the diaphragm has specific openings for the inferior vena cava, esophagus, abdominal aorta, and thoracic duct.

p.30
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What is the origin of intercostal nerves?
A) Dorsal primary rami
B) Ventral primary rami
C) Cranial nerves
D) Sacral nerves
E) Lumbar plexus

B) Ventral primary rami
Explanation: Intercostal nerves originate from the ventral primary rami of the thoracic spinal nerves, which are responsible for motor and sensory innervation in the thoracic wall.

p.9
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

What is the significance of the groove for the subclavian vein on the 1st rib?
A) It allows for muscle attachment
B) It protects the vein from injury
C) It provides structural support
D) It accommodates the subclavian vein
E) It aids in respiration

D) It accommodates the subclavian vein
Explanation: The groove for the subclavian vein on the 1st rib is significant as it provides a pathway for the vein, ensuring it is positioned correctly and protected during movement.

p.26
Functions of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the diaphragm?
A) To support the thoracic wall
B) To assist in arm movement
C) To facilitate breathing
D) To protect the heart
E) To stabilize the spine

C) To facilitate breathing
Explanation: The diaphragm is the primary muscle responsible for facilitating breathing by contracting and expanding the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs.

p.14
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What is the primary use of the sternal angle in anatomy?
A) To locate the position of rib 1
B) To ascertain the position of rib 2
C) To measure lung capacity
D) To identify the diaphragm
E) To determine heart rate

B) To ascertain the position of rib 2
Explanation: The sternal angle is specifically used to locate the position of rib 2, which is important for counting ribs during anatomical examinations.

p.1
Thoracic Cavity Structure

What is the superior boundary of the thoracic cavity called?
A) Inferior thoracic aperture
B) Thoracic wall
C) Superior thoracic aperture
D) Diaphragm
E) Abdominal cavity

C) Superior thoracic aperture
Explanation: The superior thoracic aperture is the upper boundary of the thoracic cavity, allowing communication with the neck and upper structures.

p.17
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

Which ribs form synovial joints with the sternum?
A) Ribs 1
B) Ribs 2-7
C) Ribs 8-10
D) Ribs 11-12
E) All ribs

B) Ribs 2-7
Explanation: Ribs 2-7 form synovial joints with the sternum, allowing for greater mobility compared to the first rib's fibrocartilaginous joint.

p.25
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

What type of muscle is the diaphragm primarily composed of?
A) Smooth muscle
B) Cardiac muscle
C) Skeletal muscle
D) Epithelial tissue
E) Connective tissue

C) Skeletal muscle
Explanation: The diaphragm is primarily composed of skeletal muscle, which allows for voluntary control during breathing, although it also functions involuntarily.

p.18
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscle is primarily responsible for the adduction and medial rotation of the upper limb?
A) Pectoralis minor
B) Pectoralis major
C) Deltoid
D) Latissimus dorsi
E) Trapezius

B) Pectoralis major
Explanation: The pectoralis major is known for its role in adducting and medially rotating the upper limb, making it a key muscle in upper limb movements.

p.13
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

What role do intervertebral discs play in the thoracic vertebrae?
A) They provide flexibility to the neck
B) They bear weight
C) They connect the ribs to the spine
D) They assist in breathing
E) They protect the spinal cord

B) They bear weight
Explanation: Intervertebral discs are crucial for bearing weight in the thoracic region, helping to distribute loads across the vertebral column.

p.37
Arterial Supply

Which artery is responsible for supplying the anterior intercostal spaces?
A) Subclavian artery
B) Internal thoracic artery
C) Costocervical trunk
D) Superior intercostal artery
E) Aorta

B) Internal thoracic artery
Explanation: The internal thoracic artery gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries, which supply blood to the anterior intercostal spaces.

p.36
Arterial Supply

Which artery branches off the thoracic aorta to supply the intercostal spaces?
A) Radicular a.
B) Internal thoracic a.
C) Anterior intercostal a.
D) Posterior intercostal a.
E) Subclavian a.

