What is the inguinal ligament a thickened margin of?
The external oblique aponeurosis.
p.13
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
Where does the hamstring part of the adductor attach?
To the adductor tubercle.
p.11
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What is a complex action of the adductors of the thigh?
They act as flexors of the hip joint during flexion of the knee joint.
p.22
FEMORAL ARTERY and femoral vein
Which vessels occupy the femoral sheath?
The femoral artery and vein.
p.11
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What are the five muscles of the medial thigh collectively known as?
The adductors of the thigh.
What is the femoral ring?
The proximal end (abdominal opening) of the femoral canal.
What is found posteriorly to the femoral canal?
The superior ramus of the pubis covered by the pectineus muscle and its fascia.
What happens to the names of the vessels as they enter the femoral triangle?
They change from external iliac to femoral.
What are the three vastus muscles associated with?
They are difficult to isolate in function.
What forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?
The lateral border of the adductor longus.
What muscles comprise the adductor group of the medial thigh?
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, and obturator externus.
p.8
Anterior Thigh Muscles
How does the patella enhance the function of the quadriceps?
By providing additional leverage and placing the tendon farther from the joint’s axis.
p.9
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the suprapatellar bursa?
A potential space extending between the quadriceps and the femur.
p.34
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What does the patellar tendon reflex test?
The integrity of the femoral nerve and the L2–L4 spinal cord segments.
p.5
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Why are the terms insertion and origin not used in this context?
Because they change with function.
p.6
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Where is the pectineus muscle located?
In the anterior part of the superomedial aspect of the thigh.
Why does the femoral sheath not enclose the femoral nerve?
Because the femoral nerve passes through the muscular compartment.
p.6
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What are the actions of the pectineus muscle?
It adducts and flexes the thigh and assists in medial rotation of the thigh.
What structures pierce the medial wall of a long femoral sheath?
The great saphenous vein and lymphatic vessels.
p.6
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the iliopsoas muscle known for?
It is the chief flexor of the thigh and the most powerful of the hip flexors.
p.28
Surface Anatomy of Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh 1636
How can the rectus femoris be observed?
As a ridge passing down the thigh when the lower limb is raised from the floor while sitting.
p.9
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What dual function does the rectus femoris serve?
It flexes the thigh at the hip joint and extends the leg at the knee joint.
p.5
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the significance of the sartorius muscle's actions?
They produce the cross-legged sitting position used by tailors.
Why are the pulsations of the femoral artery palpable within the femoral triangle?
Because of its relatively superficial position deep to the fascia lata.
What is the femoral canal?
The smallest compartment of the femoral sheath, conical and approximately 1.25 cm long.
p.7
Anterior Thigh Muscles
How does the strength of the quadriceps compare to the hamstrings?
The quadriceps may be three times stronger than the hamstrings.
When does the femoral triangle appear as a triangular depression?
When the thigh is flexed, abducted, and laterally rotated.
What divides the retro-inguinal space into two compartments?
The iliopectineal arch, a thickening of the iliopsoas fascia.
What is the gracilis muscle known for?
It is the most medial and superficial muscle of the adductor group and the weakest member.
Which joints does the gracilis muscle cross?
Both the knee joint and the hip joint.
p.33
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
When does the patella typically ossify?
During the 3rd to 6th years.
p.8
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the patellar ligament?
The continuation of the quadriceps tendon that attaches to the tibial tuberosity.
How are the gracilis, sartorius, and semitendinosus muscles innervated?
By three different nerves.
Where do the femoral nerve and vessels enter and exit in the femoral triangle?
They enter at the base superiorly and exit from the apex inferiorly.
p.3
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What modifications in the femur are necessary for bipedal walking?
Bending of the bone, creating the angle of inclination and the trochanters.
p.29
FEMORAL ARTERY and femoral vein
What does the proximal two-thirds of a line from the inguinal ligament to the adductor tubercle represent?
The course of the femoral artery.
What happens if there is damage to the spinal cord segments supplying certain muscles?
It results in paralysis of the muscles concerned.
Where is the apex of the femoral triangle located?
At the intersection of the medial border of the sartorius and the lateral border of the adductor longus.
p.31
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What ligament arches over the proximal part of the psoas major?
