What model suggests that increased impairment from psychotic-like experiences occurs due to environmental stressors?
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The persistence-impairment model.
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What model suggests that increased impairment from psychotic-like experiences occurs due to environmental stressors?
The persistence-impairment model.
What are Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVHs)?
Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of external stimulation while in a fully conscious state, often perceived as being out of one's control.
What percentage of people experiencing AVH meet the criteria for a psychotic disorder?
25%.
What term does DSM use to refer to overlapping areas with other disorders?
Comorbidity.
What is the goal of an improved diagnostic approach?
To increase interrater reliability.
What is a possible implication of non-clinical AVH?
Healthy AVH may present as an isolated symptom and may not be related to any predisposition for a psychotic disorder.
Who is the author of the document?
lhoutstra83
What emotional response is often associated with voices in clinical populations?
Negative emotional appraisal and emotional valence.
What is a major issue with the categorical approach in diagnostics?
Interrater reliability problems.
Wat is Stuvia?
Een platform voor het kopen en verkopen van samenvattingen.
What supplementary descriptions does DSM-5 allow in addition to categorical diagnosis?
Descriptions on the syndromal level, including severity assessments and cross-cutting dimensional assessments.
What is the prevalence of imaginary companions among children aged 5-12?
46.2% report the existence of at least one imaginary companion.
In which disorders are hallucinations most present?
Diagnosed psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.
What significant change did DSM-5 make regarding multiaxial diagnosis?
It abandoned multiaxial diagnosis.
What is a concern regarding the new assessments introduced in DSM-5?
Their acceptance and use due to insufficient developmental work and psychometric issues.
Wat is de e-mail van de gebruiker die het document heeft gedownload?
Hoeveel extra kan men per jaar verdienen volgens het document?
€ 912.
What challenges exist in understanding the neurobiology underlying mental disorders?
Difficulty in characterizing brain circuitry and mechanisms, complexity of genetic and developmental factors, and unsatisfactory animal models.
How does the interrater reliability of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder compare to schizoaffective disorder?
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have comparatively good interrater reliability, while schizoaffective disorder has been criticized for low reliability.
What percentage of children reporting AVH do not transition to psychotic disorders?
A great majority, with 75-90% of child psychotic-like experiences being transitory.
Is het verspreiden van het document legaal?
Nee, het is auteursrechtelijk beschermd en strafbaar.
What percentage of college students reported experiencing hallucinated voices?
71% reported brief, occasional hallucinated voices during wakefulness.
What is the age range when healthy adults typically begin to hear voices?
Around 12 years.
What does the Peters Delusions Inventory (PDI) measure?
Delusional ideation in the normal population.
What change occurred in the threshold criteria for certain disorders in DSM-5?
The threshold criteria for diagnosis had been lowered.
What is the estimated prevalence of AVH in the general population?
Between 5% and 28%.
What does Jaspers’ hierarchical principle suggest about depressive and anxiety symptoms?
They are common and unspecific, making differentiation difficult.
What is the title of the document?
Summary Behavioral Disorders (PSY4062)
How does the distribution of schizotypal signs vary?
It is highly dependent on the instrument used for measurement.
What external agents do patients with AVH often believe their thoughts arise from?
Spirits, ghosts, deceased relatives, or demons.
What is a common therapeutic approach for clinical populations experiencing AVH?
Pharmacological interventions.
What is the relationship between hallucinations and delusions in psychotic disorders?
They typically occur together and may influence each other.
Are AVHs indicative of a transition along the psychosis continuum?
No, AVHs can exist as an entity by themselves and are not necessarily indicative of such a transition.
How should comorbidity be understood according to the text?
As partial cosyndromality, such as the overlap of depressive and anxiety symptoms.
What is linguistic complexity in the context of hallucinations?
The repetition of single words or phrases, often through accusation, command, or abuse.
What is 'alienation' in relation to AVH?
The belief that one's thoughts stem from another source or location, differing from their own thought patterns.
What is the typical duration and frequency of voice hearing in non-clinical adults?
Occurs every 3 days for 2-3 minutes and is controllable around 60% of the time.
What phenomenon can individuals with intense spiritual beliefs experience?
Experiences similar to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
What percentage of subjects with no psychiatric history reported auditory hallucinations?
16% reported experiencing auditory hallucinations during their lifetime.
How can AVHs relate to genetic predisposition?