D) Posterior intercostal a.
Explanation: The posterior intercostal arteries branch from the thoracic aorta and supply blood to the intercostal spaces, playing a crucial role in the arterial supply of the thoracic wall.

p.40
Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall

What do intercostal veins primarily drain into?
A) Pulmonary veins
B) Internal thoracic veins or Azygos veins
C) Renal veins
D) Jugular veins
E) Femoral veins

B) Internal thoracic veins or Azygos veins
Explanation: Intercostal veins drain into either the internal thoracic veins or the azygos veins, which then contribute to the superior vena cava, highlighting their role in venous drainage of the thoracic wall.

p.38
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What does the costocervical trunk primarily supply?
A) The thoracic wall
B) The neck and upper back
C) The abdomen
D) The lower limbs
E) The head

B) The neck and upper back
Explanation: The costocervical trunk branches from the subclavian artery and supplies blood to the neck and upper back regions, including some intercostal spaces.

p.9
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

What is the function of the groove for the subclavian artery on the 1st rib?
A) To provide support for the rib
B) To accommodate the subclavian artery
C) To attach muscles
D) To allow for rib movement
E) To protect the spinal cord

B) To accommodate the subclavian artery
Explanation: The groove for the subclavian artery on the 1st rib is specifically designed to accommodate the subclavian artery, allowing it to pass safely beneath the rib.

p.41
Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall

Which vein drains blood superiorly to the superior vena cava?
A) Hemiazygous vein
B) Azygous vein
C) Left subclavian vein
D) Internal jugular vein
E) Accessory hemiazygous vein

C) Left subclavian vein
Explanation: The left subclavian vein drains blood superiorly to the superior vena cava, contributing to the venous return from the upper body.

p.41
Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall

What is the relationship between the hemiazygous vein and the azygous vein?
A) They are the same vein
B) The hemiazygous vein drains into the azygous vein
C) The azygous vein drains into the hemiazygous vein
D) They are both tributaries of the inferior vena cava
E) They are both tributaries of the superior vena cava

B) The hemiazygous vein drains into the azygous vein
Explanation: The hemiazygous vein typically drains into the azygous vein, allowing for the integration of venous return from the lower thoracic region.

p.12
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

What is the significance of the thoracic vertebrae in the thoracic wall?
A) They protect the lungs
B) They provide attachment for the diaphragm
C) They allow for rib movement
D) They support the spinal cord
E) All of the above

E) All of the above
Explanation: The thoracic vertebrae play a crucial role in the thoracic wall by protecting vital organs like the lungs, providing attachment points for the diaphragm, and allowing for the movement of the ribs during respiration.

p.1
Functions of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the thoracic wall?
A) To protect the heart and lungs
B) To facilitate digestion
C) To support the spine
D) To allow for movement of the arms
E) To regulate body temperature

A) To protect the heart and lungs
Explanation: The thoracic wall, also known as the thoracic cage, serves to enclose and protect vital organs such as the heart and lungs within the thoracic cavity.

p.8
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

Which ribs articulate directly with the sternum?
A) True ribs
B) False ribs
C) Floating ribs
D) All ribs
E) Only the first rib

A) True ribs
Explanation: True ribs (ribs 1-7) articulate directly with the sternum via their costal cartilages, providing a direct connection that aids in the protection of thoracic organs.

p.32
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

Which branch of the dorsal primary rami is associated with the deep back?
A) Anterior cutaneous branch
B) Lateral cutaneous branch
C) Intercostal nerve
D) Ventral primary rami
E) None of the above

B) Lateral cutaneous branch
Explanation: The lateral cutaneous branch of the dorsal primary rami is associated with the innervation of the deep back, providing sensory information from that region.

p.3
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What forms the transverse boundary of the thoracic wall?
A) Sternum
B) Ribs that make up the thoracic cage
C) Vertebrae
D) Costal margin
E) Xiphoid process

B) Ribs that make up the thoracic cage
Explanation: The transverse boundary of the thoracic wall is formed by the ribs that create the thoracic cage, providing structural support and protection for the thoracic organs.

p.33
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the sympathetic trunk?
A) To supply blood to the heart
B) To connect the brain to the spinal cord
C) To relay sympathetic nerve signals
D) To control voluntary muscle movements
E) To provide sensory information to the brain

C) To relay sympathetic nerve signals
Explanation: The sympathetic trunk is primarily responsible for relaying sympathetic nerve signals throughout the body, playing a crucial role in the autonomic nervous system.

p.5
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What is the primary function of the inferior thoracic aperture?
A) To allow passage of the heart
B) To provide an opening for the diaphragm
C) To support the rib cage
D) To connect the thoracic and abdominal cavities
E) To protect the lungs

D) To connect the thoracic and abdominal cavities
Explanation: The inferior thoracic aperture serves as the boundary between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity, allowing for the passage of structures such as the esophagus and major blood vessels.

