What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) control?
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Involuntary functions in the body.
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What does the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) control?
Involuntary functions in the body.
What is the role of the CNS in relation to sensory information?
It carries sensory information to the brain from the body.
How does the CNS communicate with muscles?
By delivering commands from the brain to the muscles.
From which nerves does the somatic nervous system originate?
Spinal nerves and cranial nerves.
Which part of the brain is responsible for coordination and balance?
Cerebellum.
What is the primary function of the hippocampus?
Formation of long-term memories.
How many nerve cells (neurons) are in the brain?
86 billion.
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
It processes input from visual, auditory, gustation, and tactile systems.
What is the role of the basal ganglia?
It is involved in voluntary motor movements and connects with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem.
What is the main role of the temporal lobe?
Involved in processing auditory information and memory.
What is the function of the pineal gland?
Regulates sleep-wake cycles by producing melatonin.
What is the function of dendrites?
To receive signals from other neurons.
What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) consist of?
The brain and the spinal cord.
How does the endocrine system respond to stimuli?
It responds to inputs from the nervous system and hypothalamus.
What behaviors are influenced by Norepinephrine (noredrenalin)?
Arousal and vigilance.
What behaviors are influenced by the neurotransmitter Dopamine?
Movement, planning, and reward.
What happens to the action potential after it is generated?
It travels down to the axon terminal to release neurotransmitter molecules.
What are the structures that receive signals in a neuron?
Dendrites.
What role does dopamine play in the brain?
It is involved in reward, motivation, and motor control.
What does the somatic nervous system control?
Commands for voluntary movement.
Which neurotransmitter is associated with vigilance?
Norepinephrine (noredrenalin).
What is the purpose of neuron signaling?
To transmit information throughout the nervous system.
What are the two steps of neuron signaling?
What functions are associated with the parietal lobe?
Processes sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain.
What is the main part of a neuron that contains the nucleus?
Cell body (soma).
What are the parts of a neuron?
Dendrites, Cell body, Axon, Axon terminals.
What is the function of GABA?
It serves as the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex?
The corpus callosum.
What is the outer layer of the brain called?
Cerebral cortex.
What hormones are released by the pituitary gland?
Oxytocin and Human Growth Hormone (HGH).
How many pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?
31 pairs.
What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?
Involved in reasoning, planning, problem-solving, and emotional control.
What is the role of the peripheral nervous system?
To connect the CNS to the limbs and organs.
What type of cells support and protect neurons?
Glial cells.
What are synapses?
The junctions where neurons communicate with each other.
What is the first structure in the pathway from the spinal cord to the brain?
Brainstem.
What behaviors are influenced by Acetylcholine (Ach)?
Movement, memory, and autonomic nervous system function.
What is the primary function of the limbic system?
Regulating emotions and memory.
What is the estimated number of connections formed by neurons in the brain?
Trillions.
What is the function of the hippocampus in the limbic system?
It is crucial for memory formation and spatial navigation.
What is the process of releasing neurotransmitter molecules into the next neuron called?
Synaptic transmission.
What are the endpoints of an axon called?
Axon terminals.
What is the resting potential of a neuron?
The electrical charge difference across the neuron's membrane when it is not transmitting a signal.
What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?
'Rest-and-digest' response.
What makes up the network of nerve fibers in the cerebral cortex?
White matter.
Why is the cerebral cortex wrinkled?
To maximize brain matter.
Which structures are commonly associated with the limbic system?
Amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus.
How many neurons are approximately in the spinal cord?
Around 1 billion.
Where is the action potential generated in a neuron?
In the axon of the first neuron.
What does the central nervous system consist of?
The brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of the axon in a neuron?
To transmit electrical impulses away from the cell body.
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system?
To regulate involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion.
What role does the axon play in a neuron?
It transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body.
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
To coordinate and control body activities.
What protects the Central Nervous System?
Bone, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
What does the brain do with the information it receives?
Processes the information.
What are the '4Fs' regulated by the hypothalamus?
Feeding, fighting, fleeing, and mating.
What is the primary function of Endorphins?
Pain relief.
What is the function of glial cells?
To support and protect neurons.
What is the function of serotonin?
It regulates mood, appetite, and sleep.
What type of matter covers the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex?
Gray matter.
What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
To release hormones.
How does the hippocampus relate to stress?
It is involved in the management of stress.
How does the limbic system influence behavior?
By processing emotions and forming memories.
What functions does Serotonin influence?
Mood, appetite, and sleep.
What is the primary function of the nervous system?
To transmit signals between different parts of the body and coordinate responses.
Which gland is known as the 'master gland' of the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland.
What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?
Neuron.
What is synaptic transmission?
The process by which neurotransmitters are released from one neuron and bind to receptors on another neuron.
What is the primary role of glutamate?
It acts as the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
What type of input does the somatic nervous system bring back to the CNS?
Sensory input.
What does the endocrine system regulate?
Hormones and metabolic processes.
What role does the amygdala play in the brain?
Processing emotion, learning, and memory.
What role does the amygdala play in the limbic system?
It is involved in emotion regulation, particularly fear and pleasure.
What does GABA do in the brain?
Inhibition of brain activity.
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
Sympathetic prepares the body for 'fight or flight', while parasympathetic promotes 'rest and digest'.
What is the function of neurotransmitters?
To transmit signals across synapses between neurons.
What are the functions of adrenaline and noradrenaline?
They are involved in the body's fight-or-flight response.
What is the primary function of Epinephrine (adrenalin)?
Arousal.
What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
Neuron.
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses.
What are the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex?
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital lobes.
What does the occipital lobe primarily handle?
Responsible for visual processing.
What hormones are produced by the adrenal gland?
Adrenaline and cortisol.
What are the main structures of the brain?
Brainstem, Cerebellum, Subcortical structures, Cerebral cortex.
What are the main parts of a neuron?
Cell body, dendrites, and axon.
What is the myelin sheath?
A fatty layer that insulates the axon and speeds up signal transmission.
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?
'Fight-or-flight' response.
What system is involved in emotions and memory?
Limbic system / subcortical structures.
What hormone is released by the pineal gland?
Melatonin.
What hormone is produced by the adrenal gland?
Cortisol.
What is the role of Glutamate in the brain?
Excitation of brain activity.
What are the two main divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.
What are neurons?
The basic building blocks of the nervous system that transmit information.
What is the purpose of myelin sheaths?
To insulate axons and increase the speed of signal transmission.
What are endorphins known for?
They are known for their role in pain relief and pleasure.
What are the main components of brain structures?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
Where is the amygdala located?
In the temporal lobe.
How does the hypothalamus contribute to homeostasis?
By directing the autonomic nervous system, endocrine systems, and hormones.
What are the main components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
The brain and spinal cord.
What are the two main types of cells in the nervous system?
Neurons and glial cells.
What happens during an action potential?
The neuron's membrane potential rapidly changes, allowing the signal to travel along the axon.
What does the hypothalamus regulate within the limbic system?
Homeostasis and the body's response to stress.
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
What neurotransmitter is abbreviated as Ach?
Acetylcholine.
What is the focus of biological psychology?
The study of the biological basis of behavior and mental processes.