Why is brown adipose tissue (BAT) critical for maintaining body temperature in newborns?
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Newborns have limited ability to shiver, so BAT is essential for maintaining body temperature through non-shivering thermogenesis.
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Why is brown adipose tissue (BAT) critical for maintaining body temperature in newborns?
Newborns have limited ability to shiver, so BAT is essential for maintaining body temperature through non-shivering thermogenesis.
What is the pathophysiology of immune hydrops?
Maternal antibodies attack fetal RBCs, leading to hemolytic anemia, fetal heart failure, and edema.
How can Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection be prevented in neonates?
Intrapartum antibiotics for colonized mothers.
What is the purpose of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in newborns?
BAT is specialized for non-shivering thermogenesis in response to cold.
What are the causes of non-immune hydrops?
Structural cardiovascular defects, chromosomal anomalies (e.g., Turner syndrome), fetal anemia (e.g., parvovirus infection), or twin-to-twin transfusion.
How does brown adipose tissue (BAT) produce heat?
BAT produces heat by oxidizing fatty acids without generating ATP, facilitated by high mitochondrial content and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1).
What are the fetal causes of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)?
Chromosomal abnormalities, congenital anomalies, infections (e.g., TORCH infections).
What are the clinical findings of Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)?
Abdominal distension, bloody stools, feeding intolerance, and pneumatosis intestinalis (air in bowel wall) on imaging.
What leads to Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?
Insufficient surfactant production leads to atelectasis, hypoxemia, and respiratory failure.
What are the potential neonatal complications of Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infection?
Neonatal sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis.
What are the clinical findings of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?
Tachypnea, nasal flaring, intercostal retractions, cyanosis, and ground-glass appearance on chest X-ray.
How does Parvovirus B19 cause fetal infection?
Via transplacental route.
What are the maternal causes of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)?
Preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, malnutrition, smoking, alcohol use, drug abuse.
What factors are likely involved in the occurrence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Genetic predisposition, critical developmental period, and environmental stressors.
What are the placental causes of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)?
Uteroplacental insufficiency, abnormal umbilical cord, placental abruption.
What are the complications of Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)?
Intestinal perforation, sepsis, and strictures.
How is Group B Streptococcus (GBS) transmitted to neonates?
Vertical transmission during delivery from colonized maternal genital tract.
What is the peak incidence age for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
2-4 months of age.
What are the causes of prematurity?
Premature rupture of membranes (PROM), intrauterine infection (e.g., chorioamnionitis), uterine, cervical, or placental structural abnormalities, multiple gestations (e.g., twins, triplets), preeclampsia/eclampsia.
What are the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)?
Prone sleeping position, maternal smoking, prematurity, young maternal age, low socioeconomic status.
What are the consequences of Parvovirus B19 infection in fetuses?
Severe fetal anemia, hydrops fetalis, and possible fetal death.
How is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) defined?
Sudden, unexplained death of an infant <1 year old, typically during sleep, after thorough autopsy and investigation.
What causes immune hydrops?
Rh incompatibility leading to maternal alloimmunization.
What are the causes of Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)?
Multifactorial condition with intestinal ischemia, bacterial colonization, and formula feeding.
What are the long-term complications of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)?
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).
