What are the primary symptoms of a scaphoid fracture?
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Pain and swelling at the base of the thumb and in the anatomical snuffbox.
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What are the primary symptoms of a scaphoid fracture?
Pain and swelling at the base of the thumb and in the anatomical snuffbox.
What are common causes of a supracondylar fracture?
Fall on an outstretched arm, fall directly onto elbow, direct blow to the elbow.
What happens when a fracture occurs across the middle part of the scaphoid?
Nutrients fail to diffuse from the distal part to the proximal part, leading to avascular necrosis.
Which carpal bone is the most frequently fractured?
The scaphoid.
In which populations are clavicle fractures especially common?
Children and athletes.
What anatomical change occurs due to the pull of the deltoid muscle in a humeral fracture?
The proximal fragment of the humerus may be carried laterally, producing a bump on the lateral aspect of the arm.
What ligament is affected during an avulsion of the medial epicondyle?
The ulnar collateral ligament.
What is a common cause of scaphoid fractures?
A fall on the palm when the hand is abducted.
What are common causes of clavicle fractures?
Indirect force from a fall on an outstretched hand or a direct fall on the shoulder.
How can direct trauma to the elbow lead to a proximal radius fracture?
It can push the radius into the capitulum of the humerus.
What causes the shoulder to droop?
The trapezius muscle's action alone is insufficient to hold the weight of the upper limb against gravity.
What are common symptoms of fractures of the radial head?
Pain and swelling at the elbow, particularly swelling on the anterior aspect due to fluid in the synovial cavity.
What may happen to the fractured epicondyle due to the flexor muscles?
It may be pulled further distally.
Where do scaphoid fractures commonly occur?
Across the narrow part of the scaphoid.
What is a common cause of a proximal radius fracture?
Fall on an outstretched hand.
What causes the appearance of 'shortening' of the limb in a humeral fracture?
The upward pull of the long and short head of biceps causes overriding of the fractured ends.
In which age group is avulsion of the medial epicondyle most common?
Children and adolescents below the age of 15.
In a supracondylar fracture, how is the distal fragment of the bone typically displaced?
Almost always displaced posteriorly (extension-type fracture).
What are common presentations of an avulsion of the medial epicondyle?
Tenderness and swelling at the medial aspect of the elbow.
How does head rotation affect the appearance of a clavicular fracture?
Rotating the head to the opposite side makes the shoulder bump more apparent.
What are the presentations of a midshaft humeral fracture?
Severe pain and swelling at the injured site, and the arm appears deformed and shortened.
What type of movement is abduction of the elbow considered?
An abnormal movement, as the elbow joint only allows flexion and extension.
Who is most commonly affected by fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus?
Elderly people with osteoporosis.
What is a potential complication of an avulsion of the medial epicondyle?
Ulnar nerve injury.
Where is the weakest part of the clavicle located?
At the junction between the middle and lateral thirds.
What are common presentations of shoulder and upper humeral pain?
Pain at the shoulder and upper humeral region, restricted range of motion at the GH joint, and a grinding sensation when attempting to move the shoulder.
What artery is at risk of injury in a supracondylar fracture?
Profunda brachii artery.
What percentage of individuals receive their sole blood supply to the scaphoid from a branch of the radial artery?
Approximately 10%.
Where is the surgical neck of the humerus located?
At the proximal part of the body of the humerus, distal to the greater and lesser tubercles.
What anatomical feature accommodates the olecranon during extension?
The olecranon fossa of the humerus.
What physical sign is often observed at the site of a clavicle fracture?
A prominent bump.
What can cause a midshaft fracture of the humerus?
Direct blow or torsion to the arm.
How do patients typically support a drooping shoulder?
By using the other uninjured limb.
What happens to the fat pads in the elbow joint during a radial head fracture?
Tissue fluid and blood may fill the synovial cavity, raising the fat pads on the olecranon and conoid fossae.
Why is the surgical neck of the humerus prone to fractures?
It is the weakest part of the humerus.
Why is the olecranon more prone to fracture when the arm is flexed?
It is more exposed at the posterior aspect of the elbow.
What is a common complication of a supracondylar fracture of the humerus?
Radial nerve injury.
What are the potential complications of a scaphoid fracture?
Avascular necrosis and future osteoarthritis.
What happens to the medial epicondyle during an avulsion fracture?
It is forcefully pulled, causing an avulsion fracture.
What happens during a direct blow to the elbow at 90 degrees of flexion?
It can cause a fracture of the olecranon.
What are the symptoms of an olecranon fracture?
Intense elbow pain, swelling, and inability to extend the forearm.
When is the pain most pronounced in a scaphoid fracture?
During extension and abduction of the wrist.
What happens to the humerus during shoulder droop?
It may be pulled medially by the strong adductors of the arm, resulting in overriding bone fragments.
What is a common complication associated with elbow fractures?
Radial nerve injury.
Where is the scaphoid located?
It is the largest carpal bone in the proximal row and is positioned most laterally on the side of the thumb.
What is a potential complication of an olecranon fracture?
Ulnar nerve injury.
What causes an avulsion of the medial epicondyle?
A fall that causes severe abduction of an extended elbow.
Where does a supracondylar fracture occur in the humerus?
At the thin distal site of the humerus, proximal to the lateral and medial epicondyles.
How does poor healing of a fractured scaphoid affect the wrist joint?
It increases rubbing between the bones, raising the risk of osteoarthritis.
How can a fall when the triceps brachii is contracted lead to an olecranon fracture?
It can cause an avulsion fracture of the olecranon.
What is the most common site of clavicular fracture?
The middle third of the clavicle, proximal to the conoid tubercle.
What are potential complications of shoulder injuries?
Axillary nerve injury and posterior circumflex humeral artery injury.
What anatomical structure is the floor of the anatomical snuffbox?
The scaphoid bone.
What is a common cause of a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus?
A fall on an outstretched arm or elbow.
What is a common cause of an olecranon fracture?
Forced elbow hyperextension.
What is a notable effect of a radial head fracture on elbow movement?
Decreased range of motion at the elbow joint.
What muscle elevates the medial fragment of the clavicle after a fracture?
The sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM).