AVHs may form part of a genetic predisposition toward psychotic illness and can co-occur with other attenuated psychotic symptoms.
What is the website where the document can be found?
What is the prevalence of AVH in late childhood and early adolescence?
10%.
What percentage of clinical AVH cases also meet criteria for Conduct Disorder (CD)?
100%.
How does the content of hallucinatory phenomena differ between clinical and non-clinical populations?
Non-clinical populations typically have a more regular profile, often commenting on daily events or providing mundane utterances.
What is a main criticism of DSM-5 regarding the number of mental disorders?
The number of diagnosable mental disorders increased with new additions, such as disruptive mood regulation disorder.
What does the psychosis continuum hypothesis suggest?
It does not necessarily imply a continuum of disorder.
What happens to the majority of children who hear voices at ages 7-8?
76% of them stop hearing voices by ages 12-13.
What is the suggested way to earn extra income mentioned in the document?
€ 912 per year.
What is the hypothesis regarding Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVH)?
AVH lie on a continuum of risk from normal experiences to pathological psychosis.
What belief did 50% of adults express in a study regarding delusions?
Belief in thought transference between two people.
What was one of the main objectives of DSM-5?
To replace categorical diagnosis with a greater emphasis on dimensional diagnosis.
What is the consequence of distributing the document?
It is punishable by law.
What is the prevalence of bizarre delusions in the general population?
Reported by around 2% of the general population.
What factors remain consistent between clinical and non-clinical populations regarding AVH?
Loudness of the voice, attribution of source, and perceived location.
What is the clinical decision to treat in relation to psychosis?
It is dichotomous, similar to terms like hypertension and diabetes in medicine.
Why were biological markers not included in DSM-5?
The makers considered them not fully developed and insufficiently replicated.
When do prodromal symptoms for psychosis often emerge?
During mid- to late adolescence.
What does the Clinical Staging model aim to detect?
Residual symptoms or early signs before progression to full psychopathology.
What is the ultimate goal of understanding the neurobiology of mental disorders?
To develop a diagnostic classification system based on clinical symptoms, aetiology, and pathophysiology.
What factors influence the observed distribution of psychosis traits?
The interaction of causal factors, their prevalence, and effect sizes.
What cognitive factor significantly predicts auditory hallucinations?
Low cognitive confidence.
How does the content of AVH differ in diagnosed psychotic disorders?
It usually reflects a derogatory pattern of communication.
Was Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) kept as an independent diagnostic category in DSM-5?
Yes, it was left as a separate category and the criteria were preserved.
In which chapter are posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder included in DSM-5?
The chapter on trauma and stress-related disorders.
What key factors are implicated in the persistence of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVH)?
Persistence of AVH, presence of distress, other mental health symptoms, and help-seeking behavior.
How are clinical and non-clinical AVH differentiated?
Non-clinical AVH do not indicate progression to mental health disorders unless they persist and cause distress.
What is the role of inhibitory control in AVH?
It involves a reduction in the ability to inhibit intrusive memories and thoughts.
What is the primary critique regarding DSM-5's approach to diagnosing mental disorders?
It remains primarily symptom-based and categorical rather than dimensionally oriented.
What approach is suggested for rating the severity of core symptoms of schizophrenia?
A dimensional approach.
What does schizotypy refer to?
The personality trait of experiencing 'psychotic' symptoms.
What term replaced 'somatoform disorder' in DSM-5?
Somatic symptom disorder.
What significant change was made to schizoaffective disorder in DSM-5?
A major mood episode must be present for most of the duration of the disorder.
What happened to the subtypes of schizophrenia in DSM-5?
They were removed due to insufficient course stability.
What is the 'not otherwise specified' (NOS) category in the DSM-IV-TR?
A catch-all category for patients that do not fit specific disorder criteria.
What emotional factor has a predictive value for the presence of a psychotic disorder?
Negative emotional appraisal of the voice.
How does depression affect AVH severity in clinical groups?
Higher depression ratings are associated with greater severity of AVH.
How did the classification of affective diseases change from DSM-IV to DSM-5?
The main category of affective diseases was omitted and replaced with bipolar and depressive disorders.
Is there a proposed model for the transition from psychotic symptoms to a psychotic disorder?
No real model yet; evidence is insufficient.
How does the interaction of causes affect the expression of psychosis?
