Lecture3

Knowledge of the system characteristics.

A block diagram is a graphical representation of a system that shows the relationship between its components.

5 V/kN.

The point at which an input change results in a detectable output change.

They refer to the performance parameters that do not change over time, such as accuracy, precision, and sensitivity.

The closeness with which a measuring instrument can measure the 'true value' of the measurand under stated conditions.

The degree of random variations in its output when measuring a constant quantity.

R = Zασ + Zασ.

Energy storage or dissipation in the system.

X m = (X max + X min) / 2.

It represents Newtons per meter per second squared.

To ensure accurate and consistent measurements within that range.

Variations such as temperature, pressure, vibration, etc.

A graphical representation of a system, project, or scenario.

Its ability to 'tell the truth'.

Repeatability.

By comparing measurements taken during increasing and decreasing measurement values.

Hysteresis = (Y max - Y min) / (Y mp - Y mn) * 100%.

Element or system to be calibrated, standard instrument, environmental inputs, and output.

1.96.

Input.

Environmental Inputs.

Accuracy and Error.

To detect the input.

High precision, low accuracy.

The measurements may not be close to the true value.

It means that incremental changes in the input and output are constant over the specified range.

Into static and dynamic characteristics.

The minimum value required to give a detectable output change.

There will be a minimum value needed to produce a detectable output change.

Least squares method.

The precision of an instrument.

Engineers.

Drift can cause the output to deviate from the true value over time.

The half range random uncertainty of a typical measurement under specific conditions of use at a defined level of confidence.

They provide a wide coverage area and can access remote locations.

BS 5233, BS 5532, and ISO 3534.

The total range of values which an instrument is capable of measuring.

It corresponds to the scale range.

It approaches a normal distribution.

The y-intercept.

An appropriate mathematical equation (e.g., proportional factor or sensitivity).

Double check for any missing elements or modules.

It is often used as a reference or identifier in various contexts.

The ability of the instrument to return to zero reading after the measurand has returned to zero.

Variation in the output not caused by any change in the input, often due to internal temperature changes and component instability.

With accuracy.

Performance criteria for the measurement of quantities that remain constant or vary slowly.

The ability of a measurement system to detect small changes in input.

To find the best fit line for a set of data points.

The Z-score corresponding to the α% confidence level.

The difference between the nominal values of the measured quantities corresponding to the terminal scale marks, expressed as 'A' to 'B'.

Systematic error = X μ - X T.

The relationship between a change in the output reading for a given change of the input.

Yes, it can be either linear or non-linear.

Low precision, low accuracy.

Repeat the identification of input and output signals until the final output is achieved.

It can be relevant in mathematics, science, or as a code in various systems.

By the difference between its readings and those given by the ultimate or primary standard.

Friction, backlash, or hysteresis.

Constant error.

The amount by which an instrument's sensitivity varies as ambient conditions change.

To obtain accurate geographical coordinates of the target.

X T.

5 V/kN.

By studying static and dynamic characteristics separately and then performing a semi-quantitative superposition.

In the form 'A' to 'B', where A is the minimum scale value and B is the maximum scale value.

It allows for precise location data to be integrated into geographic information systems (GIS).

Precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements, regardless of their accuracy.

A large movement of the indicator for a small input change.

The sensitivity drift.

Drift = Coefficient of drift × Change in temperature.

Coefficient of drift and change in temperature.

A similar approach used for studying measurement system characteristics.

The difference between two separate measurements taken at the same point, one during increasing values and the other during decreasing values.

Internal temperature changes and component instability.

How the different elements of a system interlink.

Learning and applying linear regression using a calculator.

As the ability of a measuring instrument to give identical indications for repeated applications of the same value under the same conditions.

Global Positioning System (GPS).

Sensitivity determines how much the output changes in response to a change in input.

It helps in determining the central value between maximum and minimum measurements.

Precision.

Standard deviation of measurement data.

By taking the difference between the maximum scale value for the highest range and the minimum scale value for the lowest range, provided adjacent ranges overlap.

There is no zero drift, i.e., c = 0.

High precision, high accuracy.

The smallest input increment change that results in a small but definite numerical change in the output.

A constant error that exists over the full range of measurement of an instrument.

The range of different input values over which there is no change in output value.

By calibration.

The gradual change in the output signal when the input is held constant.

The output voltage corresponding to the applied force.

The relationship between the system input and output when the measured quantity is varying rapidly.

Calibration.

A calculator.

Repeatability (R) is numerically equal to the half range random uncertainty (U r) of the measurement.

Atmospheric conditions, satellite geometry, and signal interference.

Accuracy is the degree to which a measured value corresponds to the true value.

Scale factor or instrument magnification.

Bias is a systematic error that causes measurements to deviate from the true value, impacting accuracy.

Identify the next element or module being connected.

No, high precision does not imply anything about measurement accuracy.

Output voltage increases linearly with input force.

The characteristics of one group may influence the characteristics of the other.

Mean of measurement output.

It represents a force per unit acceleration.

Repeatability (R) is equal to the Z value multiplied by the standard deviation (σ).

Mean ± 1.96σ.

Identify the input (physical quantity to be measured).

Calibration ensures that a measurement system provides accurate and reliable measurements by comparing it to a known standard.

y = (m + Δm)x + Δc, where Δm is the sensitivity drift and Δc is the zero-drift.

It indicates consistent measurements, but does not guarantee correctness.

It approaches a standard normal distribution.

To model the elements of a system and understand their connections.

The maximum data value throughout the entire range.

Block Diagram.

Static characteristics refer to the performance of a measurement system when it is at rest and not changing over time.

y = mx + c, where m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept.

The gradient.

Output.

The input signal and the output signal (with units).

The zero-drift.