The medial arcuate ligament of the diaphragm.
p.28
Surface Anatomy of Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh 1636
What are the prominent muscles observed in fairly muscular individuals in the anterior thigh?
Quadriceps and sartorius.
What is the obturator externus?
A flat, relatively small, fan-shaped muscle located in the superomedial part of the thigh.
p.25
FEMORAL ARTERY and femoral vein
What is the femoral artery a continuation of?
The external iliac artery distal to the inguinal ligament.
Where can the femoral pulse be palpated?
Just inferior to the midinguinal point.
p.7
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the quadriceps femoris?
The main bulk of the anterior thigh muscles, consisting of four parts.
p.9
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What joints does the rectus femoris cross?
The hip joint and the knee joint.
p.5
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What role does the psoas major play in posture?
It helps control the deviation of the trunk and is active during standing.
p.32
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What happens to the proximal and distal fragments in a transverse patellar fracture?
The proximal fragment is pulled superiorly by the quadriceps tendon, while the distal fragment remains with the patellar ligament.
Which muscles are included in the adductor group?
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus.
How do the tendons of foot flexors contribute during the stance phase?
They help support the arches of the foot, assisting the intrinsic muscles of the sole.
p.5
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Why is the tensor fasciae latae studied with the anterior thigh muscles?
For convenience when the cadaver is supine.
p.30
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What is a 'hip pointer'?
A contusion of the iliac crest, usually at its anterior part.
What structures does the adductor hiatus transmit?
The femoral artery and vein from the adductor canal to the popliteal fossa.
What is the significance of the femoral triangle in anatomy?
It is useful in dissection and understanding relationships in the groin.
What does the retro-inguinal space contain?
Compartments and structures traversing them to enter the femoral triangle.
Where do afferent impulses from the muscle spindles travel?
In the femoral nerve to the L2–L4 segments of the spinal cord.
p.33
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
What can cause a bipartite or tripartite patella?
Multiple ossification centers that may remain separate.
p.14
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What is the pes anserinus?
A structure formed by converging tendons of certain muscles.
p.8
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the function of the medial and lateral patellar retinacula?
To reinforce the joint capsule of the knee joint and keep the patella aligned.
What is the function of the adductor canal?
It serves as an intermuscular passageway for the major neurovascular bundle of the thigh.
p.14
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What actions does the gracilis perform?
Adducts the thigh, flexes the knee, and rotates the leg medially when the knee is flexed.
p.6
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What is the role of physical therapy after immobilization of the thigh or leg?
To restore strength, tone, and symmetry with the opposite limb.
p.33
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
What indicates that defects are likely ossification abnormalities?
If the defects are bilateral.
What is the role of the articularis genu in relation to the knee joint?
It prevents compression of the synovial membrane between the femur and patella.
What happens to the unsupported side of the hip during the swing phase?
It tends to drop, which is countered by the abductor muscles on the supported side.
What structures form the roof of the femoral triangle?
Fascia lata, cribriform fascia, subcutaneous tissue, and skin.
p.7
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What are the primary actions of the sartorius muscle?
Flexes the hip joint, participates in knee flexion, weakly abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh.
p.9
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Why is the rectus femoris named so?
Because it runs straight down the thigh (L. rectus, straight).
What happens if there is damage to the listed spinal cord segments or motor nerve roots?
It results in paralysis of the muscles concerned.
p.2
Anterior Thigh Muscles
How does walking uphill affect hip extension?
Hip extensors become increasingly active with an increase in slope.
What is the function of the femoral sheath during hip joint movements?
It allows the femoral artery and vein to glide deep to the inguinal ligament.
p.6
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What are the two parts of the iliopsoas muscle?
The iliacus and the psoas major.
p.28
Surface Anatomy of Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh 1636
What forms the large bulges at the knee?
Vastus lateralis and vastus medialis.
What veins does the femoral vein receive in the inferior part of the femoral triangle?
The profunda femoris vein, the great saphenous vein, and other tributaries.
What is the location of the central point of the saphenous opening?
3.75 cm inferior and 3.75 cm lateral to the pubic tubercle.
What activities do the adductor muscles assist with?
Stabilizing stance, correcting lateral sway, kicking in soccer, and swimming.
