An Introduction to Orthodontics - 115-126

A space between the central incisors, more common in the upper arch.

The surgical repositioning of a tooth into a surgically created socket within the same patient.

A provisional plan with multiple options, including advantages, disadvantages, and costs of prosthetic replacements.

It describes occlusions where both the upper and lower incisors are inclined.

Orthodontic space closure, autotransplantation with restorative camouflage, or restorative replacement with a removable prosthesis, fixed prosthesis, or implant retained prosthesis.

Extraction of the affected tooth.

Usually Class I, but can also be Class II or Class III.

Acid-etch composite additions or porcelain veneers.

To simulate various treatment options and assess their feasibility before active treatment.

A combined orthodontic-restorative approach to localize space for prostheses or implants.

Because it is likely to be the most stable, lying in the zone of balance between opposing soft tissue forces.

Blanching of the incisive papilla.

Approximately 11%.

No, it cannot be justified due to the associated morbidity with the procedure.

Bimaxillary proclination.

It increases up to around 12–13 years of age, then gradually reduces throughout adult life.

No studies could be included due to the poor nature of the evidence available.

Encourage the patient to accept the spacing or gather the anterior teeth together.

Slowed growth rate, adequate bone height and width, and space between adjacent teeth.

Close collaboration with all involved specialties and consultation with a restorative/surgical specialist before removing orthodontic appliances.

Hypodontia, traumatic loss of a tooth, or extraction due to displacement, morphology, or pathology.

The potential limitations of treatment and alternatives if not successful.

They can be relatively expensive and can only be placed when vertical facial development has slowed.

The degree of root formation and the severity of intrusion.

They are the most likely to be short of space, such as the upper canines.

Around 6–7 years of age.

It may reduce the incidence of new trauma from 29% to 20%.

It requires a suitable tooth planned for extraction.

At least 6 months, ideally 12 months.

To maintain aesthetics while the gingival architecture is settling.

Forces from the trans-septal fibers and/or from the anterior component of the forces of occlusion.

It usually increases the overjet due to the angulation of the incisors.

Milder transverse discrepancies; marked discrepancies are more common in Class II or Class III.

Success rates of 85–90% have been reported.

Hypodontia or small teeth in well-developed arches.

It changes the forces on the incisors.

There is a tendency for the spaces to reopen unless permanently retained.

In the early mixed dentition.

Using duplicate models where teeth are cut off and repositioned with wax, allowing for testing of different options.

It was advocated to prevent lower labial segment crowding.

Extraction of the retained primary tooth should be carried out as soon as possible.

In a growing child, extractions prior to eruption of adjacent teeth, favorable positioning of adjacent teeth, and absence of occlusal interferences.

The calcification of the bifurcation of the mandibular second molar.

Tooth color, mobility, tenderness to percussion, and sensibility tests.

Class I incisor relationships can occur with any skeletal relationship.

It results in a cross-bite and can occur with Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions.

It is more common in some racial groups, such as Afro-Caribbean.

The incisor relationship and the competency of the lips.

It helps in describing the potential outcomes of different treatment options.

Most improvement occurs in the first 6 months.

Reduction in intercanine width leading to increased lower labial crowding.

It found that early orthodontic treatment for class II malocclusions reduced the chance of incisal trauma.

They can relieve crowding without the use of orthodontic appliances.

Coordination among general dental practitioners, orthodontists, endodontists, restorative dentists, and maxillofacial surgeons.

The diastema may persist due to less pressure forcing the upper central incisors together.

It maintains and can create alveolar bone.

When adjacent teeth are erupting.

There is a statistically weak association, and crowding can occur even in patients with congenitally absent third molars.

Variations in the vertical dimension associated with any anteroposterior skeletal relationship.

Premature loss of a deciduous tooth and local factors like displaced or impacted teeth.

Managing poor prognosis anterior teeth and treatment options for the subsequent space in a growing patient.

It provides a biological replacement, avoiding the need for a prosthesis.

Position, presence, and prognosis of remaining permanent teeth; degree of crowding; patient's malocclusion and orthodontic treatment; patient's age; and patient's profile.

Upper lateral incisors, upper canines, second premolars, and third molars.

14.2%.

Extraction of the supernumerary followed by tooth alignment with fixed appliances.

Lower labial segment crowding tends to increase even following extractions and appliance therapy.

The lower incisor edges occlude with or lie immediately below the cingulum plateau of the upper central incisors.

Abnormal position of the tooth germ.

It prevents the pressure developed anteriorly from being dissipated distally around the arch.

11% of orthodontically repositioned roots relapsed.

Both upper and lower incisors need to be retroclined to reduce the overjet, which can encroach on tongue space.

Tooth/arch size discrepancies leading to crowding or spacing.

Crowding due to lack of space for a permanent tooth to erupt.

There is a high likelihood of relapse after removal of the appliances.

The definitive guide to the management of dental injuries.

It has a natural periodontal membrane, normal proprioception, and better gingival contour.

Treatment involved a resin retained bridge to replace the maxillary left canine and composite restorations on the incisors, with a slight upper center-line discrepancy remaining.

The root development of the tooth to be transplanted should be ⅔ to ¾ complete.

Lower premolars or upper second premolars due to their single root form.

Extraction of the first molars could address buccal crowding but will have little benefit on anterior crowding.

A minimum of 3 months.

Approximately 60%.

The effect of extraction of third molars on late lower incisor crowding.

It should be held in place with a physiological splint for 7–10 days.

Indications for the use of auto-transplantation of teeth in children and adolescents.

An interdisciplinary approach is required.

Boys, especially those with overjets exceeding 9 mm.

Forward growth of the mandible and soft tissue pressures reducing lower arch perimeter.

Extracting the opposing upper first molar to prevent over-eruption.

It can result in the incisors being moulded forwards under tongue pressure.

The remaining teeth will tilt.

Limited alternative restorative options and possible surgical exposure for orthodontic alignment.

Pathology, such as a dentigerous cyst.

Extraction of the associated primary tooth plus space maintenance or orthodontic traction.

Allowing spontaneous re-eruption.