How do spherical particles affect blending?
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They are easier to blend and mix.
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How do spherical particles affect blending?
They are easier to blend and mix.
What is the dry method in granule preparation?
A technique that involves compressing the powder without the use of a liquid binder.
How do effervescent granules mask undesirable tastes?
By creating a carbonated solution through acid-base reactions.
What is the wet method used for in granule preparation?
It involves moistening the powder to form granules.
What inert materials can be used to adsorb liquids in powder incorporation?
Lactose and starch.
What are the main components of effervescent granules?
Sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid.
What are efflorescent powders?
Powders that lose water of hydration when exposed to air.
How should powders be mixed to create a eutectic mixture?
Mix them together before incorporating with other ingredients.
What happens to efflorescent powders in low-humidity environments?
They can become sticky, pasty, or even liquefy.
What do dry powder inhalers (DPIs) deliver?
Micronized particles of medications in metered quantities.
What conditions are treated with aerosol powders?
Asthma and other bronchial disorders.
What is a chartula?
A small piece of paper used to enclose a divided portion of powder.
What is a desired property of powders for topical application?
Smooth to touch and non-irritating to the skin.
Why should topical powders avoid using sorptive powder for oozing wounds?
To prevent the formation of a hard crust.
What is the purpose of screening the paste in the wet granulation process?
To achieve uniform granule size.
How are pasty materials incorporated with dry powders?
By mixing the pasty materials with increasing quantities of the powder, which will dry out the paste.
What is a eutectic mixture?
A mixture where solid + solid transforms into a liquid.
How does particle density affect blending?
Higher density particles sink, while lighter particles rise; similar densities are easier to blend.
What is trituration?
A small-scale preparation method usually done with a mortar and pestle.
What is included in the mixture used in DPIs?
APIs and excipients like inert propellants and crystalline alpha-lactose monohydrate.
What is the purpose of dividing powders?
To create individual dosing units based on the amount to be taken or used at a single time.
In compounding, how are powders typically packaged?
In folded paper (Chartula) or specific types of paper for different powder characteristics.
What are divided powders?
Powders that are divided into individual doses for convenience.
What percentage of very coarse particles pass through the No. 60 sieve?
Not more than 20%.
How is Relenza administered?
Using a Diskhaler with Rotadisks.
Can you name some products that use granules?
Antibiotic drugs, Lactinex granules, and effervescent products.
How can powder particle sizes influence medicated powders?
They can affect the stability and effectiveness of the powders.
What is the wet method in granule preparation?
A technique that involves adding a liquid binder to the powder mixture.
What are hygroscopic powders?
Powders that absorb moisture from the air.
What are pharmaceutical powders?
Intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and/or chemicals intended for internal or external use, for local or systemic effect.
Name two examples of substances that can form a eutectic mixture.
Camphor and Menthol.
Why do pharmaceutical powders disperse rapidly?
Because of their small particle size.
What does trituration involve?
Both comminution and mixing of powders.
What is a desired property of powders regarding particle size?
Fine and uniform particle size.
How do ingredients in powders affect other dosage forms?
They affect dissolution, bioavailability, rate of settling in suspensions, and comfort in topical use.
How is the medication in Advair Diskus administered?
By inhaling through the mouthpiece after activating the device.
What is the sieve opening size range for moderately fine particles?
180 - 355 μm.
How do granules interact with liquids compared to powders?
Granules are more easily wetted by liquids than powders.
What is important to educate patients about when using bulk powders?
Appropriate handling, storage, measurement, and preparation.
What is a eutectic powder?
A mixture of two or more components that has a lower melting point than any of its individual components.
How is an insufflation administered?
The powder is placed in the insufflator, and when the bulb is squeezed, air carries the particles through the nozzle.
What is the effect of needle-shaped or cubic-shaped particles on blending?
They tend to clog together, making blending difficult.
What is the significance of avoiding contact between certain powders?
To prevent the formation of a liquefied eutectic mixture.
What is a disadvantage of pharmaceutical powders?
Inaccuracy of dose.
What is pulverization by intervention?
Adding solvent to dissolve powders, then evaporating to form fine powders.
What are insufflated powders?
Powders that are inhaled into the nasal passages or lungs.
What is the next step after creating a paste in the wet granulation method?
Pass the paste through a screen of mesh size.
What happens when effervescent granules are added to water?
They react to produce a carbonated solution.
What provides an elegant approach to the administration of insufflations?
Pressurized packages.
What is one advantage of pharmaceutical powders?
