What factors influence a person's decision to commit a crime?
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Psychological, family, social, and economic factors.
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What factors influence a person's decision to commit a crime?
Psychological, family, social, and economic factors.
What is a primary reason offenders might engage in multiple types of criminal behavior according to Rational Choice Theory?
Opportunities and perceived risks differ between crime types, leading to varied offending.
What factors influence crime rates according to community involvement?
Differences in levels of community involvement and support services.
What internal factors might lead a person to desist from crime?
Personal issues like running out of targets, getting older, or fear of getting caught.
What is the significance of the 'Crime Triangle' designed by Eck (2003)?
It visually represents the importance of a controller in nullifying crime opportunities.
What are Crime Attractors?
Locations that draw offenders specifically to commit crimes (e.g., drug markets, seedy bars).
What are Crime Enablers?
Areas lacking guardianship, making crime unobservable (e.g., unattended car parks).
How do unmaintained public spaces contribute to crime?
They create hiding spots for criminals.
What does CPTED stand for?
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.
How do targets and guardianship affect crime rates?
Crime rates are influenced by the availability of targets and the presence of guardianship in different neighborhoods.
What are Crime Generators?
Places attracting large crowds for legitimate activities that may also offer crime opportunities (e.g., sports stadia, shopping malls).
How can major life changes affect a person's criminal behavior?
They can shift priorities and make crime less appealing.
What is a key implication for policy design based on understanding factors affecting crime?
Policies can address internal and external influences to deter criminal behavior.
What traditional approach to criminal justice did C. Ray Jeffery critique?
Emphasizing behavior suppression over rehabilitation.
What does Rational Choice Theory neglect regarding crime?
Social and economic factors, such as financial desperation due to unemployment.
What does Jeffery (1993) argue about Routine Activity Theory?
He claims it is simply a 'description of crime not an explanation.'
What does 'situational crime prevention' focus on according to Rational Choice Theory?
Changing the environment to make committing a crime more difficult or less rewarding.
What role does the local judicial system play in crime rates?
Crime rates fluctuate based on the varying effectiveness of the local judicial system.
What does Rational Choice Theory suggest about the nature of committing a crime?
Committing a crime is a choice, not something individuals are forced into.
What contributes to the effectiveness of CPTED?
The combination and application of security techniques within overall facility design.
What is a key aspect of CPTED?
It employs established security techniques within its framework.
How does Rational Choice Theory view psychological factors in crime?
It has limited consideration of psychological factors, such as mental health conditions.
What happens when an offender's awareness space intersects with crime opportunities?
Crime concentrates in those locations.
What is the primary focus of Rational Choice Theory?
It highlights how individuals make decisions to commit crimes by weighing potential benefits and risks.
What are the three main criticisms of Routine Activity Theory (RAT)?
It is based on only three factors, overlooks broader societal issues, and neglects personal education and socio-economic status.
What does Rationality refer to in the context of Rational Choice Theory?
The role of reasoning in human behavior, viewing crime as the outcome of weighing possible rewards and downsides.
What concept did Newman (1972) propose related to Routine Activity Theory?
'Defensible Space,' which includes characteristics of dwellings that enhance community and surveillance.
Why is Crime Pattern Theory important to environmental criminology?
It aids in understanding the importance of place in crime prevention efforts.
What are offenders more likely to commit crimes?
Within their awareness spaces, where they are comfortable and knowledgeable about opportunities and risks.
What are some external factors that can impact a person's decision to leave a life of crime?
Getting married, suffering from an injury, or finding a job.
What are the four primary choices a potential offender must make according to Rational Choice Theory?
What does Rational Choice Theory suggest about crime decisions?
People weigh the benefits and risks of committing a crime.
What two theories does Crime Pattern Theory combine?
Rational Choice Theory and Routine Activity Theory.
What is a misconception about the determinants of crime rates?
Crime rates are determined solely by the racial or ethnic composition of neighborhoods.
