What is leukocytosis?
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An increase in WBC count.
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What is leukocytosis?
An increase in WBC count.
What percentage of white blood cells do lymphocytes constitute in dogs?
12 - 30%
What are the two main categories of leukocytes based on granularity?
Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Which type of lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated immunity?
T-lymphocytes (approximately 90%) are involved in cell-mediated immunity.
What is the equivalent of a neutrophil in non-mammalian species?
Heterophil
What do damaged endothelial cells release during the platelet phase?
Von Willebrand’s factor and tissue thromboplastin.
What are the two main types of agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
Immune function, including being directed to sites of inflammation to combat invading organisms.
What is leukopaenia?
A decrease in WBC count.
What is the 'coagulation cascade'?
The 'coagulation cascade' refers to a series of enzymatic processes that include the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common pathways.
In which non-mammalian species is the heterophil found?
Avian and Canine
What are the three types of granulocytes?
Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
What is the major event in coagulation?
The conversion of soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into insoluble threads of fibrin, which trap RBCs and form a gelatinous clot.
What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune response?
Lymphocytes are part of the specific (adaptive) immune response.
What color do eosinophil granules stain in most species?
Red - orange
What is the primary function of neutrophils?
The primary function of neutrophils is to phagocytize and destroy bacteria and other pathogens.
What stimulates platelet adhesion and plug formation during the platelet phase of primary hemostasis?
Damage to the endothelium.
What is the role of coagulation in hemostasis?
Coagulation causes the consolidation of a temporary platelet plug to form a blood clot.
How do leukocytes compare in size to erythrocytes?
Leukocytes are larger than erythrocytes.
Do platelets have a nucleus?
No, platelets are non-nucleated.
What is the size range of monocytes?
12 - 18μm
What percentage of white blood cells do neutrophils constitute in dogs?
60 - 77%
How do you spread the blood drop on the slide?
Use another slide to spread the drop by holding it at a 30-45 degree angle and pushing it forward.
What is leukopoeisis?
The production of leukocytes.
What percentage of blood volume do leukocytes constitute?
Approximately 1%
How do leukocytes reach sites of inflammation?
They emigrate from the cardiovascular system.
What percentage of total white blood cells do eosinophils constitute?
2 - 10%
What percentage of white blood cells do monocytes constitute?
3 - 10%
What are the size ranges for large and small lymphocytes?
Large lymphocytes are 10 - 14μm, and small lymphocytes are 6 - 9μm.
What is the first step in preparing a blood film?
Place a drop of blood on a clean glass slide.
Are eosinophils capable of phagocytosis?
No, they are unable to phagocytose.
What do monocytes contain that is visible in their cytoplasm?
Lysosomes, which cause the cytoplasm to stain blue-grey.
What happens after the activation of platelets in the coagulation pathway?
Formation of platelet plug
What are the three components of haemostasis?
The three components of haemostasis are contraction of the injured blood vessel, formation of a platelet plug, and coagulation of the blood.
What is the primary role of monocytes?
Phagocytosis
What causes platelet plug formation?
Exposure of platelets to rough surfaces or collagen.
What pathways does the Prothrombin Time (PT) test evaluate?
It evaluates the extrinsic and common pathways.
What can happen to emboli as they move through the bloodstream?
Emboli can continue to move until they reach narrow places in vessels where they may lodge and block blood flow, causing an embolism.
What does prothrombin activator and calcium ions cause the conversion of?
Prothrombin to thrombin
¿Qué papel juegan las plaquetas en la hemostasia?
Las plaquetas son fragmentos celulares que se adhieren al sitio de una lesión vascular, se agregan entre sí y forman un tapón para detener el sangrado.
What are the cellular components of blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
What does the quantitative analysis of WBC include?
Total WBC count and differential white cell count (%).
What is the normal range for platelet count across different species?
100 x 10^3 / μl to 800 x 10^3 / μl
What is the size range of platelets?
1 - 5μ
Which type of lymphocytes are involved in humoral (antibody) immunity?