Flexibility of compounding.
How are some medicated powders administered?
By inhalation using dry powder inhalers (DPIs).
How can adhering or repelling properties affect blending?
Particles may need to be diluted individually with an inert substance for easier blending.
What is the particle size range of micronized medications used in DPIs?
1 - 6 μm in diameter.
What is the purpose of aerosol powders?
To deliver medication in a fine mist for inhalation.
How should powders behave when applied topically?
They should spread easily on the skin.
What type of powder is recommended for oozing wounds?
More hydrophobic, water-repellant powder.
What is a key requirement for talc used in topical powders?
It needs to be sterilized to avoid infection.
What is the sieve opening size range for very fine particles?
90 - 125 μm.
What is a common use for medicated powders?
For external application to the skin, such as bacitracin zinc and polymyxin B sulfate for anti-infectives.
What special considerations are there for certain types of powders?
Eutectic, hygroscopic, deliquescent, efflorescent powders, and incorporation with liquids.
What is the recommended storage condition for bulk powders?
Stored at room temperature in a clean and dry place.
How can granules be prepared?
Using wet, dry, or fusion methods.
What are the three methods of granule preparation?
Wet method, dry method, and fusion method.
What are insufflated powders intended for?
To be applied in body cavities such as ears, nose, vagina, tooth socket, and throat.
Why is uniform particle size important in blending?
It makes blending and mixing easier.
What are efflorescent powders?
Crystalline powders that contain water of hydration or crystallization.
What methods are commonly used for particle size analysis?
Methods include sieving, laser diffraction, and dynamic light scattering.
How does particle size influence drug formulation?
It impacts flowability, compressibility, and uniformity of the final product.
What are some examples of divided powders?
Headache powders, powdered laxatives, and douched powders.
What are bulk powders?
Large quantities of powder that can be measured and dispensed as needed.
What are the characteristics of topical powders?
They should have uniform, small particle size, be impalpable, free flowing, easily spread, and adhere well to the skin.
What is Zeasorb Super Adsorbent used for?
It is used for anti-fungal treatment.
What is the sieve size range for granules?
4 – 12 sieve size range.
What types of products are granules preferred for?
Products intended to be constituted into solutions or suspensions.
Why must pharmaceutical powders have appropriate properties?
To ensure their effectiveness for the intended purpose of use.
What is the sieve size range for granules?
4 – 12 sieve size range.
What is the method for incorporating powders with liquids?
Liquid is adsorbed onto an inert material (e.g., lactose, starch) and then geometrically added into the bulk of powder.
What happens to the paste when mixed with dry powder?
The paste dries out.
What should be done to avoid creating a eutectic mixture?
Mix them individually with other ingredients before combining.
What role does electrostatic charge play in blending?
Static electricity can hamper the blending process.
What is spatulation?
A manual mixing technique using spatulas on an ointment tile or paper sheet, suitable for small quantities without size reduction.
What are some mechanical methods for blending powders?
V-type Blender and Turbula mixer.
What are oral inhalation powders?
Powders designed for inhalation through the mouth into the lungs.
What is a desired property of powders for internal use?
Increased dissolution and bioavailability.
What is an example of a topical powder for minor external bleeding?
WoundSeal Powder, which is a mixture of a hydrophilic polymer and potassium ferrate.
What does the capsule in Fordil Aerolizer contain?
Dry powder formulation of formoterol fumarate and lactose.
What is the sieve size range for granules?
4 - 12 sieve sizes.
How can bulk powders be used for oral administration?
They can be added with water for oral use.
What is a method used in compounding to reduce moisture exposure for hygroscopic powders?
Diluting them with an inert drying powder.
What is the fusion method in granule preparation?
A technique that involves melting the components together to form granules.
What is the primary purpose of insufflated powders?
Usually for anti-infectiveness.
What are particle size characteristics?
They refer to the physical dimensions and distribution of particles in a powder.
What is comminution in the context of pharmaceuticals?
It is the process of reducing the size of drug particles to enhance their properties.
What is the first step in blending/mixing powders?
Reducing particle size of each powder individually before weighing and blending.
What tools can be used for levigation?
Mortar and pestle or an ointment tile.
What are topical powders used for?
They are applied directly to the skin for localized treatment.
What are insufflated powders?
Powders that are inhaled into the nasal passages or lungs.
What should be avoided in bulk powders during transportation?
Stratification.
What is the dosage form of Fordil Aerolizer?
Capsule dosage form for oral inhalation.