p.30
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

Which nerves supply the thoracic wall?
A) Lumbar nerves
B) Intercostal nerves
C) Cervical nerves
D) Sacral nerves
E) Cranial nerves

B) Intercostal nerves
Explanation: The thoracic wall is primarily supplied by intercostal nerves, which are the ventral primary rami of the thoracic spinal nerves, playing a crucial role in innervating the muscles and skin of the thoracic region.

p.12
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

What is the function of the superior costal demifacet on thoracic vertebrae?
A) To support the spinal cord
B) For articulation with ribs
C) To attach muscles
D) To protect the heart
E) For nerve passage

B) For articulation with ribs
Explanation: The superior costal demifacet is specifically designed for articulation with the ribs, allowing for the connection between the thoracic vertebrae and the rib cage, which is essential for respiratory mechanics.

p.21
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscle is located deep to the internal intercostal muscles?
A) External intercostal m.
B) Transverse thoracis m.
C) External intercostal membrane
D) Innermost intercostal m.
E) Diaphragm

D) Innermost intercostal m.
Explanation: The innermost intercostal muscle is located deep to the internal intercostal muscles, forming part of the internal structure of the thoracic wall.

p.5
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

Which structures pass through the diaphragm at the level of the inferior thoracic aperture?
A) Only nerves
B) Only blood vessels
C) Esophagus, aorta, and inferior vena cava
D) Only lymphatic vessels
E) Only air

C) Esophagus, aorta, and inferior vena cava
Explanation: The diaphragm allows for the passage of several critical structures, including the esophagus, aorta, and inferior vena cava, which are essential for bodily functions.

p.30
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

How many intercostal spaces are typically present in the thoracic wall?
A) 5
B) 10
C) 12
D) 8
E) 6

C) 12
Explanation: There are typically 12 intercostal spaces in the thoracic wall, corresponding to the 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves that supply the intercostal muscles and overlying skin.

p.4
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What is the significance of the dimensions of the superior thoracic aperture?
A) They determine lung capacity
B) They affect the movement of the diaphragm
C) They influence the passage of structures between the thorax and neck
D) They provide support for the rib cage
E) They are irrelevant to thoracic function

C) They influence the passage of structures between the thorax and neck
Explanation: The dimensions of the superior thoracic aperture are significant as they influence the passage of various structures between the thorax and neck, impacting both respiratory and circulatory systems.

p.32
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What structure do intercostal nerves travel in?
A) Intercostal space
B) Costal groove
C) Thoracic cavity
D) Vertebral column
E) Mediastinum

B) Costal groove
Explanation: Intercostal nerves travel in the costal groove, which is a protective space along the ribs that houses the nerves and blood vessels.

p.20
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscles are primarily involved in forced expiration?
A) External intercostal muscles
B) Internal intercostal muscles
C) Diaphragm
D) Scalene muscles
E) Pectoralis major

B) Internal intercostal muscles
Explanation: The internal intercostal muscles play a significant role in forced expiration by depressing the ribs and reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity.

p.9
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

What is a notable feature of the 1st rib?
A) It has a long neck
B) It has a groove for the subclavian vein
C) It is the shortest rib
D) It has no tubercle
E) It has a flat head

B) It has a groove for the subclavian vein
Explanation: The 1st rib is characterized by having a groove for the subclavian vein, which is an important anatomical feature that distinguishes it from other ribs.

p.7
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What is the vertebra prominens?
A) The first cervical vertebra
B) The last thoracic vertebra
C) The seventh cervical vertebra
D) The first lumbar vertebra
E) The second thoracic vertebra

C) The seventh cervical vertebra
Explanation: The vertebra prominens refers to the seventh cervical vertebra, which is easily palpated and serves as a key landmark in the cervical region.

p.33
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What are rami communicantes?
A) Nerves that connect the brain to the spinal cord
B) Branches that connect spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk
C) Blood vessels supplying the thoracic wall
D) Muscles of the thoracic wall
E) Ligaments supporting the spine

B) Branches that connect spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk
Explanation: Rami communicantes are branches that connect spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk, facilitating communication between the central nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system.

p.41
Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall

Which vein is NOT part of the azygous system?
A) Hemiazygous vein
B) Accessory hemiazygous vein
C) Inferior vena cava
D) Azygous vein
E) Superior vena cava

