INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY (SEP 2024)

In 1879.

Joseph Meister, a 9-year-old boy who had been bitten by a rabid dog.

The principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.

The Theory of Spontaneous generation.

April 7, 1864.

Causes and preventions of diseases.

Up to 300 times, suspected to be up to 500 times.

Madras Medical College.

The father of immunology.

The ligated ileal loop method (of rabbit).

Botany, mycology, microbiology, antibiotic fermentations, and chemotherapy of human, animal, and plant infections.

Bacteria developed antibiotic resistance when too little penicillin was used or when it was used for too short a period.

Vaccination.

He was the first to discover viruses in 1892.

For their discoveries on the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses.

University College Hospital Medical School, London.

The biochemist and microbiologist mentioned in the text.

The smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.

He demonstrated that fermentation to produce alcohol from sugar was brought about by microbes, particularly yeast, and that air (oxygen) was not required.

A celebrated German physician and pioneering microbiologist.

The brood parasitism of the cuckoo.

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) and phosphocreatine.

Isolation of penicillin in September 1928 by Alexander Fleming.

Lederle Laboratories.

That dehydration was a sufficient cause of pathology of cholera, and that the cholera toxin can kill by stimulating the secretion of water into the bowel.

Anthrax.

Classification of microorganisms based on various characteristics, such as Bergey’s Manual.

The modern views of diseases caused by toxin-producing bacteria.

By growing the virus in rabbits and weakening it by drying the affected nerve tissue.

The amazing success of several clinical trials.

Small, high-quality glass spheres.

Single-celled organisms, originally referred to as animalcules.

Silver or copper frames holding hand-made lenses.

Chemo-therapeutants.

Phenol coefficient.

3rd Dr. B. C. Roy Memorial oration award at the Calcutta Medical Club.

Actinomycin, clavacin, streptothricin, grisein, neomycin, fradicin, candicidin, candidin, and others.

The enzyme lysozyme.

Anaerobiosis is the ability of some micro-organisms to develop and live without air or oxygen, discovered by Louis Pasteur.

Research to find a vaccine that will spark the immune system to fight the enterotoxin specifically, rather than the bacteria.

Pebrine, a silkworm disease caused by a protozoan (microbe) called Nosema.

Phyton 27.

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT).

The germ theory of disease and its application in clinical medicine.

Diseases caused by microbes, transmission, prevention, and cure.

The Latin word for cow is 'vacca', and cowpox is called 'vaccinia'.

Antony van Leeuwenhoek.

The infusoria (protists in modern zoological classification).

Physicians transmitting childbed fever by not washing hands between patients.

Carbolic acid (phenol).

That the disease is primarily due to intoxication, with organisms multiplying, undergoing lysis, and liberating endotoxin in the gut lumen.

Streptomycin.

Alexander Fleming.

He suggested heating the juices at a temperature of 62.8°C (145°F) for half an hour, a process known as pasteurization.

Identifying the specific causative agents of tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax.

The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

Hamycin, Dermostatin, Aureofungin, and Antiamoebin.

Pus from cowpox blisters on the hands of a milkmaid.

Microbial habitat, niche, contributions to the biosphere, interaction with the environment and other microbes.

Bacillus anthracis.

From the 20th century.

It specifies 'should', not 'must', because not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection.

Factors such as general health, proper immune functioning, acquired immunity, or genetic immunity.

Revised versions of Koch’s postulates, such as the molecular postulates suggested by Fredricks and Relman for the 21st century.

Use of microorganisms for better agricultural produce (bio-fertilizers, composting) and study of disease-causing microbes.

Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology, Phycology/algology, Protozoology, Microbial cytology, Microbial physiology, Microbial genetics.

The principle of immunization.

He was not a licensed physician and could have faced prosecution for treating the boy.

Joseph Lister.

Bacteria, e.g., from the human mouth.

Spermatozoa.

Living organisms in broths came from outside as spores on dust, rather than being spontaneously generated within the broth.

As a professor of chemistry at the University of Lille, France.

By placing the lens very close in front of the eye, while looking in the direction of the sun.

Fiske-Subbarao Method.

Enterotoxicity of bacteria-free culture-filtrate of Vibrio cholerae.

He was the first to demonstrate that cholera bacteria secrete enterotoxin.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

He discovered their existence and abandoned the Universalist requirement of the first postulate.

Diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan).

The study of living organisms of microscopic size including bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses.

For those that cannot be grown in pure culture, such as prions responsible for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

When hermetically sealed flasks were placed in a bath of CaCl2 and heated above 100ºC, the solutions in the flask were free of viable organisms.

Communicable diseases, vaccinations, immunizations, epidemics, prevention, and cure.

Sewage treatment.

They carry out photosynthesis, capturing atmospheric carbon dioxide, and hence are the most important “producers” of the biosphere.

Invention of microscopes in the beginning of the 17th century.

The observation that milkmaids were generally immune to smallpox.

Biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.

Vibrio cholera.

Many infectious diseases, especially viruses such as polio, herpes simplex, HIV, and hepatitis C.

Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin).

A series of four generalized principles linking specific microorganisms to specific diseases.

50%.

From geothermal vents to coldest arctic ice, to every person’s skin.

The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.

They are part of the normal flora, help digest food, and produce vitamin B and vitamin K.

Era of Speculation, Era of Observation, Era of Cultivation, Era of Physiological study.

Protein purification technology.

Hypertoxin-producing classical strains of V. cholerae O1.

They are a source of nutrients at the base of all ecological food chains and food webs.

Production of commercially important products like beer, wine, ethanol, antibiotics, enzymes, etc.

Hypotheses about contagious diseases being due to growth of minute living organisms, without the ability to prove them due to the absence of microscopes.

The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.

The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.

Canning, pasteurization, spoilage, safety standards, and quality testing methods.

Plague or black death, which struck Europe and killed 1/3rd of the population within 4 years.