What is the significance of the femoral triangle in anatomy?
It contains important structures and serves as a landmark for clinical procedures.
What is the femoral triangle?
A subfascial formation that serves as a triangular landmark in the groin.
What forms the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
It is bounded by specific anatomical structures (not detailed in the text).
p.13
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What is the distal attachment of the adductor part of the thigh?
Along the entire length of the linea aspera of the femur and extending onto the medial supracondylar ridge.
p.8
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the primary function of the quadriceps during the swing phase of walking?
To absorb the jarring shock of heel strike.
What structures pass through the muscular compartment of the retro-inguinal space?
The iliopsoas muscle and femoral nerve.
What is located medial to the iliopectineal arch?
The vascular compartment of the retro-inguinal space.
p.33
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
What is the state of the patella at birth?
The patella is cartilaginous.
What is found anteriorly to the femoral canal?
The medial part of the inguinal ligament.
p.8
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the quadriceps tendon?
A single, strong, broad tendon formed by the union of the four parts of the quadriceps.
p.34
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
How is the patellar tendon reflex elicited?
By tapping the patellar ligament with a reflex hammer.
p.24
FEMORAL ARTERY and femoral vein
Where can details about the arteries of the thigh be found?
In Figure 7.30 and described in Table 7.5.
What results from efferent impulses transmitted via motor fibers in the femoral nerve?
A jerk-like contraction of the quadriceps and extension of the leg at the knee joint.
p.34
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What position should a person be in to test the patellar tendon reflex?
Sitting with legs dangling.
p.24
FEMORAL ARTERY and femoral vein
What does Figure 7.30 illustrate?
The arteries of the anterior and medial thigh.
p.29
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
How is real limb shortening detected?
By comparing measurements from the ASIS to the distal tip of the medial malleolus on both sides.
p.7
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What effect do incorrectly performed sit-ups have on lumbar lordosis?
They decrease the lumbar lordosis (curvature) of the vertebral column.
What structures are located at the apex of the femoral triangle?
The femoral artery, femoral vein, and two nerves.
p.2
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Which muscles contract eccentrically at the end of the swing phase?
Extensors of the hip and flexors of the knee.
Where do the medial thigh muscles generally attach proximally?
To the antero-inferior external surface of the bony pelvis and adjacent obturator membrane.
p.7
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the role of the iliopsoas during walking downhill?
It resists acceleration through eccentric contraction.
p.35
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
Why can the gracilis muscle be removed without noticeable loss of function?
Because it is a relatively weak member of the adductor group of muscles.
p.34
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What should be felt in the quadriceps if the reflex is normal?
The muscle should contract.
p.33
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
What should be examined to confirm ossification abnormalities?
Diagnostic images from both sides.
p.29
FEMORAL ARTERY and femoral vein
Where does the profunda femoris artery arise from?
Approximately 3.75 cm distal to the inguinal ligament from the femoral artery.
What is the origin of the femoral nerve?
It originates in the abdomen within the psoas major.
p.32
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What activities can lead to chondromalacia patellae?
Marathon running and sports like basketball.
p.14
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
How does the pes anserinus contribute to knee stability?
It adds stability to the medial aspect of the extended knee.
What is demonstrated in the dissection of the superior end of the anterior aspect of the right thigh?
The distal continuation of the structures cut in the retro-inguinal space.
What are the compartments within the femoral sheath?
They include various structures that traverse the retro-inguinal space.
What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
Bound by the inguinal ligament superiorly, the adductor longus medially, and the sartorius laterally.
p.2
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What role does knee extension play during the swing phase of walking?
It helps realize anterior swing fully and positions the foot for heel strike.
p.33
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
How might a bipartite or tripartite patella be misinterpreted?
As a patellar fracture on radiographs or CT.
What does 'L1, L2, L3' indicate in spinal cord segmental innervation?
It indicates that the nerves supplying the quadriceps femoris are derived from the first three lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
p.31
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Where does the psoas major muscle arise from?
From the intervertebral discs, the sides of the T12–L5 vertebrae, and their transverse processes.
p.2
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the function of the quadriceps during walking?
