PVB

The responsibility to do good

The practice of overriding or restricting an individual's autonomy for their perceived best interest, often by authority figures.

A situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another.

The ethical principle of deciding what’s right based on the outcome

Autonomy is good because it has instrumental value which promotes best interests, intrinsic value of free will which is essential for human flourishing, and it promotes patient respect. Autonomy promotes a person’s subjective best interests, which may not align with best medical interests. Autonomy does not equal handing over all the decision making to the patient. To make an autonomous decision, one must understand information, form values, and make decisions based on said info and values.

The ability of an individual to value their life, which gives them value.

In the context of children's autonomy, it involves ensuring their current well-being and development into autonomous adults, including promoting physical/emotional care, education, socialization, and the development of autonomy.

Capacity to self-govern and to decide about one’s own mind or body without external interference

The state of having no home or permanent place of residence, often resulting in poor health, social exclusion, and increased risk of various health issues.

Equal treatment of equals, holding the notion that all humans should be equally valued.

The ability of an individual to make their own decisions and act on them, free from undue influence or coercion.

The value that constitutes what is best for an individual, which is subjective and not solely based on factual information.

The perspective that children should have the same rights as autonomous adults, and that adults also struggle with decision-making and understanding consequences.

Co-production approaches work with stakeholders using their experiences to identify their healthcare priorities and address healthcare inequalities.

The general right of parents to make choices on behalf of their children, but with the consideration of whether they have a right to decide or a responsibility to do what is best for their child.

Promotes a person’s freedom and choice

A type of wisdom that cannot be communicated or taught, but can be found, lived, and used to do wonders

Decisions made on behalf of a person lacking mental capacity must be made in the individual’s best interests. Issues in identifying best interests include difficulty in articulation and expression of needs, the need for health professionals to have time and training to hear and understand needs, and how to provide individualized care within an institutional setting.

The combination of emotional, physical, and autonomy interests, as well as family wishes, beliefs, and previously held wishes prior to mental disability, that determine what is in the patient's best interest.

The sense of self in relation to moral values and principles, and the integration of these values into one's identity and actions.

The lack of necessary information, which may lead to misunderstanding or uncertainty in decision-making.

Factors that drive individuals to act in accordance with moral values and principles, such as self-interest, rule-based reasoning, moral resources, and moral identity.

Challenges faced by homeless individuals in reaching healthcare facilities due to various barriers such as transportation, lack of resources, and complex administrative processes.

Organizations and tools such as Faculty, StreetLink, Street Support, and 'My right to Healthcare Cards' that provide support and access to healthcare for homeless individuals.

Moral rights imply that there is a duty by the state and society to ensure these rights are protected.

Justice equals equal rights plus equal respect, which means maximizing capacity for autonomous decisions for everyone as well as acting in their welfare and their best interests.

The consideration and acknowledgment of an individual's right to make their own decisions, especially in the context of healthcare and medical treatment.

Abortion is a criminal offence unless: a) Pregnancy > 24 weeks, risks to physical/mental health of woman/children in her family are greater if the pregnancy continued; b) Any stage of pregnancy necessary to prevent grave/permanent injury to mother, continuing pregnancy would be a greater risk to mom's life than termination; Great risk of physical/mental handicap. Downs syndrome accounts for 20% of the abortions performed on the basis of 'serious handicap'. When you terminate a life based on disability, are you saying that their lives are less valuable, reinforcing the prejudices against those with disabilities.

Certain actions are right and wrong, and one needs to follow the rules irrespective of consequences.

An action is ethically right or wrong based on the consequences of the action and the net benefit.

Legislation that enhances the responsibilities of local authorities to evaluate, prevent, and alleviate homelessness, including the requirement for public bodies to refer homeless individuals to housing or homeless services.

Virtue: morally desirable character trait e.g. honesty, compassion. Relationship between autonomy and best interest in children. Value of autonomy has both instrumental (promotes best interests) and intrinsic (essential aspect of individuals flourishing as humans) values. Autonomous choice involves understanding relevant info, forming values, and making decisions based on values of info provided. Not everyone can make autonomous choices, such as infants. Young children might be able to make autonomous decisions about simple activities, but not complex choices.