B-lymphocytes are involved in humoral (antibody) immunity.
What triggers reflex vasoconstriction in the vascular phase of primary hemostasis?
Direct mechanical input on the smooth muscle of the vessel wall and the release of vasoactive substances.
How long do lymphocytes typically live?
Lymphocytes are long-lived cells, surviving from months to years.
What is the primary function of platelets in hemostasis?
The primary function of platelets in hemostasis is to form a platelet plug at the site of a blood vessel injury to prevent bleeding.
What color do the granules of neutrophils stain?
Pale lilac
Which stain is commonly used for blood films?
Wright's stain or Giemsa stain.
What does the Buccal Mucosal Bleeding Time (BMBT) test evaluate?
It is a crude test of platelet function.
What pathways does the Activated Clotting Time (ACT) test evaluate?
It evaluates the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways.
Why is clinical assessment of leukocyte production important?
Clinical assessment of leukocyte production is important to diagnose and monitor various diseases and conditions, such as infections, inflammation, and hematologic disorders.
What is the final result of the blood coagulation process?
A blood clot forms as a result of a series of reactions, terminating in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
What does thrombin cause the fragmentation and joining of?
Fibrinogen to fibrin
¿Qué es la fibrinólisis?
La fibrinólisis es el proceso mediante el cual se descompone y elimina un coágulo de fibrina después de que el vaso sanguíneo ha sido reparado.
What is thrombocytopaenia and what are its causes?
Thrombocytopaenia is a decrease in platelets, caused by abnormal production, accelerated removal, or abnormal distribution.
What cellular components do leukocytes contain?
They contain a nucleus, organelles, and cytoplasmic vesicles.
Describe the nucleus of eosinophils.
Bilobed nucleus
What is the prevalence of basophils in cats and dogs?
Basophils are rare in cats and dogs.
What is the first step in the fundamental operation of the coagulation pathway?
Injury to vessel
What is haemostasis?
Haemostasis refers to the mechanisms that minimize or prevent blood loss.
What do monocytes become after leaving capillaries?
Macrophages
What are the characteristics of basophil granules?
Basophil granules are fewer in number, larger in size, and contain histamine and heparin.
What is the primary function of neutrophils in the immune system?
They are the first line of defense against bacteria and some fungi as part of the innate immune system.
What is a thrombus?
A thrombus is a blood clot that abnormally forms within a vessel.
What occurs after fibrinolysis and clot removal in the coagulation pathway?
Healing and repair of injury
¿Qué función tienen los neutrófilos?
Los neutrófilos son un tipo de granulocito que fagocitan y destruyen bacterias y hongos.
Describe the nucleus of a lymphocyte.
The nucleus is large, spherical, slightly indented, and stains dark purple.
What is thrombocytosis or thrombocythemia and what are its causes?
Thrombocytosis or thrombocythemia is an increase in platelets, caused by bone marrow disorders, other diseases, or as a physiologic/reactive response to inflammation.
Where are platelets formed?
Platelets are formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes.
Describe the appearance of monocytes.
Variable in appearance with a variable shaped nucleus; can be kidney or horseshoe shaped and may resemble band neutrophils.
Describe the appearance of a neutrophil's nucleus.
Irregular and knobbly
What is the purpose of fixing the blood film?
To preserve the morphology of the cells for examination.
What are the three main steps involved in primary hemostasis?
The three main steps involved in primary hemostasis are vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion, and platelet aggregation.
What is the effect of vasospasm during hemostasis?
Reflex contraction of smooth muscle in the vessel wall; vasoconstriction helps maintain prolonged blood vessel spasm.
What is the final step in preparing a blood film?
Examine the stained slide under a microscope.
What process is responsible for clot removal?
Fibrinolysis
What activates blood coagulation?
Cellular damage and blood contact with foreign surfaces activate factors that favor coagulation.
What initiates the intrinsic clotting mechanism?
Hageman factor
¿Qué función tienen los linfocitos?
Los linfocitos son un tipo de agranulocito que juega un papel crucial en la respuesta inmune, incluyendo la producción de anticuerpos y la destrucción de células infectadas.