Which critique of Rational Choice Theory states that it assumes all individuals have the same level of rationality?
It assumes that all individuals have the same level of rationality.
How do offenders select their targets according to Rational Choice Theory?
They look for environmental cues in their surroundings to decide whom or what to target.
How does Routine Activity Theory relate to social bonds?
Stronger social bonds between potential offenders and their community reduce the probability of committing crimes.
Who introduced the concept of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)?
C. Ray Jeffery in 1971.
What do potential offenders consider when evaluating a target?
They assess if the target is worth the risk of getting caught.
What assumption does Rational Choice Theory make about punishment?
It assumes that increasing the severity of punishment will always deter crime, regardless of the individual's circumstances.
What role did RAT play in problem-oriented policing (POP)?
It facilitated problem analysis at the community level using the SARA model.
When does deterrence work best according to Rational Choice Theory?
When the probability of getting caught outweighs the perceived benefits of the crime.
What does CPTED focus on for crime prevention?
Environmental changes.
How can Routine Activity Theory be used in crime analysis?
It can help understand and predict the distribution of crime in space and time.
Which scenario would Rational Choice Theory predict as leading to a higher likelihood of crime commission?
An area with low economic opportunity and high unemployment.
What is a consequence of poorly lit streets?
Increased opportunities for crimes like robbery and assault.
How does the concept of 'opportunity structure' explain variation in crime rates between neighborhoods?
It explains how different opportunities and risks in neighborhoods affect crime rates.
What are the four elements that define a suitable target according to Cohen and Felson?
Value, Inertia, Visibility, and Access.
How does familiarity with an area influence criminal behavior?
Offenders consider whether they know the area well before committing a crime.
Who coined the term 'Crime Science'?
UK journalist Nick Ross.
What are Edges in the context of crime?
Boundaries between neighborhoods or zones where offenders can act anonymously.
What do these crime-facilitating locations contribute to?
The development of crime hotspots.
What does Geographic Information System (GIS) software do?
Allows for the mapping and visual representation of crime patterns.
What does Routine Activity Theory explain?
The occurrence of crime events as the accumulation of several circumstances.
What role do capable guardians play in crime prevention?
Potential offenders check for the presence of people nearby who could stop them.
What defines a motivated offender in Routine Activity Theory (RAT)?
A motivated offender has the capacity and willingness to commit a crime, without needing a purely psychological reason.
What year was the term 'Crime Science' coined?
How do social networks influence the frequency of offending?
People around a potential offender can significantly impact their decisions to commit crimes.
What does Jeffery argue influences crime?
Environmental circumstances, not inherent criminality.
What does Routine Activity Theory focus on?
Explaining crime rather than criminality.
What does SCP stand for?
Situational Crime Prevention.
What is the goal of Crime Science?
To focus on reducing crime and associated harms.
What risks are associated with poorly maintained public transportation facilities?
They attract petty crimes.
How can understanding Rational Choice Theory help in crime control policies?
It can guide the development of policies that deter criminal behavior by making the consequences of crime less appealing.
What is a key aspect of Routine Activity Theory?
The importance of place, as location can impact whether a crime occurs.
How does Crime Pattern Theory connect place with crime?
It connects attractive targets with the circumstances in which offenders discover them.
What effect does peer pressure have on criminal behavior?
Peer pressure can compel individuals to commit crimes more often.
What new discipline did Jeffery advocate for?
Environmental criminology.
When were the conceptual foundations of Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) outlined?
In 1976, in the work 'Crime as Opportunity'.
Who can serve as a capable guardian according to RAT?
Any person can serve as a capable guardian, not just friends, relatives, or law enforcement.
How does using CPTED enhance problem-solving capability?
It enhances problem-solving capability for existing developments.
What theory did Routine Activity Theory (RAT) emerge from?
Crime Opportunity Theory.
What effect does the absence of natural surveillance have on crime rates?
It leads to a higher crime rate due to reduced visibility.
