300 MHz to 3 GHz.
Convenience, reduced cost, faster deployment, mobility, unreliable channel, complicated design and management, device limitations, limited bandwidth, and expensive service.
Calculating the probability of blocking for a new call in a telephone system.
The process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one channel connected to the core network to another.
Calculating the probability of delay for a blocked call in a telephone system.
The mobile device or the base station.
Highly-elevated, high-powered antenna, small number of channels, analog transmission, inefficient use of spectrum, very low capacity, and power-inefficient.
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.
An ad hoc network.
Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896.
10 meters.
Low power transmitter system, increased network capacity, frequency reuse, building a robust scalable system, and architecture to deal with different user densities at different places.
Cellular/PCS/3G, Fixed Wireless, Satellite.
Wireless broadband communication standards based on the IEEE 802.16 set of standards.
An infrastructure network.
The first public mobile (car-based) telephone system (MTS) was introduced in 1946.
2G, 3G, 4G, 5G.
2G, 3G, 4G, 5G.
Cellular/PCS voice services.
Analog transmission technology, focus on voice, almost non-existent data services, incompatible standards, inefficient use of the radio spectrum, and separate frequencies.
To find a new base station and process handoff when a user is mobile, especially when crossing a cell boundary while continuing the call.
79 channels of 1 MHz each.
2G, 3G, 4G, 5G.
802.11b, 802.11a, Bluetooth.
It is similar to cellular networks in terms of traditional base station infrastructure systems.
Time Division Multiple Access.
Distributed co-ordination functions, Point co-ordination functions.
Multiplexing, segmentation and reassembly, quality of service (QoS), and group management.
It uses directional antennas and desired antenna placements.
Through cell splitting, sectoring, and microcells.
Code Division Multiple Access.
In parallel and independently.
Power efficiency, easy maintenance, and upgrade of hardware.
Time Division Multiple Access.
384 kb/s.
License free 2.4GHz ISM band.
IEEE 802.11.
Hand-held and used at walking speed.
Expensive hardware and infrastructure, costly spectrum, and time-consuming deployment and upgrade.
Incompatible networks, limited capacity for expansion, limited support for roaming, susceptible to interference, poor security, no support for wireless data, and no support for third party applications.
Analog transmission technology.
Analog cellular telephony.
An optional access method implemented on top of the DCF, mostly used for time-sensitive transmission.
UWB is a growing technology in the PAN (Personal Area Network) segment of wireless systems.
2 GHz.
8 timeslots.
In milliseconds, which is significant for mission critical applications.
CDMA2000 and another standard.
It involves a large cell with a powerful tower to handle high-speed vehicles and small cells for low speed.
Assuming a spectrum of 90kHz is allocated over a base frequency b.
Body Area Network, Offline Network, Home Office.
It offers a more seamless, less expensive upgrade path since it allows the same spectrum, bandwidth, RF equipment, and air interface framework to be used at each base station, and 3G upgrades can be introduced over time.
WWW browsing, email, file downloading (e.g. mp3), Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS).
LTE and LTE advanced.
Due to incompatible standards at different frequencies.
2G, 3G, 4G, 5G.
It can be initiated by the network (tower determines), terminal (user helps the tower), or user (user determines).
No-transition station, BSS transition station, ESS transition station.
WiMAX.
Through cell splitting, sectoring, and microcells.
5MHz.
Same radio channel for both transmission and reception (push-to-talk).
It aims to improve by increasing SIR and decreasing cluster size.
An enhanced 3G mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family.
A wireless LAN technology used to connect devices of different functions.
MIMO and (OFDM) technologies.
1979.
5 GHz.
Authentication and encryption.
JTACS.
Improved standard telephony, basic wireless data, call barring, and more.
It provides at-home or mobile Internet access across whole cities or countries.
CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance).
Availability of a pervasive data network, innovative internet-based applications and services, personalized information retrieval, access to airline reservations systems, online trading, novel terminal devices, and emerging wide-area wireless packet data services.
Modest data support along with voice, cheaper faster smaller power efficient components, improved voice quality due to error coding, higher capacity, spectrally efficient modulation schemes, advanced compression and encryption techniques, and equalizer to compensate for frequency-selective fading.
It increases the number of base stations.
High-speed digital cellular telephony (including video telephony).
It is a type of handoff where the new connection is established before the old one is broken.
Fixed frequency bandwidth (in kHz) and capacity (bit-rate).
It increases SIR.
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD).
The Ericsson Company.
3 channels.
They are assigned different groups of channels.
In some cities, a few hundred meters, and in the countryside, a few tens of kilometers.
Piconet and scatternet.
The primary station.
Briefcase-size mobile radio telephones.
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access).
TDMA technology in the US, compatible with AMPS.
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP).
Ultra fast internet, use of millimeter waves and unlicensed spectrum for data transmission, cloud-based network architecture, connectivity for machines and sensors, ultra fast mobile internet up to 10Gbps, low latency, total cost reduction for data, higher security, and reliable network.
Through cell splitting, sectoring, and microcells.
Channel.
IP-based “anytime, anywhere” voice, data, and multimedia telephony at faster data rates than 3G.
GSM.
Support for voice quality comparable with fixed line networks, support for both circuit-switched and packet-switched data services, support for roaming between different IMT-2000 operators, support for greater capacity and improved spectrum efficiency, and support for demanding applications.
Easy deployment, LAN extension, easy access & smart working, mobility and high productivity, cost effective.