C) Inferior vena cava
Explanation: The inferior vena cava is not part of the azygous system; it is a major vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart.

p.21
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the role of the transverse thoracis muscle?
A) Elevate the ribs
B) Depress the ribs
C) Rotate the thoracic spine
D) Stabilize the diaphragm
E) Assist in inhalation

B) Depress the ribs
Explanation: The transverse thoracis muscle primarily functions to depress the ribs, particularly during forced expiration, aiding in the mechanics of breathing.

p.5
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

What is the average position of the diaphragm during normal breathing?
A) Fully contracted
B) Fully relaxed
C) Midway between contracted and relaxed
D) Elevated above the thoracic cavity
E) Below the inferior thoracic aperture

C) Midway between contracted and relaxed
Explanation: During normal breathing, the diaphragm moves between contracted and relaxed states, allowing for efficient airflow into the lungs.

p.4
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

Which of the following best describes the shape of the superior thoracic aperture?
A) Circular
B) Triangular
C) Square
D) Oval
E) Rectangular

B) Triangular
Explanation: The superior thoracic aperture is best described as having a triangular shape, which is important for its anatomical relationships and the structures that pass through it.

p.25
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
A) It relaxes and moves upward
B) It contracts and moves downward
C) It remains stationary
D) It contracts and moves upward
E) It expands outward

B) It contracts and moves downward
Explanation: During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and allowing air to flow into the lungs.

p.32
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What is the function of the anterior cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerves?
A) Innervate the diaphragm
B) Provide sensory innervation to the anterior thorax
C) Control the intercostal muscles
D) Innervate the deep back
E) Supply blood to the thoracic wall

B) Provide sensory innervation to the anterior thorax
Explanation: The anterior cutaneous branch of the intercostal nerves provides sensory innervation to the anterior thorax, allowing for sensation in that area.

p.38
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

Which artery is responsible for supplying the anterior intercostal spaces?
A) Aorta
B) Internal thoracic artery
C) Costocervical trunk
D) Superior intercostal artery
E) Posterior intercostal artery

B) Internal thoracic artery
Explanation: The internal thoracic artery gives rise to the anterior intercostal arteries, which supply blood to the anterior intercostal spaces of the thoracic wall.

p.37
Arterial Supply

Which artery is NOT directly involved in the arterial supply of the thoracic wall?
A) Anterior intercostal artery
B) Internal thoracic artery
C) Subclavian artery
D) Superior intercostal artery
E) Femoral artery

E) Femoral artery
Explanation: The femoral artery is not involved in the arterial supply of the thoracic wall; it supplies the lower limb instead.

p.18
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary action of the pectoralis major during arm movements?
A) Extension
B) Abduction
C) Flexion
D) Adduction
E) Circumduction

D) Adduction
Explanation: The primary action of the pectoralis major during arm movements is adduction, which brings the arm closer to the body.

p.33
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

Which thoracic splanchnic nerve is primarily responsible for innervating the abdominal organs?
A) Greater thoracic splanchnic
B) Lesser thoracic splanchnic
C) Least thoracic splanchnic
D) All thoracic splanchnics
E) None of the above

A) Greater thoracic splanchnic
Explanation: The greater thoracic splanchnic nerve primarily innervates the abdominal organs, providing sympathetic innervation to structures in the abdomen.

p.4
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

Which structures pass through the superior thoracic aperture?
A) Only nerves
B) Only blood vessels
C) Nerves, blood vessels, and the trachea
D) Only the esophagus
E) Only the lungs

C) Nerves, blood vessels, and the trachea
Explanation: The superior thoracic aperture allows for the passage of various structures, including nerves, blood vessels, and the trachea, which are essential for respiratory and circulatory functions.

p.12
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the human body?
A) 12
B) 13
C) 14
D) 15
E) 16

A) 12
Explanation: There are typically 12 thoracic vertebrae in the human body, which are characterized by their unique features that allow for the articulation with the ribs and support the thoracic cavity.

p.24
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which muscle is primarily responsible for quiet inspiration?
A) Internal intercostals
B) Abdominal wall
C) External intercostals
D) Rectus abdominis
E) Pectoralis major

C) External intercostals
Explanation: The external intercostals are most active during quiet inspiration as they elevate the ribs, facilitating the inhalation process.

p.13
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

What is the function of the superior and inferior costal (demi) facets on the thoracic vertebrae?
A) They allow for spinal extension
B) They facilitate rib elevation
C) They support the lumbar region
D) They enable neck rotation
E) They assist in pelvic movement