To extend the leg for the desired length of stride and position the foot for heel strike.
p.8
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What does the inferiorly directed apex of the patella indicate?
The level of the joint plane of the knee when the leg is extended.
p.2
Anterior Thigh Muscles
How do knee extensors contribute during heel strike?
They absorb shock and prevent the knee from buckling until full extension is reached.
What muscles form the muscular floor of the femoral triangle?
Iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially.
Which lumbar plexus branch is the largest?
The femoral nerve (L2–L4).
p.14
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
Which muscles act similarly to the pes anserinus on the lateral side of the knee?
Gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae via the iliotibial tract.
What does 'L1, L2, L3' indicate in terms of spinal cord segmental innervation?
The nerves supplying the psoas major are derived from the first three lumbar segments.
p.2
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the primary function of the hip extensors during level walking?
They make only minor contributions, with the hip being passively extended by momentum.
What is the retro-inguinal space?
An important passageway connecting the trunk/abdominopelvic cavity to the lower limb, created by the inguinal ligament.
p.31
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What is a common sign of abdominal pathology in radiographs?
An obscured psoas shadow.
p.3
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What muscles are included in the anterior thigh compartment?
Pectineus, iliopsoas, sartorius, and quadriceps femoris.
What is the femoral sheath?
A funnel-shaped fascial tube that passes deep to the inguinal ligament.
p.6
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What unique position does the iliopsoas muscle have?
It is the only muscle attached to the vertebral column, pelvis, and femur.
Where does the profunda femoris vein enter the femoral vein?
Approximately 8 cm inferior to the inguinal ligament.
p.31
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What can weakness of the vastus medialis or vastus lateralis lead to?
Abnormal patellar movement and loss of joint stability.
What does the femoral canal contain?
Loose connective tissue, fat, a few lymphatic vessels, and sometimes a deep inguinal lymph node.
p.30
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What causes contusions in the hip region?
Bleeding from ruptured capillaries and infiltration of blood into soft tissues.
What forms the femoral ring?
The oval proximal opening at the abdominal end of the femoral canal.
What happens if there is a reduction in the function of the adductor muscles?
A reduction of up to 70% will result in only a slight to moderate impairment of hip function.
What is the function of the articularis genu muscle?
It pulls the synovial membrane superiorly during leg extension, preventing folds from being compressed.
What tendon can be palpated deep in the depressed area of the thigh?
The large tendon of the adductor magnus.
p.3
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What evolutionary development is associated with the prominent gluteal region in humans?
The assumption of bipedalism and an erect posture.
What may cause diminution or absence of the patellar tendon reflex?
Any lesion that interrupts the innervation of the quadriceps, such as peripheral nerve disease.
p.24
FEMORAL ARTERY and femoral vein
What is described in Table 7.5?
The arteries of the anterior and medial thigh.
What forms the floor of the femoral triangle?
Muscles, including the iliopsoas and pectineus.
p.3
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
How are the thigh muscles organized?
Into three compartments: anterior (extensor), medial (adductor), and posterior (flexor).
Where do the medial thigh muscles attach distally?
To the linea aspera of the femur.
p.35
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What is often done with the gracilis muscle in surgical procedures?
It is transplanted with its nerve and blood vessels to replace a damaged muscle in the hand.
What is the position of the femoral vein in relation to the femoral artery at the base of the femoral triangle?
Medial to the femoral artery.
p.7
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Where does the sartorius muscle pass in the thigh?
From lateral to medial across the supero-anterior part of the thigh.
p.35
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What function does the transplanted gracilis muscle soon produce?
Good digital flexion and extension.
p.31
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
How can a psoas abscess be mistaken during examination?
It may be mistaken for an indirect inguinal hernia, femoral hernia, enlarged inguinal lymph nodes, or a saphenous varix.
p.3
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the largest compartment of the thigh?
The anterior compartment.
What is the main action of the adductor muscle group?
To pull the thigh medially, toward or past the median plane.
What structures are located laterally and medially to the femoral artery in the femoral triangle?
The femoral nerve laterally and the femoral vein medially.
How many compartments does the femoral sheath have?
Three compartments: lateral for the femoral artery, intermediate for the femoral vein, and medial for the femoral canal.
p.31
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What happens to a person with paralyzed quadriceps muscles?