External social structures such as community and interpersonal relationships can encourage or undermine autonomous decision making. For example, why we need feminism.

The concept that some people have greater needs to achieve the same outcomes, and aims to provide resources or support based on individual needs. However, it may not suffice to address structural barriers.

Health inequalities represent a lack of justice, as they indicate unequal treatment and value for individuals. Amartya Sen argues that justice requires ensuring equal capability to flourish in life for all individuals, including access to food, shelter, and decent healthcare.

Autonomy refers to the right of an individual to make their own decisions without external influence or coercion, allowing for authentic decision-making.

The ability for individuals to register with a general practitioner (GP) even without a fixed address.

The act of withholding information from the patient based on the assumption that they do not want to know, which may lead to mistrust.

The right of individuals to make their own decisions and act on them, free from coercion or undue influence from others.

This principle focuses on the obligation to act in the best interest of the patient, aiming to maximize their well-being.

This principle dictates that healthcare professionals should do no harm to the patient. It raises questions about the potential risks and harms associated with the proposed treatment.

The course of action or decision that is most advantageous for the overall well-being and welfare of an individual, especially in the case of children who lack autonomy.

The potential conflicts that may arise between respecting an individual's autonomy and acting in their best interest, particularly in healthcare decision-making.

The act of assuming that individuals with disabilities lack decision-making capacity, leading to the infringement of their autonomy.

An organization that provides an informed estimate of the number of people sleeping rough, funded by the department for levelling up, housing, and communities.

An ethical framework based on intrinsic traits that lead to moral excellence, such as wisdom, empathy, integrity, justice, kindness, compassion, and honesty

The ability to understand information and form values, which is not necessarily impeded by mental disability. The capability to make an autonomous choice depends on the decision being made.

Discussing the principles of involving vulnerable people in research and treatment (non-therapeutic)

The privilege of certain groups in having their knowledge seen as more credible or worthy, while knowledge from minority backgrounds is less likely to be considered credible. This can lead to disparities in healthcare and outcomes.

Rights can be thought of as moral entitlements.

Negative rights refer to what someone cannot do to you, such as killing or stealing from you.

Patients may remain silent due to a power imbalance between doctors and patients, feeling pressured to agree with the doctor, or being unwell and vulnerable.

Can come about as emotional distress or “moral injury” about clinical actions.

The patient’s autonomy should not be limited, and another clinician should be asked to perform the treatment if the doctor opts out under certain circumstances.

Paternalism is the overriding or undermining of a patient's autonomy based on the healthcare professional's view of the patient's best interests, which may involve presenting only one side of the argument, withholding information, coercion, or lying.

This ethical dilemma involves balancing parental autonomy and decision-making authority with the obligation to protect the welfare of the child. Enya’s mother’s wishes, Enya’s autonomy, and the potential impact on Zeno’s well-being all play a role in this consideration.

A special form of moral claim that individuals deserve, protecting vulnerable individuals or those who lack power/advocacy.

Dependence on urgent medical care due to obstacles and social stigma in accessing regular healthcare services.

The fundamental beliefs and principles that guide a person's behavior and decision-making in ethical situations.

According to Ronald Dworkin, autonomous individuals have an understanding of how their lives should unfold and end. Respect for previously stated wishes is important when the patient had autonomy, even if the patient loses autonomy (aka Advance decisions).

Individuals who sleep in public places or outdoors, rather than in a permanent home or shelter.

Approach that involves understanding, recognizing, and responding to the effects of all types of trauma.

Respecting autonomy leads to better advice, decision making, mutual understanding, trust, and adherence to the plan.

Positive rights refer to what others must provide for you, such as education and healthcare.

This principle emphasizes the right of individuals to make decisions about their own lives, especially in matters concerning their health.

The right course of action is the action that a 'virtuous individual' would take. A virtue is a character trait a human needs to flourish and live well. The best life of a human is one which consists of exercise of virtues.

Just because something is morally permissible does not mean that the action is inherently good. For example, abortion is permissible morally but that doesn't mean it is a morally good action or that the foetus has no moral value or the mother has no obligation to the foetus.

