What is the largest joint in the body?
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The knee joint.
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What is the largest joint in the body?
The knee joint.
What is the primary function of the ACL?
To restrain anterior tibial displacement.
What are the impacts to the knee joint if you stand and land with the position shown on the left picture?
Standing and landing with the position shown on the left picture can lead to misalignment of the knee joint, increased stress on the ligaments, potential for knee pain, and a higher risk of injury.
What is the topic of the presentation?
Knee Joints and Bony Landmarks
Which part of the knee joint is labeled as 'Anterior Knee' in the image?
The front part of the knee joint.
What is the secondary role of the MCL when the cruciate ligaments are torn?
It acts as a secondary stabilizer to anterior and posterior tibial translation.
What forms cushions between the bones in the knee joint?
Menisci.
Where does the Vastus Lateralis muscle insert?
Base and lateral edge of Patella and Tibial tuberosity through Quadriceps tendon.
Where is the infrapatellar fat pad located?
Just posterior to the patellar tendon.
What analysis should you be able to perform after completing the lesson?
Analyze the muscles involved in some simple exercise training drills.
What do the enlarged femoral condyles articulate with?
Enlarged tibial condyles.
What is the primary function of the Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)?
To maintain medial stability by resisting valgus forces or preventing the knee from being abducted.
What actions does the semimembranosus muscle perform at the knee?
Flexion.
How is the knee joint (tibiofemoral joint) classified?
As a ginglymus joint (hinge joint).
What provides static stability to the knee joint?
Ligaments.
What is the primary function of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)?
To resist excessive posterior translation of the tibia.
Are all bursae in the knee connected to the synovial cavity?
No, only some are connected to the synovial cavity.
What should you be able to differentiate regarding the knee, ankle, and foot joints?
The movements, moving mechanisms, functions, and the corresponding contributions from knee and ankle joint muscles.
What forms the cavity for the femoral condyles?
Medial and lateral tibial condyles (medial and lateral tibial plateaus).
What surfaces provide cushioning in the knee joint?
Articular cartilage surfaces on the femur and tibia.
What type of bone is the patella?
The patella is a sesamoid (floating) bone.
What function does the patella serve in knee extension?
The patella serves similar to a pulley in improving the angle of pull, resulting in greater mechanical advantage in knee extension.
What is the function of the synovial cavity in the knee joint?
It supplies the knee with synovial fluid.
What is the origin of the Vastus Medialis?
Medial lip of Linea aspera and Intertrochanteric line.
What is the primary action of the Vastus Lateralis muscle?
Knee extension.
What is the plica in the knee joint?
A shelf-like membrane between the synovium of the patella and the tibiofemoral joint.
What nerve supplies the semitendinosus muscle?
Sciatic nerve (Tibial division L5 - S2)
What is the Q-angle in relation to the knee joint?
The Q-angle is a measure of the angle between the quadriceps muscles and the patella tendon.
What movements occur in the knee joint during flexion?
Internal and external rotation.
Where does the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) originate?
From the anterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle within the notch.
What produces dynamic stability in the knee joint?
Quadriceps and hamstrings contractions.
What is the origin of the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL)?
Lateral epicondyle of the femur.
Is the fibula considered a part of the knee joint?
No, the fibula is not part of the knee joint.
What is considered an abnormal Q angle?
An abnormal Q angle is one that deviates significantly from the normal range, potentially leading to knee problems.
What is the patella tendon an extension of?
The patella tendon is an extension of the quadriceps tendons.
What is the secondary function of the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL) when the cruciate ligaments are torn?
Secondary stabiliser to anterior and posterior tibial translation.
What is the normal position of the ACL during knee extension?
The ACL is in a relaxed state, maintaining knee stability.
What happens to the knee joint in full extension?
There is close congruency of articular surfaces and no appreciable rotation of the knee.
What is the degree of external rotation that occurs with the knee flexed 30 degrees or more?
45 degrees.
What type of joint is the knee primarily considered?
Primarily a hinge joint.
What are the main anatomical regions of the knee joint shown in the image?
Anterior Knee, Anteromedial Knee, Posterior Knee, Tibial Plateau.
How many bursae are there in and around the knee?
More than 10.
What is the function of bursae in the knee?
They absorb shock or prevent friction.