What are the different types of T-lymphocytes?
The different types of T-lymphocytes include T-helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, and memory cells.
What occurs during the vascular phase of primary hemostasis?
Reflex vasoconstriction temporarily restricts blood flow due to direct mechanical input on smooth muscle of the vessel wall and the release of vasoactive substances.
Where do lymphocytes circulate?
Lymphocytes circulate between blood and lymphoid tissues.
What is the lifespan of platelets?
5 - 10 days
What percentage of basophils is typically found in horses and ruminants?
0 - 3%
In what type of trauma is reflex vasoconstriction most extensive during the vascular phase?
Blunt trauma.
How do eosinophils modulate inflammatory responses?
They modulate inflammatory responses, especially from allergic reactions.
Which pathways are involved in the coagulation process?
The coagulation process involves the intrinsic pathway, the extrinsic pathway, and the common pathway.
What role do basophils play in the immune system?
Basophils play an important role in immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as urticaria, anaphylaxis, and acute allergy.
How do platelets contribute to hemostasis after being exposed to rough surfaces or collagen?
Platelets adhere to rough surfaces and each other, forming a plug.
What triggers the intrinsic clotting mechanism?
Blood contacts foreign surface
What is produced through a series of reactions involving several clotting factors and calcium ions in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways?
Prothrombin activator
¿Qué es la hemostasia primaria?
La hemostasia primaria es el proceso inicial de formación de un tapón plaquetario en el sitio de una lesión vascular para detener el sangrado.
What do B-lymphocytes give rise to?
B-lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells which produce antibodies and memory cells.
How long can the vascular phase of primary hemostasis last?
Up to 30 minutes.
What is one of the primary functions of eosinophils?
Kills parasitic worms
What triggers vasospasm in hemostasis?
Direct stimulus to the vessel wall or pain receptors; platelets release serotonin.
How do the size of neutrophils compare to erythrocytes?
Neutrophils are 2 times the size of erythrocytes, measuring 9 - 15μm.
How is the extension of the clot controlled in the coagulation pathway?
By antithrombotic mechanisms
What is secondary hemostasis?
Secondary hemostasis involves the coagulation of the blood.
What is an embolus?
An embolus is a clot that dislodges or a fragment of a clot that breaks loose and is carried away by the blood flow.
What types of drugs are used to manage blood clots in human and veterinary medicine?
Anticoagulant and Thrombolytic (“clot buster”) drugs are used widely in human and veterinary medicine.
¿Cuáles son los dos tipos principales de leucocitos?
Los dos tipos principales de leucocitos son los granulocitos y los agranulocitos.
¿Qué es la trombocitopenia?
La trombocitopenia es una condición caracterizada por un número anormalmente bajo de plaquetas en la sangre, lo que puede llevar a un aumento del riesgo de sangrado.
What is the central role of platelets?
Platelets play a central role in hemostasis and clotting.
Describe the shape and staining characteristics of a basophil's nucleus.
The nucleus is U or S-shaped and stains blue to dark purple.
What is generated to stabilize the platelet plug in the coagulation pathway?
Thrombin and fibrin clot
What is primary hemostasis?
Primary hemostasis involves the contraction of the injured blood vessel and the formation of a platelet plug.
What role does fibrinolysis play in hemostasis?
Fibrinolysis plays a role in breaking down clots after they have served their purpose, ensuring that blood vessels remain open and functional.
What triggers the extrinsic clotting mechanism?
Damage to vessel or tissue
What initiates the extrinsic clotting mechanism?
Tissue thromboplastin
¿Qué son los leucocitos?
Los leucocitos, también conocidos como glóbulos blancos, son células del sistema inmunológico que protegen al cuerpo contra infecciones y enfermedades.
¿Qué es la vía intrínseca de la coagulación?
La vía intrínseca de la coagulación es una serie de reacciones en cascada que se inician dentro del vaso sanguíneo y conducen a la formación de un coágulo de fibrina.