The ethical responsibility of healthcare professionals to act in accordance with their moral and professional values while providing care to patients.

The question of whether Zeno, as Enya’s half-brother, has a moral duty to help her by donating bone marrow raises issues related to familial obligations and the limits of individual autonomy.

The use of language that diminishes the worth of individuals with disabilities and contributes to negative societal perceptions.

A governmental initiative that allocates support to areas with the highest numbers of rough sleepers, aiming to address the issue of rough sleeping.

The process through which individuals or groups are marginalized or isolated from social, economic, and political opportunities and resources.

Describing and demonstrating principles of effective communication with patients of all backgrounds and adaptations to maximize inclusion

Oximeter readings can overestimate oxygen levels in patients with darker skin pigmentation, leading to measurement errors and potential disparities in healthcare outcomes.

The right of the patient to make their own decisions about their healthcare, including the ability to request information.

An approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of health issues and social determinants, emphasizing the need for comprehensive support beyond traditional healthcare services.

The distinction between a competent patient's right to refuse any necessary treatment and the limitations on their ability to request certain treatments.

The inner sense of right and wrong about one's own clinical actions, shaped by personal core values, beliefs, and experiences.

The distinction between a patient's refusal of treatment and a patient's request for a specific treatment, which has ethical implications for healthcare professionals.

The 'conscience' grounds to opt out should be based on a moral conflict (such as abortion) not a discriminatory one (such as race, sex, religion).

Medical treatment involving the use of blood or blood components to support a patient's health, often necessary in cases of severe illness or injury.

Disparities in health status and healthcare access experienced by individuals who are homeless, resulting in inferior health results.

To make an autonomous decision, one must understand information, form values, and make decisions based on said info and values. Doctors need to give patients time, information well explained, no judgement, and no pressure so that patients feel comfortable expressing what they really want.

The state of being diseased or unhealthy within a population, often used to describe the prevalence of illness or disease.

A theory that describes the development of moral reasoning and ethical behavior in individuals, progressing through stages of moral development from childhood to adulthood.

Patients trust their doctors to make the right decisions, but they still want to understand the proposed treatment and reasons behind it. Truthful communication builds trust and comfort with doctors making decisions.

Guidelines including engaging with rough sleepers, supporting the workforce, prioritizing relationships, tailoring local responses, and utilizing commissioning power.

The fundamental needs and requirements for a person's growth and development, such as health, education, and safety.

Autonomy is only restricted in situations where individuals can be harmful to others, warranting 'sufficient harm' to restrict autonomy.

This principle relates to fairness and equity in the distribution of resources and treatment. It raises questions about the allocation of resources for Enya’s care, as well as the potential impact on her family and her half-brother, Zeno.

A medical procedure in which a person's own stem cells are collected and then given back to them after intensive treatment.

The act of intentionally ending one's own life, often due to extreme emotional or psychological distress.

The condition of lacking suitable and secure accommodation, which includes both rough sleepers and individuals without stable housing.

The ability to recover from setbacks, adapt to change, and maintain a positive attitude and behavior in the face of challenges.

Decisions made by doctors based on medical considerations, which may not always align with the overall best interests of the patient.

The state of not being able to predict life expectancy or treatment outcomes, leading to challenges in decision-making.

Negative attitudes and discrimination experienced by homeless individuals from healthcare workers, often stemming from past negative experiences and lack of understanding.

The ability for an individual to make decisions for themselves based on their own values and beliefs.

To encourage patients to speak freely, healthcare professionals should give space and time to speak, reflect on unconscious bias, and offer an ally or advocate such as an interpreter, chaperone, nurse, relative, or second opinions.

The practice of overriding a person's actions or decisions for their own good, even if it goes against their wishes or autonomy.

Choices or actions that may have negative consequences for an individual's well-being or future, especially in the context of reaching autonomous adulthood.

The various methods and principles used to analyze and make ethical decisions in healthcare, such as utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics.

Obstacles or challenges that prevent individuals from obtaining necessary medical care.

The act of sleeping, about to bed down, or actually bedded down in the open air, as well as in buildings or other non-habitable places.