What are some other symptoms of endometrial cancer?
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Postcoital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, unusually heavy menstrual bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, haematuria, anaemia, raised platelet count.
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What are some other symptoms of endometrial cancer?
Postcoital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, unusually heavy menstrual bleeding, abnormal vaginal discharge, haematuria, anaemia, raised platelet count.
What is the FIGO staging system used for?
To stage endometrial cancer.
What effect does smoking have on menopause?
Smoking destroys oocytes, resulting in an earlier menopause.
What is the normal endometrial thickness post-menopause as seen in a transvaginal ultrasound?
Less than 4mm.
What stimulates the growth of endometrial cancer cells?
Oestrogen.
How does obesity increase the risk of endometrial cancer?
Adipose tissue is a source of oestrogen, which increases cancer risk.
What is a key symptom indicating potential endometrial cancer?
Postmenopausal bleeding.
What is the role of Tamoxifen in relation to endometrial cancer?
It has an oestrogenic effect on the endometrium, increasing cancer risk.
How does smoking affect oestrogen metabolism?
Oestrogen may be metabolised differently in smokers.
What are the two types of endometrial hyperplasia?
Hyperplasia without atypia and atypical hyperplasia.
What protective factors exist against endometrial cancer?
Combined contraceptive pill, Mirena coil, increased pregnancies, and cigarette smoking.
What are the key risk factors for endometrial cancer?
Obesity and diabetes.
What does unopposed oestrogen refer to?
Oestrogen without progesterone.
What investigations are used to diagnose endometrial cancer?
Transvaginal ultrasound, pipelle biopsy, and hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy.
What is the usual treatment for stage 1 and 2 endometrial cancer?
Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH and BSO).
What treatment options are available for endometrial hyperplasia?
Progestogens via an intrauterine system or continuous oral progestogens.
What is the number one presenting symptom of endometrial cancer?
Postmenopausal bleeding.
What is endometrial cancer?
Cancer of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus.
What additional treatment options may be considered for endometrial cancer?
Radical hysterectomy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and progesterone as hormonal treatment.
What is the referral criteria for a 2-week-wait urgent cancer referral for endometrial cancer?
Postmenopausal bleeding more than 12 months after the last menstrual period.
What percentage of endometrial cancer cases are adenocarcinoma?
Around 80%.
What is endometrial hyperplasia?
A precancerous condition involving thickening of the endometrium.