If all causes must interact simultaneously, the distribution resembles a dichotomy.
What are the three main dimensions of schizotypy?
Positive dimension (aberrant perceptions and beliefs), negative dimension (introvertive anhedonia), and conceptual disorganization dimension.
What issue does the DSM-IV-TR face regarding patient diagnoses?
A large percentage of patients do not fit the DSM-IV-TR criteria with precision.
What does the persistence of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) indicate?
A more severe underlying pathology.
What are the two approaches to measuring psychosis traits?
What new categories were added to the chapter on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in DSM-5?
Hoarding disorder and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
What does the continuity hypothesis suggest about mental disorders in the general population?
Disease exists as a continuum of severity rather than an all-or-none phenomenon.
What is co-morbidity in the context of DSM-IV-TR diagnoses?
The situation where a large fraction of patients qualifies for multiple diagnoses.
What is the future direction suggested for the classification of mental disorders?
To rethink the current approach using neurobiology as a central tool.
What significant change was made in the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in DSM-5?
Two criterion A symptoms are required for a diagnosis, with one being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.
How many dimensions is schizotypy composed of according to factor analytical studies?
Three, and possibly four dimensions.
What comprehensive term was introduced for disorders related to dependence and abuse in DSM-5?
'Substance use disorder.'
What has been cited as a trigger for psychopathology in adolescents?
The stress associated with hormonal and brain changes.
What is the significance of coping in relation to psychotic symptoms?
Two individuals with the same level of symptoms may differ in coping ability, affecting the development of illness behavior.
How can affective dysregulation contribute to psychotic symptoms?
It can interact with pre-existing hallucinations and culminate in delusional pathology.
What is the central limit theorem's implication for psychosis as a trait?
Psychosis would exist as a quantitative trait if causal factors act independently and additively.
Which mental health condition has the most predictive power for hallucinations in non-clinical groups?
Anxiety.
What was the outcome of the plans to create a 'psychotic spectrum' in DSM-5?
The plans were abandoned due to theoretical and pragmatic concerns.
What is the onset of adolescence often associated with in terms of mental health?
A series of rapid changes in hormones and brain development that can lead to mental health symptoms, potentially evolving into schizophrenia.
How do brain connections change during adolescence?
They are at their greatest during adolescence before pruning reduces them to adulthood levels.
What is suggested to account for the onset of hallucinations in adolescents?
Aberrant synaptic pruning.
What assumption is made in the first approach to measuring psychosis?
Experiencing symptoms like delusions and hallucinations is not necessarily linked to a disorder.
What type of content do individuals with AVH usually hear?
Sentences or words they do not recognize as their own.
What does the asocial/non-conformity dimension of schizotypy reflect?
A covarying normal personality trait resembling tough-mindedness.
What is the relationship between childhood AVH and adolescent AVH?
The resolution of childhood AVH coincides with early adolescence.
What is required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the DSM-IV-TR?
Presence of certain symptoms, deterioration of functioning, and a requirement for 6 months of illness.
What is the focus of the second approach to measuring psychosis?
It assumes that traits are attenuated and may present as 'schizotypal' signs and symptoms.
How do different schizotypy instruments vary?
Some include items close to pathological experiences, while others are more normalized.
What is suggested by family studies regarding schizotypy and schizophrenia?
Schizotypy co-occurs with schizophrenia in the same family more often than expected by chance.
What are the primary functions affected by mental disorders?
Emotion, higher cognition, and executive function.
What are the three clusters of symptoms in schizophrenia?
Positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms.
What is the implication of psychosis existing as a continuum?
It may be beneficial to search for quantitative loci that contribute to variation of traits with a continuous distribution.
What is the expected distribution of delusions and hallucinations per person?
It will be skewed compared to the sum score of the Schizotypal Personality Scale.
What might differentiate two individuals at different positions on the psychosis continuum?
Differences in the number, intrusiveness, or frequency of symptoms, or the degree of other comorbid symptom dimensions.
What are secondary delusions in relation to AVH?
They are associated with the persistence of hallucinatory experiences and may arise from aberrant salience.
How might co-morbidity reflect underlying genetic risk factors?
It may represent different patterns of symptoms resulting from shared genetic risk factors.
What did Kety et al.'s adoption studies reveal about schizophrenia?
Biological families of individuals with schizophrenia may have members with less dramatic schizophrenia-like symptoms.