B) They facilitate rib elevation
Explanation: The superior and inferior costal (demi) facets on the bodies of thoracic vertebrae are designed to allow for the elevation of ribs during respiration.

p.37
Arterial Supply

What is the costocervical trunk?
A) A major vein in the thorax
B) A branch of the aorta
C) A branch of the subclavian artery
D) A nerve in the thoracic cavity
E) A ligament in the thoracic wall

C) A branch of the subclavian artery
Explanation: The costocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery that gives rise to the superior intercostal artery and other branches, supplying the upper thoracic region.

p.22
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the thoracic wall?
A) External intercostals
B) Internal intercostals
C) Diaphragm
D) Pectoralis major
E) Serratus anterior

D) Pectoralis major
Explanation: The pectoralis major is not considered a muscle of the thoracic wall; it is primarily involved in movements of the shoulder and arm, whereas the other options are directly associated with the thoracic wall.

p.13
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

What is the significance of the articulations of thoracic vertebrae?
A) They allow for the movement of the pelvis
B) They provide stability to the cervical spine
C) They enable trunk rotation and rib elevation
D) They support the head
E) They protect the heart

C) They enable trunk rotation and rib elevation
Explanation: The articulations of thoracic vertebrae are significant as they facilitate both trunk rotation and rib elevation, which are essential for various movements and respiratory functions.

p.5
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What is the significance of the inferior thoracic aperture in relation to the diaphragm?
A) It is the site of diaphragm attachment
B) It allows for the expansion of the lungs
C) It serves as a passage for the diaphragm's central tendon
D) It is where the diaphragm is innervated
E) It prevents air from entering the abdominal cavity

C) It serves as a passage for the diaphragm's central tendon
Explanation: The inferior thoracic aperture provides a structural opening that allows the diaphragm's central tendon to connect with the surrounding thoracic and abdominal structures.

p.9
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

Which part of the 1st rib connects to the vertebrae?
A) Neck
B) Head
C) Tubercle
D) Scalene tubercle
E) Groove for subclavian vein

B) Head
Explanation: The head of the 1st rib articulates with the corresponding thoracic vertebra, forming a crucial joint that contributes to the ribcage's structure.

p.21
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What structure is found at the most superficial layer of the thoracic wall?
A) Internal intercostal m.
B) External intercostal membrane
C) Transverse thoracis m.
D) Innermost intercostal m.
E) External intercostal m.

B) External intercostal membrane
Explanation: The external intercostal membrane is found at the most superficial layer of the thoracic wall, providing a supportive structure for the external intercostal muscles.

p.31
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What are the collateral branches in the context of the intercostal space?
A) Additional muscles
B) Secondary blood vessels and nerves
C) Ligaments connecting ribs
D) Cartilage structures
E) None of the above

B) Secondary blood vessels and nerves
Explanation: Collateral branches refer to the secondary blood vessels and nerves that arise from the main intercostal vessels and nerves, providing additional support and supply to the thoracic wall.

p.13
Articulations of Thoracic Vertebrae

Where are costal facets located on thoracic vertebrae?
A) On the spinous processes
B) On the transverse processes
C) On the sacrum
D) On the lumbar vertebrae
E) On the cervical vertebrae

B) On the transverse processes
Explanation: Costal facets are located on the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, which play a key role in rib articulation.

p.28
Diaphragm Anatomy and Innervation

What is the function of the vagus nerve in relation to the diaphragm?
A) It supplies blood to the diaphragm
B) It innervates the diaphragm
C) It carries sensory information from the diaphragm
D) It forms the vagal trunks
E) It connects the diaphragm to the abdominal organs

D) It forms the vagal trunks
Explanation: The vagus nerve, through its vagal trunks, plays a role in innervating the esophagus and other structures passing through the diaphragm, but it does not directly innervate the diaphragm itself.

p.31
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What structures run in the (sub)costal groove of the intercostal space?
A) Intercostal vein, artery, and nerve
B) Intercostal muscle only
C) Only the intercostal artery
D) Intercostal vein and nerve only
E) Costal cartilage

A) Intercostal vein, artery, and nerve
Explanation: The intercostal vein, artery, and nerve are specifically noted to run in the (sub)costal groove, which is an important anatomical feature of the intercostal space.