They cannot extend the leg against resistance and may walk with a forward lean.
p.9
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the rectus femoris's role during walking?
It acts as a hip flexor during the preswing and initial swing phases.
What lymphatic structures are associated with the femoral triangle?
Deep inguinal lymph nodes and associated lymphatic vessels.
Which muscles form the floor of the femoral triangle?
The iliopsoas and pectineus muscles.
What does the femoral sheath enclose?
Proximal parts of the femoral vessels.
p.30
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
In which sports are hip pointers commonly seen?
Collision sports such as football, ice hockey, and volleyball.
What structures does the adductor canal provide passage for?
The femoral artery and vein, the saphenous nerve, and the nerve to vastus medialis.
p.9
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Where is the vastus lateralis located?
On the lateral side of the thigh.
p.12
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What is the position of the adductor brevis in relation to the pectineus and adductor longus?
It lies deep to both the pectineus and adductor longus.
p.9
Anterior Thigh Muscles
How is the quadriceps tested?
By having the person in a supine position with the knee partly flexed, extending the knee against resistance.
What forms the femoral sheath?
An inferior prolongation of transversalis and iliopsoas fascia from the abdomen.
p.32
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What can cause chondromalacia patellae besides overuse?
A blow to the patella or extreme flexion of the knee.
p.9
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What indicates that the rectus femoris is acting normally during testing?
Observable and palpable contraction of the muscle.
p.31
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What symptoms may indicate a psoas abscess?
Severe pain referred to the hip, thigh, or knee joint, and edema in the proximal part of the thigh.
Which nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?
The tibial portion of the sciatic nerve.
Where does the obturator externus extend from and to?
From the external surface of the obturator membrane and surrounding bone of the pelvis to the posterior aspect of the greater trochanter.
p.32
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What type of fracture may occur due to a blow to the knee or sudden quadriceps contraction?
Transverse patellar fractures.
What is the relationship of the femoral nerve to the femoral pulse?
The femoral nerve is a finger’s breadth lateral to the femoral pulse.
p.7
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What are the four parts of the quadriceps femoris?
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis.
What bony prominences does the inguinal ligament span between?
The ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) and the pubic tubercle.
What vessels pass deep to the adductor longus?
The profunda femoris artery and vein.
p.6
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What movement does concentric contraction of the iliopsoas typically produce?
Flexion at the hip to lift the limb and initiate its forward swing during walking.
What is the adductor hiatus?
An opening between the aponeurotic distal attachment of the adductor part of the adductor magnus and the tendinous distal attachment of the hamstring part.
p.25
FEMORAL ARTERY and femoral vein
What arteries arise from the anterior aspect of the proximal part of the femoral artery?
The superficial epigastric artery, superficial and deep circumflex iliac arteries, and superficial and deep external pudendal arteries.
How is the function of the medial thigh muscles tested?
By having the person adduct the thigh against resistance while lying supine with the knee straight.
What muscles bound the adductor canal posteriorly?
The adductors longus and magnus.
p.12
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What distinguishes the adductor magnus from other adductor muscles?
It is the largest, most powerful, and most posterior muscle in the adductor group.
p.1
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
What happens during the double support phase?
Both feet are in contact with the ground as weight is transferred.
p.31
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What condition may result in the formation of a psoas abscess?
A retroperitoneal pyogenic infection associated with tuberculosis of the vertebral column or Crohn disease.
Where does the femoral nerve enter the femoral triangle?
Lateral to the femoral vessels.
What is the function of the inguinal ligament?
It serves as a flexor retinaculum, retaining structures that pass anterior to the hip joint during thigh flexion.
What does the femoral nerve provide to the anterior thigh?
Several branches to the anterior thigh muscles.
Where does the femoral artery enter the femoral triangle?
Deep to the inguinal ligament, midway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis.
p.22
FEMORAL ARTERY and femoral vein
What areas does the femoral vessels supply?
The skin and fascia on the anteromedial aspects of the knee, leg, and foot.
What is the role of invertors and evertors of the foot during the stance phase?
They act as principal stabilizers of the foot.
What vein enters the thigh posterior to the medial femoral?