To cover only a small portion of the service area and increase user capacity while reducing spectral congestion.
By assigning multiple orthogonal Walsh functions to a single user.
Federal Communications Commission.
More capacity due to frequency reuse, less transmission power needed, more robustness, and localized interference management.
Mobile or portable user.
A common TDMA technology for Europe, claiming about 3/4 of subscribers worldwide.
Wireless LAN and Bluetooth.
Frequency reuse, channel assignment strategies, handoff strategies, interference and system capacity, and approaches for improving coverage and capacity.
Not enough bandwidth.
Due to incompatible standards and inefficient use of the radio spectrum.
In 1994.
Frame control, duration of transmission (used to set the value of NAV), address fields, sequence control (sequence number in flow control), information (frame body), and frame correction (CRC 32 error detection sequence).
A repeated 8-bit pattern.
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).
TACS/NMT/AMPS/TDMA, AMPS/CDMA/TDMA, GSM/TACS/NMT, Subscriber Radio, GSM/DECT, PCS/PHS/3G.
All users share the same (large) block of spectrum, with no need for frequency planning.
An all-IP (internet protocol)-based standard.
Operating at a higher frequency and with lower bandwidth channels than AMPS.
ETACS.
Connection management, link reliability, power and link security.
Voice over LTE network (VoLTE) using IP packets for voice.
2G, 3G, 4G, 5G.
Very High Frequency.
Frequency reuse, channel assignment strategies, handoff strategies, interference and system capacity.
Frequency reuse, channel assignment strategies, handoff strategies, interference and system capacity.
Communication in only one direction.
Broadband Wireless Access.
IMT-2000.
2G, 3G, 4G, 5G.
Small cells and beam forming.
It is the core of the cdma2000 Standard.
144 kb/s.
Limited Bandwidth, incompatibility, interference, less security, need backbone network.
In 2008.
Amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television.
Provides 1.5-2 times capacity increase over TDMA.
Data rate is too slow for rapid email and internet browsing applications.
Access point.
In the 1990s.
To divide a congested cell into smaller cells with their own base stations.
The Third Generation Partnership Project 1 (3GPP1).
0.577 ms.
Several 100 kbps.
Support for demanding applications such as voice and data transmission, simultaneous voice and data access, multi-megabit Internet access, interactive web sessions, voice-activated calls, and multimedia content.
High-speed vehicles can cross many 'small' cells in a short time, leading to too many handoffs and overburden for the Mobile Switching Center (MSC).
FDD uses two radio channels (forward and reverse), while TDD shares a single radio channel in time.
Microcell Zone Concept.
2.4 GHz.
IEEE 802.15.
There is no hard limit on the number of users that can be accommodated in the system.
Ad hoc network.
The need for a fixed network for base stations, the necessity of handover, and interference with other cells.
Use of existing 2G equipment, higher data rate transmission, and support for web browsing format language.
It included full duplex services and direct-dialing, with 23 FM channels and reduced bandwidth to 25-30 KHz.
WiMAX Technology.
Voice.
Digital cellular telephony.
In 2000.
By using millimeter waves and unlicensed spectrum for data transmission.
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS).
In 1986.
Frequency reuse, channel assignment strategies, handoff strategies, interference and system capacity.
Partitioning the region into smaller regions called cells, with each cell having at least one base station or tower.
Packet-switched data layered on top of the circuit-switched voice.
By carefully adjusting handoff thresholds and radio coverage.
2 Mb/s.
Global System of Mobile communications.
Up to 1Gbps.
Wireless LAN, Bluetooth, and WiMAX Technology.
GSM and IS-136.
Simplex, Half Duplex, Full duplex.
A CDMA-based technology standardized in 1993, deployed in South Korea and Hong Kong in 1995, and in the US in 1996.
Wireless channels cannot send data and receive collision signals simultaneously, and collision may not be detected due to the hidden station problem and signal fading.
For synchronization bits and to identify the primary piconet.
1.9 GHz.
Simultaneous radio transmission and reception (FDD, TDD).
From a few centimeters to a few meters.
Narrowband AMPS (N-AMPS).
It occurs when the user moves slowly away from the cell, and the tower fails to recognize it due to a strong average signal.
Soft handoffs are possible.
Each channel occupies 30kHz.
Using two different channels (front and reverse channels) or using time division in a channel.
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in Scandanavia, Radiocom 2000 (RC2000) in France, and C-450 in Germany and Portugal.
Piconets are combined to form a scatternet.
Wireless LAN, Bluetooth, and WiMAX Technology.
Wireless LAN, Bluetooth, and Personal Area networks.
It is initiated when the mean signal over some predetermined time is below some threshold.
Frequency Reuse, channel assignment strategies, Handoff strategies, Interference and system capacity, trunking and grade off service, improving coverage and capacity – cell splitting, sectoring, microcells.
Frequency reuse, channel assignment strategies, handoff strategies, interference and system capacity.
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access).
Wireless Spectrum allocation and Standards.
Cordless phone, remote controller, hand-held walkie-talkies, pagers, wireless LAN.
Originally developed for the military and resists jamming and many kinds of interference.
Connection between a Bluetooth earpiece and a Smartphone.
To provide high data rates (HDR) above 1 Mbps.
3-6 times.
1 Mbps operating at 2.4-GHz bandwidth.
Any radio terminal that could be moved during operation.
Up to 8 stations: one primary and the rest secondaries.