p.4
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What is the primary function of the superior thoracic aperture?
A) To allow passage of the diaphragm
B) To provide an opening for the lungs
C) To connect the thoracic cavity to the neck
D) To support the rib cage
E) To protect the heart

C) To connect the thoracic cavity to the neck
Explanation: The superior thoracic aperture serves as the opening that connects the thoracic cavity to the neck, allowing for the passage of structures such as blood vessels and nerves.

p.33
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What is the anatomical significance of the sympathetic trunk in the thoracic region?
A) It is the main blood supply to the lungs
B) It is a major pathway for sympathetic nerve fibers
C) It supports the thoracic wall structure
D) It connects to the diaphragm
E) It is involved in sensory perception

B) It is a major pathway for sympathetic nerve fibers
Explanation: The sympathetic trunk serves as a major pathway for sympathetic nerve fibers, allowing for the distribution of autonomic signals throughout the thoracic region and beyond.

p.36
Arterial Supply

Which artery is NOT directly associated with the thoracic aorta?
A) Posterior intercostal a.
B) Internal thoracic a.
C) Anterior intercostal a.
D) Radicular a.
E) Femoral a.

E) Femoral a.
Explanation: The femoral artery is not associated with the thoracic aorta; it is a major artery of the thigh, while the other options are directly related to the arterial supply of the thoracic region.

p.24
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary muscle of inspiration?
A) Internal intercostals
B) Diaphragm
C) External intercostals
D) Abdominal wall
E) Serratus anterior

B) Diaphragm
Explanation: The diaphragm is identified as the primary muscle of inspiration, playing a crucial role in the breathing process by contracting and allowing the lungs to expand.

p.36
Arterial Supply

What is the function of the internal thoracic artery?
A) Supplies blood to the lungs
B) Supplies blood to the diaphragm
C) Supplies blood to the anterior chest wall
D) Supplies blood to the heart
E) Supplies blood to the vertebral column

C) Supplies blood to the anterior chest wall
Explanation: The internal thoracic artery primarily supplies blood to the anterior chest wall and the breasts, making it essential for the vascularization of these areas.

p.40
Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall

Which vein is NOT involved in the drainage of intercostal veins?
A) Azygos vein
B) Internal thoracic vein
C) Left brachiocephalic vein
D) Superior vena cava
E) Femoral vein

E) Femoral vein
Explanation: The femoral vein is not involved in the drainage of intercostal veins; instead, intercostal veins drain into the internal thoracic veins, azygos veins, and subsequently to the superior vena cava or left brachiocephalic vein.

p.38
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

Which artery supplies the superior intercostal spaces?
A) Internal thoracic artery
B) Anterior intercostal artery
C) Costocervical trunk
D) Posterior intercostal artery
E) Aorta

C) Costocervical trunk
Explanation: The superior intercostal artery, which supplies the first two or three intercostal spaces, branches from the costocervical trunk.

p.12
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

What are costal demifacets?
A) Projections for muscle attachment
B) Facets for rib articulation
C) Openings for blood vessels
D) Smooth surfaces for joint movement
E) Areas for nerve attachment

B) Facets for rib articulation
Explanation: Costal demifacets are specific anatomical features on thoracic vertebrae that provide surfaces for the articulation with the heads of the ribs, allowing for the necessary movement and stability of the thoracic cage.

p.4
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What anatomical landmark is associated with the superior thoracic aperture?
A) Xiphoid process
B) Manubrium of the sternum
C) Costal margin
D) T12 vertebra
E) Clavicle

B) Manubrium of the sternum
Explanation: The superior thoracic aperture is bordered by the manubrium of the sternum anteriorly, which is a key anatomical landmark in the thoracic region.

p.7
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the thoracic wall?
A) Suprasternal notch
B) Xiphoid process
C) Vertebra prominens
D) Clavicle
E) Sternal angle

D) Clavicle
Explanation: The clavicle is not considered part of the thoracic wall; it is a bone that connects the arm to the body, while the other options are structures associated with the thoracic wall.

p.12
Osteology of the Sternum and Ribs

What is the transverse costal facet used for?
A) To attach ligaments
B) For articulation with the ribs
C) To support the diaphragm
D) For spinal nerve exit
E) To connect to the sternum

B) For articulation with the ribs
Explanation: The transverse costal facet is located on the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae and serves as a point of articulation for the ribs, facilitating the movement of the rib cage during breathing.