What is the active ingredient in Relenza?
Zanamivir.
What are bulk powders?
Bulk powders are available in prepackaged amounts.
What methods can be used to mix powders?
Spatulation, trituration, levigation, and geometric dilution.
What is the primary purpose of effervescent granules?
To provide a pleasant vehicle for bitter or salty tasted drugs.
What are deliquescent powders?
Powders that absorb moisture from the air and dissolve in the absorbed water.
What forms can pharmaceutical powders be used in?
Final dosage form or as ingredients for other dosage forms like tablets, capsules, suspensions, and solutions.
What is another advantage of pharmaceutical powders?
Good chemical stability.
What is levigation used for?
Small-scale preparation of ointments and suspensions.
What is geometric dilution?
A method applied when mixing a small quantity of drug into a large quantity of excipients.
What types of paper are used for hygroscopic or volatile powders?
Glassine weighing papers or wax paper.
What are aerosol powders?
Powders that are dispersed in a gas for inhalation or topical application.
Why is it important to avoid stratification in bulk powders?
To prevent inaccurate dosing.
What is the purpose of Fordil Aerolizer?
For controlling symptoms of COPD.
How do granules compare to powders in terms of surface area?
Granules have less surface area than powders.
What nutritional benefit does Brewer’s yeast powder provide?
It contains B-complex vitamins and other nutritional systems.
How can moisture absorbance be avoided for hygroscopic powders?
By dispensing them in tight containers.
What is a key consideration when incorporating liquids into powders?
The potential for clumping or changes in flow properties.
Why is particle size important in pharmaceuticals?
It affects the dissolution rate, bioavailability, and stability of drugs.
How can liquefaction of efflorescent powders be avoided?
By using anhydrous salt forms of drugs and including a drying bulky powder.
Can you name some examples of efflorescent powders?
Atropine sulfate, caffeine, citric acid, cocaine.
What are topical powders used for?
They are applied directly to the skin for localized treatment.
What are bulk powders?
Large quantities of powder that can be measured and dispensed as needed.
What is the sieve opening size for very coarse particles?
1,000 μm.
What are granules?
Agglomerates of smaller particles of powder.
Why are granules more stable to atmospheric humidity than powders?
Because they have less surface area.
What are pharmaceutical powders?
Intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and/or chemicals intended for internal or external use.
What are granules?
Agglomerates of smaller particles of powder, larger than powders.
What is comminution in the context of drugs?
Grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size.
What mixing method is recommended for efflorescent powders?
A light, non-compacting method.
Give an example of pulverization by intervention.
Camphor crystalline dissolved in alcohol, then evaporated to form fine powders.
What materials can powder papers be made from?
Vegetable paper, parchment paper, or other suitable materials.
What is the purpose of oral inhalation powders?
They are designed for delivery to the lungs via inhalation.
What active ingredients are found in Advair Diskus?
Fluticasone propionate and salmeterol.
What percentage of coarse particles pass through the No. 60 sieve?
Not more than 40%.
What is the limit to greater fineness for very fine particles?
There is no limit.
Why are bulk powders inappropriate for potent drugs?
Because they are dispensed in bulk quantities and may not provide accurate dosing.
What are the dosage forms of powders?
Topical powders, insufflated powders, aerosol powders, bulk powders, or divided powders.
What are divided powders?
Powders that are pre-measured into individual doses.
What is Advair Diskus used for?
For chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
What is the sieve opening size range for coarse particles?
355 – 1,000 μm.
Why are granules commonly used in tablet making?
They have better flow than powders.
What are some examples of bulk powders?
Antacids (e.g., sodium bicarbonates), laxatives (e.g., PEG), and douche powders (e.g., Massengill powder).
What are hygroscopic and deliquescent powders?
Drugs or chemicals that absorb moisture from the air and can become liquefied.
What is the purpose of Gold Bond Body Powder?
To temporarily relieve pain and itching associated with minor cuts and scrapes.
What is the sieve opening size range for fine particles?
125 - 180 μm.
What forms can granules be used in for dispensing?
Tablets, capsules, and suspensions.
What methods can be used to decrease particle sizes of powders?
Levigation, trituration, or pulverization.
What happens when effervescent granules are dissolved in water?
They produce a carbonated solution that helps mask the bitter or salty taste of drugs.
Can you name some examples of hygroscopic powders?
Calcium chloride, ephedrine sulfate, phenobarbital sodium.
What are effervescent granules composed of?
Sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and tartaric acid.