The great saphenous vein.
p.7
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the primary function of the quadriceps?
It is the great extensor of the leg.
p.3
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What are the main actions of the anterior thigh muscles?
Flexors of the hip and extensors of the knee.
p.9
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What is the rectus femoris particularly efficient at?
Combining knee extension and hip flexion from a position of hip hyperextension and knee flexion.
p.9
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What are the three vastus muscles?
Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius.
What is the adductor hiatus?
A gap between the aponeurotic adductor and the tendinous hamstrings attachments of the adductor magnus.
p.9
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Where is the vastus intermedius found?
Deep to the rectus femoris, between the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis.
p.1
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
What are the two main energy expenditures during walking?
Eccentric contraction of dorsiflexors during loading response and concentric contraction of plantarflexors during terminal stance.
p.31
Anterior Thigh Muscles
What compensatory action do individuals with quadriceps paralysis take while walking?
They press on the distal end of the thigh with their hand as the heel contacts the ground.
What allows the femoral vein to expand?
The femoral canal allows expansion during increased venous return or intra-abdominal pressure.
p.6
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What can happen if the iliopsoas muscle is malformed or dysfunctional?
It can contribute to deformity and disability.
p.12
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What is the attachment point of the adductor longus muscle?
Linea aspera of the femur.
p.9
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Where is the vastus medialis located?
On the medial side of the thigh.
What fascia spans between the adductor longus and vastus medialis in the adductor canal?
The subsartorial or vastoadductor fascia.
What common mistake do novices make when dissecting in the area of the adductor canal?
Assuming the femoral vessels passing deep to the fascia are traversing the adductor hiatus.
p.1
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
What movements occur during the initial swing phase?
Knee flexion and dorsiflexion at the ankle joint.
p.12
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
Where does the adductor longus muscle arise from?
The anterior aspect of the body of the pubis, just inferior to the pubic tubercle.
Where does the femoral sheath terminate?
By blending with the adventitia of the femoral vessels.
Where is the femoral nerve located in relation to the femoral sheath?
External and lateral to the femoral sheath.
p.30
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What muscle fibers are commonly torn in a charley horse?
Fibers of the rectus femoris.
p.1
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
How does running differ from walking in terms of support phases?
There is no period of double support in running.
p.26
FEMORAL ARTERY and femoral vein
What is the role of the medial circumflex femoral artery?
It supplies most of the blood to the head and neck of the femur.
Where does the femoral vein end?
Posterior to the inguinal ligament, where it becomes the external iliac vein.
p.30
CLINICAL BOX of ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL REGIONS OF THIGH
What does the term 'charley horse' refer to?
Cramping of a thigh muscle due to ischemia or contusion leading to hematoma.
p.12
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What unique anatomical feature helps identify the adductor brevis during dissection?
The obturator nerve splits into anterior and posterior divisions around it.
p.12
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What are the two parts of the adductor magnus?
Adductor part and hamstring part.
p.1
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
What role do the toes play during push off?
They flex to grip the ground and augment the push off.
p.1
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
What is the purpose of dorsiflexion during the swing phase?
To lift the forefoot up and shorten the free limb to clear the ground.
Where does the profunda femoris artery arise from?
The lateral or posterior side of the femoral artery in the femoral triangle.
p.1
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
What marks the beginning and end of the swing phase in walking?
Begins after push off when the toes leave the ground and ends when the heel strikes the ground.
p.1
TABLE 7.3.I. and TABLE 7.3.II.
Why is the stance phase longer than the swing phase?
It includes periods of double support and a longer period of single support.
p.26
FEMORAL ARTERY and femoral vein
What is the profunda femoris artery?
The largest branch of the femoral artery and the chief artery to the thigh.
What is the adductor canal?
A passage in the medial part of the middle third of the thigh that contains neurovascular structures.
p.26
TABLE 7.4. MUSCLES OF MEDIAL THIGH: ADDUCTORS OF THIGH
What do the perforating arteries supply?
Muscles of all three fascial compartments: adductor magnus, hamstrings, and vastus lateralis.
What is the femoral vein a continuation of?
The popliteal vein proximal to the adductor hiatus.
What does the obturator artery supply?
The adductor muscles via anterior and posterior branches.