p.40
Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall

What is the role of the left brachiocephalic vein in venous drainage?
A) Drains blood from the lower limbs
B) Connects to the azygos vein
C) Receives drainage from the internal thoracic veins
D) Drains blood from the head and neck
E) Drains blood from the liver

C) Receives drainage from the internal thoracic veins
Explanation: The left brachiocephalic vein receives drainage from the internal thoracic veins, playing a crucial role in the venous return from the thoracic region.

p.31
Thoracic Wall Boundaries

What is the significance of the costal groove in the intercostal space?
A) It provides attachment for muscles
B) It houses the intercostal vessels and nerves
C) It is a site for lung expansion
D) It connects to the diaphragm
E) It serves as a passage for the esophagus

B) It houses the intercostal vessels and nerves
Explanation: The costal groove is significant as it provides a protective pathway for the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve, ensuring their safety as they run along the rib cage.

p.24
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

Which part of the body is the primary contributor to active expiration?
A) Diaphragm
B) External intercostals
C) Abdominal wall
D) Internal intercostals
E) Scalenes

C) Abdominal wall
Explanation: The abdominal wall is noted as the primary contributor to active expiration, helping to push air out of the lungs during forceful exhalation.

p.40
Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall

Which vein directly receives drainage from the azygos vein?
A) Internal thoracic vein
B) Left brachiocephalic vein
C) Superior vena cava
D) Pulmonary vein
E) Renal vein

C) Superior vena cava
Explanation: The azygos vein drains into the superior vena cava, serving as a major pathway for venous return from the thoracic wall and other structures.

p.36
Arterial Supply

What is the role of the radicular artery?
A) Supplies blood to the diaphragm
B) Supplies blood to the spinal cord
C) Supplies blood to the lungs
D) Supplies blood to the heart
E) Supplies blood to the thoracic wall

B) Supplies blood to the spinal cord
Explanation: The radicular arteries are responsible for supplying blood to the spinal cord, highlighting their importance in the vascularization of the central nervous system.

p.40
Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall

Which structure is the final destination for blood drained by the intercostal veins?
A) Azygos vein
B) Left brachiocephalic vein
C) Superior vena cava
D) Internal thoracic vein
E) Pulmonary artery

C) Superior vena cava
Explanation: The intercostal veins ultimately drain into the superior vena cava, which is the major vein that returns deoxygenated blood to the heart from the upper body.

p.24
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the role of internal intercostals during expiration?
A) Elevate ribs
B) Depress ribs
C) Expand the thoracic cavity
D) Assist in inspiration
E) Stabilize the diaphragm

B) Depress ribs
Explanation: The internal intercostals are most active during expiration as they depress the ribs, aiding in the exhalation process.

p.31
Functions of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the intercostal muscles?
A) To assist in digestion
B) To facilitate breathing
C) To support the spine
D) To protect the heart
E) To stabilize the shoulder

B) To facilitate breathing
Explanation: The intercostal muscles play a crucial role in the mechanics of breathing by helping to expand and contract the thoracic cavity during inhalation and exhalation.

p.41
Venous Drainage of the Thoracic Wall

Which of the following veins is responsible for draining blood from the left side of the head and neck?
A) Azygous vein
B) Accessory hemiazygous vein
C) Internal jugular vein
D) Superior vena cava
E) Hemiazygous vein

C) Internal jugular vein
Explanation: The internal jugular vein is responsible for draining blood from the left side of the head and neck, directing it towards the superior vena cava.

p.24
Muscles of the Thoracic Wall

What is the main function of the intercostal muscles during respiration?
A) To increase lung volume
B) To stiffen the thoracic wall
C) To assist in gas exchange
D) To elevate the diaphragm
E) To compress the abdomen

B) To stiffen the thoracic wall
Explanation: The intercostal muscles primarily act to stiffen the thoracic wall, resisting elastic forces during breathing, which helps maintain the structural integrity of the thoracic cavity.

p.30
Nerves and Arteries of the Thoracic Wall

What is the primary function of the intercostal nerves?
A) To supply blood to the thoracic wall
B) To provide sensory and motor innervation to the thoracic wall
C) To control the diaphragm
D) To innervate the abdominal muscles
E) To connect the spinal cord to the brain

B) To provide sensory and motor innervation to the thoracic wall
Explanation: The primary function of intercostal nerves is to provide both sensory and motor innervation to the muscles and skin of the thoracic wall, facilitating movement and sensation.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder