Which microbe is associated with food-borne intoxication?
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Clostridium botulinum.
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Which microbe is associated with food-borne intoxication?
Clostridium botulinum.
Give an example of a microbe that is pathogenic to both animal and human hosts.
Rabies virus.
What is the source of sugars in beer production?
Barley.
How do microbes enhance food production in animals?
Microbes aid in digestion, improve nutrient absorption, and boost overall animal health, leading to better growth and productivity.
What does the gut microbiome depend on?
Diet.
What human factor is crucial in preventing food poisoning?
Hygiene.
What is zoonosis?
Human infection arising from animals.
How is the gut microbiome now considered in terms of the human body?
It is considered a separate body 'organ'.
What is the current status of microbiome analysis in the market?
Microbiome analysis is now big business.
What is the relationship between mother cells and daughter cells in yeast?
Mother cells produce daughter cells.
What are the two main meanings of 'fermentation'?
Microbial transformation of foods by fungi or bacteria, and anaerobic metabolism of sugars into alcohols, acids, and CO2.
What is zoonosis?
Human infection arising from animals.
How does storage and preparation affect food poisoning risk?
Factors such as refrigeration and whether the food is raw or cooked play a role.
What are the most important elements of our normal flora?
Gut microbes, primarily bacteria.
What role do Rhizobium bacteria play in legume roots?
Rhizobium bacteria fix nitrogen in legume roots and receive sugars in return.
What is the estimated economic loss due to microbial food spoilage?
Approximately $1 trillion.
Why do Sigatoka fungi threaten the survival of bananas globally?
Because modern Cavendish bananas are genetically identical and equally susceptible to the fungi.
What type of diet increases Bacteroidetes in the gut microbiome?
High fibre diet.
What is the scientific name for brewer's yeast?
Saccharomyces.
How do microbes promote plant growth via mutualism?
Microbes promote plant growth by enhancing nutrient uptake and water retention, and by converting inorganic substances to organic forms through photosynthesis.
What are some methods to prevent food spoilage?
Refrigeration, preservatives, and fermentation.
What percentage of global crop yield is lost due to crop pathogens?
Approximately 30%.
Why are all modern Cavendish bananas equally susceptible to Sigatoka fungi?
Because they are genetically identical.
What can happen to factories due to microbes?
Factories can be contaminated by microbes.
Which crops can be infected by the Tobacco mosaic virus?
Tobacco, tomato, and cannabis.
What is the environmental impact of CH4 produced by ruminants?
CH4 from ruminants contributes to climate change and is more hazardous than CO2.
What determines the types and numbers of microbes in food?
The origins of food.
What role do microbes play in the digestive systems of animals?
Microbes help break down complex food substances, making nutrients more accessible for absorption.
Approximately how many bacteria are in the gut microbiome?
Around 40 trillion bacteria.
Which stages in the production chain are crucial for maintaining a safe food supply according to the One Health concept?
Soil, plants, animals, people, factory, and kitchen.
What are the key stages in the food production chain where microbes must be managed?
Production, processing, distribution, and retail.
How are modern Cavendish bananas grown?
They are grown from cuttings, not seeds, making them genetically identical.
What role do hops play in beer production?
Hops act as a natural preservative and provide bitterness.
What concept emphasizes the importance of managing microbes at every stage in the food production chain?
The One Health concept.
What are some alcoholic beverages produced by Saccharomyces?
Wine, cider, and beer.
What role does Saccharomyces play in bread making?
It makes bread rise.
What is 'Foot and mouth' virus?
A devastating viral disease infecting many farm animals.
What is an example of a food product created through the anaerobic metabolism of sugars?
Wine.
What happens to the organic acids and microbial cells produced by rumen microbes?
They are digested by the animal as nutrients.
How does poor gut microbiota affect health?
Poor gut microbiota causes poor health.
What type of diet increases Firmicutes in the gut microbiome?
High protein and fat diet.
What type of analysis was used in the study by Dominguez-Bello et al. (2010)?
Culture-independent analysis.
What types of food can be dangerous and cause food poisoning?
Both spoiled food and fresh food can be dangerous and cause food poisoning.
What types of organisms can be animal pathogens?
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protists.
What are the main causes of diseases in plants?
Fungi and viruses.
Which microbe is associated with food-borne infection?
Salmonella enterica.
How often do farmers need to apply fungicides to protect bananas from Sigatoka fungi?
50 times per year.
Why is Clostridium botulinum extremely dangerous?
It produces a neurotoxin.
What can poor hygiene lead to in food production?
Poor hygiene can lead to food poisoning.
How can irrigation water affect food safety?
Irrigation water can be contaminated with pathogens.
How do soil microbes contribute to nutrient cycling?
They recycle wastes into nutrients.
What is mutualism in ecological interactions?
Mutualism is an ecological interaction where both partners benefit.
Are the microbes responsible for food spoilage the same as those responsible for food poisoning?
No, different sets of microbes are responsible for food spoilage and food poisoning.
What is the most likely origin of the COVID-19 pandemic?
A zoonotic origin.
What are the two types of food poisoning?
Infection and Intoxication.
What characterizes a food-borne infection?
Microbes grow in the gut.
How can pathogens affect animals and plants?
Pathogens can infect animals and plants.
How many genes does the Tobacco mosaic virus have?
Only 3 genes.
What gas is commonly produced during the anaerobic metabolism of sugars in fermentation?
CO2 (carbon dioxide).
What are two alcoholic beverages produced through fermentation?
Beer and wine.
What role do symbiotic fungi play in plant growth?
They enhance plant growth.
What are the symptoms of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in animals?
Fever, blisters, and lameness, leading to reduced milk and meat production.
What is fermentation in food production?
Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol, used in making products like bread and beer.
Why are microbes important in the gut microbiome and human health?
Microbes in the gut microbiome aid in digestion, produce vitamins, and protect against pathogens, contributing to overall health.
What is the function of yeast in beer production?
Yeast ferments sugars to produce alcohol and CO2.
How do mycorrhizal fungi benefit plants?
Mycorrhizal fungi enhance water and inorganic nutrient uptake in plants and receive sugars from the plant in return.
What percentage of all food is lost to microbial spoilage?
Approximately 20%.
Which publication featured the study by Dominguez-Bello et al. (2010)?
PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences).
What was the intermediate host of the virus causing COVID-19?
Pangolin.
What characterizes a food-borne intoxication?
Microbes make toxins in food.
What is a notable plant pathogen that can infect many crops?
Tobacco mosaic virus.
What is an example of a human pathogen that is normal flora for animals?
Salmonella bacteria in chickens.
How do microbes enable animals to digest cellulose?
By breaking down cellulose into simpler compounds that can be digested by the animal.
How do microbes help in breaking down organic wastes?
They convert organic wastes into inorganic nutrients.
Why are some foods dependent on fermentation?
Many foods require fermentation for their production.
What is Bovine Tuberculosis and which pathogen causes it?
Bovine Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium bovis.
What are the symptoms of Bovine Tuberculosis in animals?
Respiratory issues and weight loss.
Can food poisoning occur from both spoiled and fresh food?
Yes, food poisoning can occur from both spoiled food and fresh food.
Why is microbial health important for animal productivity?
Healthy microbial populations in animals can lead to improved digestion, better nutrient uptake, and enhanced growth rates.
What impact do pathogens infecting animals have?
They inflict suffering, death, and massive economic losses (~20% of total production).
Why is a healthy gut microbiome important?
For proper food digestion, resistance to pathogens, immune functioning, and mental health.
What health issues are linked to a 'bad' microbiome?
Allergies, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and obesity.
What type of organism is Saccharomyces?
Yeast.
What is cellulose?
A sugar polymer, abundant in plants, carbon-rich, but difficult to digest.
Name three food products that are made using fermentation.
Beer, yogurt, and cheese.
What is the process of nitrogen fixation by microbes?
Converting atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH4+).
Which fermented food product is a staple in many breakfast meals?
Bread.
How are microbes involved in food production in positive ways? Give an example.
Microbes are involved in fermentation processes, such as the production of yogurt by Lactobacillus bacteria.
What is a mutualist relationship between organisms and microbes? Give an example.
A mutualist relationship is when both organisms benefit, such as gut bacteria aiding in digestion while receiving nutrients.
Can Bovine Tuberculosis be transmitted to humans?
Yes, it can be transmitted to humans.
What causes food spoilage?
The growth of fungi or bacteria, and/or the enzymes they secrete.
What method was used to sequence DNA in the study by Dominguez-Bello et al. (2010)?
DNA sequencing of PCR-amplified ribosomal genes.
What was the original host of the virus causing COVID-19?
Bat.
How can modern agricultural practices affect microbial problems?
They can aggravate the microbial problems.
What is the impact of antibiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics on the human microbiome?
The impact is controversial.
How do rumen microbes help in the digestion of cellulose?
Rumen microbes break down cellulose into sugars, which are then converted into organic acids, CO2, and CH4.
How can animals act as vectors for diseases?
Animals like ticks can carry Borrelia bacteria, which causes Lyme disease.
Who developed the concept of vaccines across species?
Pasteur.
How do rumen microbes help cows?
They help cows digest grass.
At what points do microbes affect food production?
Microbes affect every point in food production.
What illness can Salmonella spp. cause in humans?
Gastrointestinal illness.
Why is Salmonella spp. a major food safety concern?
Due to its potential transmission to humans through contaminated meat and eggs.
What are some examples of other intermediates for SARS-CoV-2?
Minks, cats, dogs, raccoon dogs.
What is the estimated economic impact of crop pathogens on global yield?
Approximately $1 trillion.
What is an example of a food product created through the microbial transformation of foods by fungi or bacteria?
Kimchi.
What challenge is posed by the rapid evolution of Sigatoka fungi?
The fungi are rapidly evolving resistance to fungicides.
How do microbes maintain soil health?
By fixing nitrogen, breaking down organic wastes into inorganic nutrients, suppressing animal and plant pathogens, and breaking down toxins like pesticides.
What role do microbes play in the nitrogen cycle?
They convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which can be taken up by plants.
What would happen if there were no microbes in the soil?
There would be a lot of waste accumulated.
What is a pathogenic relationship between organisms and microbes? Give an example.
A pathogenic relationship is when microbes cause disease in the host, such as Salmonella causing food poisoning.
What is the concept of One Health in food production?
One Health is an approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in food production.
What broader issue does the threat of Sigatoka fungi to bananas illustrate?
The issue of plant pathogens and emerging diseases due to lack of genetic diversity.
What characteristic symptom is seen in Lyme disease?
A characteristic rash.
Why is refrigeration important in food production?
Refrigeration is needed to stop microbial growth.
Which microbes can be direct food sources?
Fungi and algae.
Which bacterial pathogen affects a wide range of farm animals, particularly poultry and pigs?
Salmonella spp.
Give an example of a microbe that causes food poisoning through infection.
Salmonella is a bacterium that causes food poisoning through infection.
What is a consequence of post-harvest contamination?
Post-harvest contamination can ruin crops.
Which fermented food product is commonly associated with Korean cuisine?
Kimchi.
What is one way microbes suppress pathogens in soil?
By suppressing animal and plant pathogens.
How are microbes involved in food production in negative ways? Give an example.
Microbes can cause food spoilage, such as mold growth on bread by fungi like Aspergillus.
What is zoonosis?
Zoonosis is the transmission of diseases from animals to humans.
What is the difference between food spoilage and food poisoning?
Food spoilage is the deterioration of food quality, while food poisoning is illness caused by consuming contaminated food.
Give an example of a microbe that causes food poisoning through intoxication.
Clostridium botulinum produces toxins that cause food poisoning through intoxication.
At what points in food production do microbes have an impact?
Microbes affect every point in food production.
How is gut microflora beneficial to health?
Gut microflora is beneficial to health by aiding in digestion and supporting the immune system.
What are the effects of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) on birds?
Sudden death, respiratory distress, and reduced egg production.
How do microbes contribute to the degradation of toxins in soil?
They break down toxins such as pesticides.
What animals are affected by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV)?
Cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and other cloven-hoofed animals.
Which viral infection affects poultry and includes highly pathogenic strains?
Avian Influenza Virus (HPAI - Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza).
How do microbes impact food production?
Microbes affect every point in food production.
From production, processing, distribution, retail/ restaurant, home preparation/ restaurant preparation, home consumers/ restaurant consumers.