What primary factors influence offenders' decisions according to Rational Choice Theory?
Moral and ethical considerations.
What does Geometric Theory focus on?
The built environment and how it shapes the geographic distribution of crime.
What criticism did Ross have regarding traditional crime prevention policies?
They focused too much on the 'badness' of offenders rather than opportunities for crime.
How does uncontrolled public access affect crime in sensitive areas?
It can lead to overcrowding and pickpocketing.
What significant contribution did Ron Clarke make to criminology?
The concept of Situational Crime Prevention (SCP).
What two conditions are required for a criminal act to occur according to Cohen and Felson?
A target for the offender and the absence of a guardian.
What is the first key CPTED design principle?
Natural Access Control Design.
What does Rational Choice Theory indicate about committing different types of crimes?
Committing one type of crime does not mean a person will commit another type.
What approach does Crime Science advocate for in tackling crime?
A practical, experiment and evidence-based approach.
Why can poorly designed housing blocks become hotspots for crime?
They have limited visibility and entry/exit points.
Why are hotspots prioritized?
For police resources and crime prevention efforts.
What are 'edges' in the context of crime pattern theory?
Edges refer to the boundaries of areas where people live, work, shop, or seek entertainment.
What are 'nodes' in the context of routine activities?
Key locations such as home, work, school, shops, and entertainment.
What drives individuals to offend based on their financial situation?
A need for money or other resources can lead them to commit crimes.
Who originally coined the term CPTED?
C. Ray Jeffery.
What do crime scientists examine?
Who commits crime, why they commit it, what crimes they commit, and where and when.
What are the key components of Routine Activity Theory?
A motivated offender, a desirable target, and the absence of a capable guardian.
How does Rational Choice Theory relate to crime?
It illustrates how offenders select targets and define means to achieve their goals.
What do spatial patterns in crime refer to?
How crimes are distributed across different locations.
What issue arises from a lack of boundary definition in public spaces?
It may encourage trespassing and illegal activities.
How does RAT portray offenders?
As sensible decision makers who choose specific situations to commit crimes.
What do crime scientists engage in to reduce crime?
They engage with criminal justice policymakers and front-line practitioners.
What are the three main concepts of Crime Pattern Theory?
Nodes, Paths, and Edges.
Who focused on the design of urban spaces to influence crime rates?
Oscar Newman in 1972.
What is a key principle of effective SCP?
It requires a problem-solving approach tailored to the specific crime situation.
What social change after World War II contributed to an increase in crime rates in the U.S.?
A shift in routine activities where citizens spent more time away from home, leading to unattended targets.
When was the Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science founded?
What does Rational Choice Theory suggest about the predictability of consequences?
It posits that deterrence is ineffective because individuals cannot predict the consequences of their actions accurately.
Why must a target have value in the context of crime?
If a target does not have value, the offender will not be motivated to commit the crime.
What is a criticism of Rational Choice Theory regarding decision-making?
It overemphasizes rationality, ignoring emotions and impulses that can lead to irrational behavior.
What do temporal patterns in crime focus on?
When crimes occur, including trends during certain times of the day or week.
What approach does environmental criminology emphasize?
Using scientific methods over ethical or clinical approaches.
Why are edges significant in relation to crime?
Crimes like racial attacks, robberies, or shoplifting are more likely to occur at edges due to the mixing of people from different neighborhoods.
What factors must be considered in crime reduction according to Crime Science?
Ethics, costs, public acceptability, politics, aesthetics, and unintended consequences.
How does confidence in avoiding detection affect crime frequency?
If individuals believe they can evade detection, they may offend more frequently.
What seminal article did Cohen and Felson publish in 1979?
Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach.
What are some solutions proposed by SCP?
Increasing effort, increasing risk, reducing rewards, reducing provocations, and removing excuses.
Which psychological model influenced C. Ray Jeffery's CPTED?
B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning model.
What did Clarke's early research on juvenile offenders focus on?
The role of situations in crime, highlighting institutional factors as better predictors of absconding than personal characteristics.
What does inertia refer to in the context of suitable targets?
Inertia measures the difficulty level in moving or transporting the targeted object.
What is meant by 'awareness space' in Crime Pattern Theory?
The areas individuals become familiar with around their routine activity nodes.
How is criminal behavior learned according to Differential Association Theory?
Through interaction with others in a process of communication.
What practical solutions does Routine Activity Theory offer?
Manipulating the environment to eradicate opportunities for crime.
How do insiders and outsiders differ in their crime patterns?
Insiders usually commit crimes closer to their own neighborhoods, while outsiders find it safer to offend at the edges.
What is central to crime science due to its effectiveness?
Situational approaches that limit opportunities for crime.
What is the risk associated with the absence of safe pedestrian routes?
Increased vulnerability to street crimes and accidents.
Who developed Routine Activity Theory?
Marcus Felson and Lawrence E. Cohen.
What shift did RAT make in understanding the causes of crime?
From poverty and inequality to situations arising in routine activities of victims and offenders.
What are the limitations of Rational Choice Theory in explaining criminal behavior?
It may oversimplify the complexities of human behavior and ignore social and environmental factors.
What is meant by the absence of a capable guardian in RAT?
It refers to the lack of individuals or systems (like law enforcement or surveillance) that can deter an offender from committing a crime.
What does the application of CPTED principles to new developments aim to prevent?
Future problems.
What does CPTED stand for?
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design.
What approach does crime science embrace?
An evidence-based, problem-solving approach that embraces empirical research.
What does 'Nodes' refer to in Crime Pattern Theory?
Places where people travel to and from, which can generate crime both within and nearby.
What is the premise of Newman's Defensible Space?
Urban crime stems from anonymity and social fragmentation.
What do Cornish and Clark argue about Rational Choice Theory?
There isn't a single Rational Choice Theory that fits all crimes; each crime requires separate analysis.
How does Crime Science view crime prevention?
As a public health issue, tackling it like an epidemic rather than isolated cases.
What does the first postulate of Differential Association Theory state?
Criminal behavior is learned, not inherited.
What role does geo-spatial analysis play in environmental criminology?
It is a significant part, with geography as a core discipline.
What is the CRAVED acronym used for?
To describe products that are attractive and easy to steal: Concealable, Removable, Available, Valuable, Enjoyable, and Disposable.
What do individuals typically follow between nodes?
A preferred route or 'path'.
How do chaotic urban layouts contribute to crime?
They create confusion, making it difficult to spot suspicious behavior.
What foundational ideas does SCP draw from?
Jeffery's focus on reducing opportunities for crime and Newman's concrete prevention techniques.
What scientific method do crime scientists adopt?
They collect data, generate hypotheses, and build testable models.
What should be the focus to prevent absconding from residential schools according to Clarke?
Changing institutional structures and operations.
How does 'Bounded Rationality' impact Rational Choice Theory in crime prevention?
It limits the effectiveness of Rational Choice Theory by acknowledging that individuals may not have complete information or the ability to make fully rational decisions.
Why might domestic assault be lower during the day?
Because family members or friends are in different locations.
What phenomenon did Jeffery see crime as?
A biophysical phenomenon explainable like other natural events.
What are 'Hot Products' according to Clarke?
Products that are attractive and easy to steal.
What is the 'Geometry of Crime'?
The movement patterns that influence crime clusters in time and place.
What is the aim of Situational Crime Prevention (SCP)?
To change the factors that lead to crime, making it less likely to occur.
How does time-space convergence relate to crime in RAT?
Favorable positioning of targets and absence of guardians can instigate crime, even without motivated offenders.
What is the key idea regarding crime frequency?
Crime frequency is ultimately a choice made by the individual.
What is the belief system underlying RAT regarding crime?
Crime is not caused by societal evils or social problems but can be addressed through modest interventions.
What does the term 'DAPPER' stand for in crime prevention design?
Default, Aesthetic, Powerful, Principled, Effortless, Rewarding.
What is the main focus of CPTED?
Using environmental design to reduce crime opportunities.
What is the default condition in the DAPPER framework?
The default condition is secure rather than insecure.
What does Natural Access Control Design influence?
The flow of people to maximize control and surveillance.
Why do unsecured abandoned buildings pose a risk?
They often become shelters for criminal activities.
How are 'Paths' related to crime in Crime Pattern Theory?
They are the routes people take in their daily activities, influencing where they may become victims.
What institute was established in memory of Jill Dando?
The Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science (JDI).
How did Clarke expand on Newman's approach to crime prevention?
By viewing crime situations as broader than just the built environment and emphasizing redesigning crime-prone situations.
What is the main focus of Defensible Space Theory?
Creating spaces that encourage territorial control.
What does the Opportunity Theory propose?
Young individuals unable to find legitimate financial rewards may turn to subcultures for achieving goals.
What is the second key CPTED design principle?
Natural Surveillance Design.
What does Crime Pattern Theory illustrate about environmental criminology?
It shows how all three environmental criminological theories are connected.
What should guide improvements in crime prevention?
An informed research agenda considering all crucial factors.
What does 'Principled' signify in the DAPPER framework?
It is principled and acceptable to all, often increasing liberty and freedom.
What did Clarke develop for preventing crime?
A table of 25 techniques grouped into five categories.
What is meant by 'redesigning the products/vulnerable targets' in criminology?
Modifying the environment or design of objects to reduce the risk of crime.
How does CPTED prioritize user protection?
By creating secure spaces while minimizing fortress-like constructions.
What should be developed to manage access control?
Access control protocols.
What types of crimes increased due to the absence of guardians in the 1960s?
Burglary, rape, serious assault, robbery, and homicides.
What is meant by 'Powerful' in the DAPPER framework?
It has a powerful preventive mechanism that is not easily circumvented.
What is an example of distinguishing types of violence in crime prevention?
Differentiating between domestic violence, alcohol-related violence, or gang violence.
What is the fourth key CPTED design principle?
Maintenance.
What are the limitations of security hardware?
They can be costly and may not provide complete protection if relied upon solely.
What is target hardening?
Strengthening the security of potential targets to deter criminals.
What does CPTED offer for preventing crime?
Concrete examples and guidelines that can be translated into policies and regulations.
What can be installed to detect unauthorized access?
Alarm systems.
How does Nick Ross's approach treat crime?
As an epidemic, using scientific methods to address it.
What approach does Defensible Space Theory take?
Reactive, focusing on empowering residents to defend their space.
What is the goal of increasing the risk of being caught in SCP?
To deter offenders by setting traps.
What is Hotspot Policing?
Focusing policing efforts on specific locations with high crime rates.
What is the foundation of the concept of redesigning in crime prevention?
Situational crime prevention, which focuses on reducing opportunities for crime.
What mechanisms are advocated for defensible space?
Real and symbolic barriers, clearly defined areas of influence, enhanced surveillance opportunities.
What does CPTED emphasize regarding security measures?
Integrating security measures into the overall design of spaces.
How can security presence be increased in high-risk zones?
By increasing patrols.
What does 'Aesthetic' refer to in the DAPPER framework?
It refers to being aesthetically neutral or pleasing.
How does SCP approach crime types?
By breaking crime down into specific types requiring targeted understanding and prevention strategies.
What can be achieved through effective use of CPTED principles?
Reduction of crime, nuisance behavior, and fear of crime.
What does 'Rewarding' mean in the DAPPER framework?
It brings preventive rewards greater than its cost.
What is meant by 'Built Environment' in the context of CPTED?
Places and things that can be targets of criminal activity or locations where crime takes place.
What historical perspective does CPTED incorporate?
Using the physical environment for protection dates back to prehistoric times.
What should be identified to prevent theft or fraud?
High-value targets.
What technology can be used for sensitive information storage?
Encryption.
What approach does CPTED take towards crime prevention?
Proactive, focusing on reducing opportunities for crime.
What does increasing the effort required to commit a crime aim to achieve?
Making the crime less attractive or accessible.
How does Territoriality Design affect crime?
It makes it more difficult for offenders to carry out crimes by fostering a sense of ownership.
What does removing excuses for offenders aim to achieve?
To eliminate rationalizations or justifications for their actions.
What is a cost-effective approach to crime deterrence?
Combining basic crime deterrence concepts with strategically applied security hardware.
Give an example of target hardening.
ATMs equipped with security cameras and anti-skimming devices.
What security feature can be implemented in valuable assets?
Advanced locking mechanisms.
What is an example of biometric authentication?
Fingerprint scanners.
How can SCP address issues related to intoxicated individuals leaving bars?
Through education, regulations, police presence, and public transport availability.
How can poorly planned spaces affect behavior?
They can facilitate unintentional nuisance and criminal behavior.
What does Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) involve?
Applying principles of environmental design to reduce crime opportunities.
What did Oscar Newman develop concurrently with CPTED?
A more limited approach termed defensible space.
What is a contribution of CPTED to environmental criminology?
Demonstrating the value of incorporating non-social science disciplines into criminology.
What is the purpose of surveillance systems in high-risk locations?
To deter criminal activity.
What should be developed for security breaches?
Incident response plans.
What should crime prevention be based on according to Clarke?
Systematic analysis of specific crime problems, not abstract notions of 'crime' in general.
What is the third key CPTED design principle?
Territoriality Design.
What does 'Effortless' imply in the DAPPER framework?
It takes little or no time and effort to engage.
What is one technique for increasing the effort in crime prevention?
Target-hardening cars with immobilizers.
What premise is CPTED based on?
Much crime is opportunistic and contextual.
How can crime reduction be achieved according to Crime Science?
Through prevention, disruption, rapid detection, and management of known offenders.
What is the goal of reducing or avoiding provocations in crime prevention?
To prevent offenders from being tempted or incited into criminal acts.
How does maintenance contribute to crime prevention?
It encourages users to respect their surroundings by enhancing and managing the built environment.
What is a proposed method to prevent crime according to CPTED?
Creating a sense of territoriality among residents.
How can redesign reduce anonymity for potential offenders?
By increasing visibility in certain spaces or products.
What does Natural Surveillance Design maximize?
Visibility and the ability for legitimate users to monitor activities.
What are Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) used for in crime science?
To test the effectiveness of various crime reduction interventions.
What are some key principles of Defensible Space Theory?
Territoriality, natural surveillance, image, milieu.
What is Situational Crime Prevention?
Implementing strategies that reduce opportunities for crime by altering the immediate environment.
What type of advice does CPTED emphasize for crime prevention?
Practical, operational advice, such as low-rise buildings having less crime.
What is Risk Assessment and Mapping in crime science?
Using statistical models and GIS to identify high-risk areas and predict where crimes are likely to occur.
What are some key principles of CPTED?
Natural surveillance, access control, territoriality, maintenance.
What does reducing the potential rewards of crime involve?
Making the attempt less worth it for the offender.
How does CPTED influence offender decisions?
By deterring criminal behavior through environmental design.
How can redesigning products minimize risks?
By reducing their appeal or increasing the difficulty of committing a crime.
What is the main goal of CPTED?
To reduce criminal opportunities by incorporating design features that deter crime.
Why is security awareness important?
To enhance vigilance against potential criminal activity.
What does an environment designed with crime prevention in mind enhance?
Security and creates a more pleasant and functional space.
What is an example of redesigning to enhance visibility?
Designing open and well-lit public spaces.
What is the purpose of conducting periodic risk assessments?
To evaluate vulnerabilities in targets.
What can be done to improve safety in areas susceptible to crime?
Enhance lighting.