Where does the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL) insert?
Fibula head.
What are the three knee joint positions shown in the image?
Hyperextension, Extension, and Flexion.
What is the range of knee extension?
0 to -10 degrees.
What is the origin of the Biceps Femoris Short Head?
Lower half of linea aspera (lateral lip).
Where do males usually fall within the normal Q angle range?
At the low end of the range.
What exercise is depicted in the second and third images for hamstring strengthening?
Deadlift.
What exercise is shown in the top left image for quadriceps?
Barbell front squat.
What exercise is shown in the top middle image for quadriceps?
Leg press.
Where does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) arise from?
The posteromedial corner of the medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle in the intercondylar notch.
Which part of the knee joint is labeled as 'Posterior Knee' in the image?
The back part of the knee joint.
What type of joint is the patellofemoral joint classified as?
Arthrodial joint.
What is the nature of the patella's movement on the femoral condyles?
Gliding.
Where is the fibula located in relation to the body?
The fibula is located laterally.
To which bone are the menisci attached?
Tibia.
What is another name for the synovial cavity in the knee joint?
Capsule of the knee.
What are the origins of the Biceps Femoris Long Head?
Ischial tuberosity (superior aspect) and Sacrotuberous ligament (inferior aspect).
Is hyperextension of the knee common, and if so, to what degree?
Yes, hyperextension of 10 degrees or more is not uncommon.
Which exercise involves squeezing a ball between the knees?
VMO exercise with a ball squeeze.
What is the origin of the semitendinosus muscle?
Ischial tuberosity (Superior aspect)
How is the knee joint described in terms of complexity?
It is very complex.
Which part of the tibia bears most of the weight?
The medial part of the tibia.
What is the primary topic of the slide?
Knee Muscles and Actions
Does the fibula articulate with the femur or patella?
No, the fibula does not articulate with the femur or patella.
Where is the synovial cavity located in the knee joint?
It lies under the patella and between the surfaces of the tibia and femur.
From where to where does the line of pull of the patella tendon run?
From the center of the patella to the center of the tibial tuberosity.
Where does the Biceps Femoris Short Head insert?
Head of fibula and fibular collateral ligament.
What actions does the semitendinosus muscle perform at the knee?
Flexion and internal rotation
Where is the origin point of the Vastus Medius?
Intertrochanteric Line.
Where does the popliteus muscle insert?
Posterior surface of proximal tibia (superior to Soleal line).
In what type of sports are MCL injuries most common?
Contact or collision sports.
What is a common mechanism of injury for the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)?
Direct contact with an opponent or playing surface.
Why is the Q angle important in assessing knee health?
The Q angle is important because an abnormal Q angle can indicate potential issues with knee alignment and function, leading to conditions like patellofemoral pain syndrome.
What causes the knee to 'screw home' during full extension?
The shape of the medial femoral condyle.
What actions are performed by the Biceps Femoris Long Head?
Knee flexion, Knee external rotation, Hip extension, and Posterior pelvic tilt.
What is the degree of internal rotation that occurs with the knee flexed 30 degrees or more?
30 degrees.
What is the normal range for the Q angle?
Between 12 and 20 degrees.
In which directions does the ACL run across the joint?
Anteriorly, medially, and distally.
What is one of the functions of the fibula in relation to the knee joint?
The fibula serves as the attachment for knee joint structures.
What is the function of the menisci in the knee joint?
To deepen the tibial fossa and enhance stability.
What structure augments the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL)?
The iliotibial band.
What happens to the ACL during hyperextension?
The ACL is stretched and can be at risk of injury.
What does the Q angle display?
The biomechanical effect of the quadriceps muscle on the knee.
Where does the semimembranosus muscle insert?
Posterior medial tibial condyle.
What are you expected to identify on the skeleton upon completion of the lesson?
Important bony features and relevant muscles of the knee, ankle, and foot joint.
Which part of the knee joint is labeled as 'Anteromedial Knee' in the image?
The front and inner part of the knee joint.
Which part of the knee joint is labeled as 'Tibial Plateau' in the image?
The top surface of the tibia that interacts with the femur.
What are the secondary functions of the ACL?
To restrain tibial rotation and varus.
How often is the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injured?
It is not often injured.
How does the fibula contribute to the stability of the ankle joint?
The fibula provides stability to the ankle joint.
What is the primary function of the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL)?
Primary varus stabiliser of the knee.
What nerve supplies the Vastus Lateralis muscle?
Femoral nerve (L2-4).
What ligament is labeled in the image?
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL).
What is the position of the ACL during knee flexion?
The ACL is slightly taut, helping to control the movement of the tibia.
What actions does the semitendinosus muscle perform at the hip?
Extension and posterior pelvic tilt
What are the four muscles that make up the quadriceps?
Vastus Medius, Vastus Intermedius, Vastus Lateralis, and Rectus Femoris.
Where is the origin point of the Vastus Intermedius?
Anterior & Lateral surfaces of shaft of Femur (thigh bone).
Where is the origin point of the Vastus Lateralis?
Greater Trochanter.
What is another term sometimes used to refer to the knee joint?
Trochoginglymus joint.
What is the alternative classification some argue for the knee joint?
Condyloid classification.
What is the secondary function of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)?
To stabilize the knee by preventing excessive rotation specifically between 90° and 120° of knee flexion.
What is the significance of the distal end of the fibula?
The distal end of the fibula has several grooves for ligament attachments, which stabilize and provide leverage during ankle movements.
How does the Q angle differ between males and females?
Females typically have a larger Q angle compared to males.
What anatomical landmarks are used to measure the Q angle?
The Q angle is measured using the anterior superior iliac spine, the center of the patella, and the tibial tuberosity.
Where does the patella tendon start and attach?
The patella tendon starts from the underside of the patella (kneecap) and attaches to the tibial tuberosity.
How frequently is the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL) injured?
Infrequently injured.
What nerve supplies the Vastus Medialis?
Femoral nerve (L2-4).
What nerve supplies the Biceps Femoris Short Head?
Sciatic nerve (Fibular division L5-S2).
What is a common exercise to target the VMO?
Straight leg raise with different angles of hip rotation.
Where does the Vastus Intermedius muscle insert?
Tibial tuberosity through the Quadriceps tendon.
What nerve supplies the Vastus Intermedius muscle?
Femoral nerve (L2-4).
What exercise is shown in the bottom image for quadriceps?
Walking lunges.
Which muscles are involved in knee internal rotation?
Gracilis and Sartorius.
Where is the patella embedded?
The patella is embedded in the quadriceps and patellar tendon.
Where does the Vastus Medialis insert?
Medial edge of Patella and Tibial tuberosity through Quadriceps tendon.
What is the range of knee flexion?
135 to 140 degrees.
What is the primary action of the Vastus Medialis?
Knee extension, especially for terminal extension.
What nerve supplies the Biceps Femoris Long Head?
Sciatic nerve (Tibial division L5 - S2).
What does VMO stand for?
Vastus Medialis Oblique.
What actions are performed by the Biceps Femoris Short Head?
Knee flexion, knee external rotation, and posterior pelvic tilt.
Where does the semitendinosus muscle insert?
Medial tibial condyle
What is the primary action of the Vastus Intermedius muscle?
Knee extension.
Which bones are involved in the ankle joint?
Tibia, Fibula, and Talus.
Which bone in the ankle joint transmits forces from the calcaneus?
The talus.
Which bones form the medial and lateral malleolus in the Talocrural Joint?
Medial malleolus (tibia) and Lateral malleolus (fibula)
What is the main topic of the provided content?
Ankle and Foot Muscles, and Actions
Which muscles are included in the 'Tom, Dick & Harry' group?
Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, and Flexor hallucis longus.
What does the Q angle represent?
The Q angle represents the angle formed by the quadriceps muscle and the patellar tendon.
How many degrees does the knee externally rotate during nearly full extension?
Approximately 10 to 20 degrees.
From where to where does the central line of pull for the quadriceps run?
From the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the center of the patella.
What happens when the knee is flexed 30 degrees or more?
Nearly involuntary movement occurs, including internal rotation of 30 degrees and external rotation of 45 degrees.
What is the focus of the study by Hanten and Schulthies (1990)?
The effect of exercise on electromyographic activity of the Vastus Medialis Oblique and Vastus Lateralis muscles.
What exercise is shown in the first image for hamstring strengthening?
Leg curl on a machine.
What exercise is shown in the top right image for quadriceps?
Leg extension machine.
What nerve supplies the popliteus muscle?
Tibial nerve (L4 - S1).
How much peak PFJ loading occurs when stepping down 10 cm?
3.1 times body weight.
How many metatarsal bones are in the foot?
5 metatarsal bones.
What type of joint is the tibiofibular joint?
Syndesmotic amphiarthrodial joint.
What is the origin of the Vastus Lateralis muscle?
Anteroinferior aspect of Greater trochanter and Upper half of Linea aspera (lateral lip).
What is another name for the patella tendon?
The patella tendon is also known as the 'patella ligament'.
What is the 'screw home' mechanism of the knee?
The knee 'screws home' to fully extend due to the shape of the medial femoral condyle, causing external rotation of approximately 10 to 20 degrees in nearly full extension.
Where does the Biceps Femoris Long Head insert?
Head of fibula and Fibular collateral ligament.
What occurs during the initial flexion from full extension in the knee?
The knee 'unlocks' and the tibia internally rotates.
Why do females generally have higher Q angles?
Due to a wider pelvis.
What is the Q angle?
The angle formed by the intersection of the central line of pull for the quadriceps and the line of pull of the patella tendon at the patella.
What is the origin of the semimembranosus muscle?
Ischial tuberosity (superior aspect).
What actions does the semimembranosus muscle perform at the hip?
Extension.
What type of joints are the intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints?
Arthrodial joints.
Where does the medial longitudinal arch extend from and to?
From the calcaneus bone to the talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms, and proximal ends of 3 medial metatarsals.
What is Hallux Valgus?
A deformity of the big toe joint, often leading to a bunion.
What function does the base of the 5th metatarsal serve for posterior tendons?
It acts as a pulley for posterior tendons.
What are the primary movements of the ankle joint?
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
What is the range of flexion for the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints in the lesser toes?
0 degrees of extension to 35 degrees of flexion.
What is the range of motion for the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints?
60 degrees of flexion and 30 degrees of extension.
What is the range of motion for eversion in the ankle joint?
20 degrees.
Which muscles are involved in ankle inversion?
Tibialis anterior, Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus.
What are the origins of the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle?
Medial head: Posterior surface of medial femoral condyle (Posterior to Adductor tubercle); Lateral head: Posterior surface of lateral femoral condyle.
What did Sykes and Wong (2003) study in relation to the VMO?
Electrical activity of the Vastus Medialis Oblique muscle in straight leg raise exercise with different angles of hip rotation.
What is the origin of the Vastus Intermedius muscle?
Upper 2/3 of the femoral shaft (anterior & lateral aspect).
Where is the origin point of the Rectus Femoris?
Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine and Ilium.
Which muscles are considered weak knee flexors?
Gracilis and Sartorius.
What is the peak PFJ loading during a full depth squat?
4.5 times body weight.
What is the role of the talus in the ankle joint?
It transmits forces from the calcaneus and allows plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion.
How many phalanges are in the foot?
14 phalanges.
From which metatarsal to which metatarsal does the transverse arch extend?
From the 1st metatarsal to the 5th metatarsal.
Which muscle is known as the extensor of the great toe?
Extensor hallucis longus.
Which muscle flexes the great toe and is involved in ankle inversion?
Flexor hallucis longus.
What is a common exercise for strengthening the gastrocnemius muscle using gym equipment?
Standing calf raises using a Smith machine.
What is the difference between these two hamstrings stretching positions?
The left image shows a seated hamstring stretch with one leg extended and the other leg bent inward. The right image shows a seated hamstring stretch with both legs extended and reaching forward.
Where is the insertion point of the Vastus Medius?
Quadriceps Tendon.
What are the actions of the popliteus muscle?
Knee internal rotation and knee flexion (unlocking the knee from full extension).
Where does the lateral longitudinal arch extend from and to?
From the calcaneus to the cuboid and proximal ends of the 4th and 5th metatarsals.
What are some specific conditions that can result from excessive foot pronation?
Achilles tendinitis or even rupture, Hallux Valgus, and bunions.
Why is the base of the 5th metatarsal prone to injury?
Due to its prominent and enlarged structure.
What is another action of the semimembranosus muscle besides knee flexion and hip extension?
Posterior pelvic tilt.
Which ligament prevents eversion of the ankle?
Deltoid ligament.
Name the three cuneiform bones in the foot.
Lateral cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and medial cuneiform.
What is Achilles tendinitis?
Inflammation of the Achilles tendon, which can lead to pain and potential rupture.
What type of foot arch is associated with rolling to the outside/lateral side?
High arched print (Pes cavus).
Which muscles are located immediately behind the lateral malleolus?
Peroneus brevis and peroneus longus.
Where are the 'Tom, Dick & Harry' muscles located?
Immediately posterior to the medial malleolus.
What is the movement called when the sole of the foot turns inward?
Inversion.
What is the movement called when the sole of the foot turns outward?
Eversion.
What are the components of the triceps surae?
Gastrocnemius (two heads) and soleus.
What movements are combined in foot supination?
Ankle plantar flexion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in).
Where does the gastrocnemius muscle insert?
Via Achilles tendon to middle posterior surface of calcaneus.
What is the role of the gastrocnemius in ankle movement?
The gastrocnemius is involved in ankle plantar flexion.
Where is the insertion point of the Vastus Intermedius?
Quadriceps Tendon to the base of the Patella (knee cap) onto the Tibial Tuberosity via the Patellar Ligament.
Which muscles contribute to knee stabilization through the iliotibial band (ITB)?
Tensor fascia lata and Gluteus maximus.
What is the main topic of the provided slide?
Foot and Ankle Joints and Bony Landmarks
What are the three types of phalanges in the foot?
Proximal phalanges, middle phalanges, and distal phalanges.
What is the Talocrural Joint also known as?
Mortise (hole)
How many longitudinal arches are there in the foot?
Two longitudinal arches.
What does 'Tom, Dick & Harry' refer to in the context of tendons?
'Tom, Dick & Harry' refers to the muscles immediately posterior to the medial malleolus.
What do metatarsophalangeal (MP) joints connect?
Phalanges join metatarsals.
What is the range of flexion for the great toe interphalangeal (IP) joint?
0 degrees of full extension to 90 degrees of flexion.
What is the range of motion for plantar flexion in the ankle joint?
45 degrees.
Which muscles are responsible for plantar flexion of the ankle and foot?
Posterior muscles, including the triceps surae (gastrocnemius and soleus).
Which muscles are involved in ankle dorsiflexion?
Tibialis anterior, Peroneus (fibularis) tertius, Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor hallucis longus.
What is the role of the Tibialis posterior in ankle movement?
It is involved in ankle inversion.
What is a bodyweight exercise for the gastrocnemius muscle that involves a partner?
Donkey calf raises.
Where does the soleus muscle insert?
Via Achilles tendon to middle posterior surface of calcaneus.
Where is the insertion point of the Vastus Lateralis?
Quadriceps Tendon.
What is the peak patellofemoral joint (PFJ) loading in body weight during walking?
0.6 times body weight.
What is the characteristic movement of the intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints?
Minimal movement.
What injuries are individuals with excessive foot pronation vulnerable to?
Knee and ankle injuries.
What is the characteristic of a high arched foot print?
Supinator-rolls to the outside/lateral.
What additional movements do the MP joints of the four lesser toes perform?
They also abduct and adduct minimally.
What is the role of the Tibialis anterior in ankle movement?
It is involved in ankle inversion.
What is the function of the Peroneus (fibularis) brevis muscle?
It assists in ankle eversion.
Which muscles are involved in ankle plantar flexion?
Gastrocnemius, Flexor digitorum longus, Flexor hallucis longus, Peroneus (fibularis) longus, Peroneus (fibularis) brevis, Plantaris, Soleus, Tibialis posterior.
What are the origins of the Tibialis Anterior muscle?
Lateral tibial condyle, lateral tibial shaft (upper 2/3), and interosseous membrane.
Where is the insertion point of the Rectus Femoris?
Quadriceps Tendon to base of Patella (knee cap) and onto the Tibial Tuberosity via the Patellar Ligament.
What is the origin of the popliteus muscle?
Lateral femoral condyle (lateral aspect).
What is the peak PFJ loading during a single leg countermovement hop?
6.4 times body weight.
How many bones are in the human foot?
26 bones.
Which bone is known as the heel bone?
Calcaneus.
What maintains the arches in the foot and ankle?
Ligaments in the foot and ankle.
What movements are allowed by the Talocrural Joint?
Plantar flexion and Dorsiflexion
What type of joint is the Subtalar Joint classified as?
Gliding or arthrodial
What type of foot arch is associated with rolling to the inside/medial side?
Flatfoot print (Pes planus).
What is the characteristic of a flatfoot print?
Pronator-rolls to the inside/medial.
What is another term for a flatfoot?
Pes planus.
What is the range of flexion and extension for the MP joints of the four lesser toes?
40 degrees of flexion and 40 degrees of extension.
Which muscles are responsible for dorsal flexion of the ankle and foot?
Anterior ankle and foot muscles.
Which muscle assists in ankle eversion along with the Peroneus (fibularis) longus and brevis?
Peroneus (fibularis) tertius
What nerve supplies the gastrocnemius muscle?
Tibial nerve (S1-2).
Where does the Tibialis Anterior muscle insert?
Medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal.
What nerve supplies the semimembranosus muscle?
Sciatic nerve (tibial division L5-S2).
Which bone is referred to as the ankle bone?
Talus.
In what type of sport is the distal tibiofibular joint occasionally sprained?
Heavy contact sport.
What is another term for a high arch?
Pes cavus.
What is the range of flexion and extension for the great toe metatarsophalangeal (MP) joint?
Flexes 45 degrees and extends 70 degrees.
What is the range of motion for dorsiflexion in the ankle joint?
20 degrees.
Which muscle is known as the extensor of the lesser toes?
Extensor digitorum longus.
What is the position of the forefoot during supination?
Forefoot adduction (toe-in).
Which muscle is responsible for flexing the toes and also contributes to ankle plantar flexion?
Flexor digitorum longus.
What movements does the ankle joint allow?
Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion.
Which ligaments prevent inversion of the ankle?
Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), Posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL), Calcaneofibular ligament (CFL).
What type of joint is the Talocrural Joint?
Hinge joint
What are the possible heights of the long arches in the foot?
High, medium, or low.
What is the function of the tibialis anterior muscle?
It is involved in ankle dorsiflexion.
Which muscles are involved in ankle eversion?
Peroneus (fibularis) longus, Peroneus (fibularis) brevis, Peroneus (fibularis) tertius, Extensor digitorum longus
Which muscle flexes the lesser toes and is involved in ankle inversion?
Flexor digitorum longus.
What movements are combined in foot pronation?
Ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out).
What is the role of the Extensor digitorum longus in ankle movement?
It is involved in ankle eversion.
Which muscle flexes the big toe and aids in ankle plantar flexion?
Flexor hallucis longus.
How many tarsal bones are in the foot?
7 tarsal bones.
What is the transverse arch?
The transverse arch extends across the foot from the 1st metatarsal to the 5th metatarsal.
What is the shape of the deltoid ligament?
Triangular.
Which bone is involved in the Talocrural Joint?
Talus
What movements occur at the subtalar joint in the foot?
Inversion and eversion.
Which movement involves pointing the toes downward?
Plantarflexion.
What is the range of motion for inversion in the ankle joint?
30 degrees.
Why can more range of motion be achieved by inversion than eversion in the ankle joint?
The anatomical structure of the ankle and the surrounding ligaments allow for greater inversion range.
What type of subtalar movement occurs during pronation?
Subtalar eversion.
Where are the tibiofibular joints located?
At both proximal and distal ends of the tibia and fibula.
How much movement is possible in the tibiofibular joint?
Minimal movement.
Which muscles insert at the base of the 5th metatarsal?
Peroneus brevis and peroneus tertius.
How are metatarsophalangeal (MP) joints classified?
As condyloid-type joints.
Which movement involves lifting the foot upwards towards the shin?
Dorsiflexion.
Which muscles are responsible for eversion of the ankle and foot?
Lateral muscles.
What is the role of the Peroneus (fibularis) tertius muscle?
It is involved in ankle dorsiflexion.
Where do the intrinsic muscles of the foot originate and insert?
Within the foot.
What provides support between the tibia and fibula shafts?
Ligaments and a strong, dense interosseous membrane.
What is excessive foot pronation?
Excessive inward rolling of the foot during walking or running.
What is the alignment of a normal foot arch?
Neutral alignment.
What is the significance of the base of the 5th metatarsal?
It is enlarged and prominent to serve as the insertion for peroneus brevis and tertius.
What is the role of the 'Tom, Dick & Harry' muscles?
They help to support the foot arch.
Why might people with pronated feet feel sore near the medial malleolus?
Because of the strain on the 'Tom, Dick & Harry' muscles.
Is there variation in the range of motion of interphalangeal (IP) joints?
Yes, there is much variation from joint to joint and from person to person.
What are the primary movements of the ankle joint?
Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion.
What type of subtalar movement occurs during supination?
Subtalar inversion.
What action is performed by the soleus muscle?
Ankle plantarflexion.
Which muscles are responsible for inversion of the ankle and foot?
Medial muscles.
What is the role of the Peroneus (fibularis) longus in ankle movement?
It is involved in ankle eversion.
Where does the Plantaris muscle insert?
Posterior aspect of Calcaneus, medial to Achilles Tendon.
What nerve supplies the Plantaris muscle?
Tibial nerve (S1-2).
What are the actions of the gastrocnemius muscle?
Ankle plantarflexion and knee flexion.
Name the two peroneus muscles involved in ankle plantar flexion.
Peroneus (fibularis) longus and Peroneus (fibularis) brevis.
What is the function of the soleus muscle in ankle movement?
The soleus muscle is involved in ankle plantar flexion.
What is the origin of the Peroneus Brevis muscle?
Distal 2/3 of the fibula (lateral aspect).
What is the origin of the Peroneus Tertius muscle?
Distal 1/3 of the fibula (medial aspect).
Where does the Tibialis Posterior muscle insert?
Medial cuneiform, Navicular tuberosity, Intermediate cuneiform, Base of metatarsal (2-4).
What is the origin of the Plantaris muscle?
Lateral supracondylar line of Femur (inferior aspect) and Oblique popliteal ligament.
What is the position of the forefoot during pronation?
Forefoot abduction (toe-out).
What are the actions of the Plantaris muscle?
Ankle plantarflexion (weak) and knee flexion (weak).
Which ankle movement is involved in supination?
Ankle plantar flexion.
What are the origins of the soleus muscle?
Soleal line of tibia, medial 1/3 of posterior tibia (superior aspect), fibular head (posterior aspect), and proximal ¼ of fibular shaft.
Which ankle movement is involved in pronation?
Ankle dorsiflexion.
What nerve supplies the Peroneus Brevis muscle?
Superficial fibular nerve (L5-S1).
Where does the Extensor Hallucis Longus insert?
Distal phalanx of 1st digit (dorsal surface at base).
What is a simple exercise for the gastrocnemius muscle that can be performed at home using a slant board?
Single-leg calf raises on a slant board.
What is the nerve supply for the soleus muscle?
Tibial nerve (S1-2).
What nerve supplies the Tibialis Anterior muscle?
Deep fibular nerve (L4-5).
Where does the Peroneus Longus muscle insert?
Medial cuneiform and base of the 1st metatarsal (lateral aspect).
What actions does the Extensor Digitorum Longus perform?
MTP, PIP & DIP extension (2nd – 5th toes), ankle dorsiflexion, and assist in ankle eversion.
Where are the majority of the intrinsic muscles of the foot located?
In a plantar compartment in 4 layers on the plantar surface of the foot.
Which small muscle assists in ankle plantar flexion along with the gastrocnemius and soleus?
Plantaris.
What actions are performed by the Tibialis Anterior muscle?
Ankle dorsiflexion and ankle inversion.
What is the primary function of the Peroneus Brevis muscle?
To evert and plantarflex the foot.
Which muscle located posteriorly in the leg aids in ankle plantar flexion?
Tibialis posterior.
What are the three muscles shown in the image?
Peroneus Longus, Peroneus Brevis, and Peroneus Tertius.
Which muscle extends from the fibula to the base of the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform bones?
Peroneus Longus.
What are the origins of the Extensor Digitorum Longus?
Lateral tibial condyle (anterior aspect), upper ¾ of fibula (anterior aspect), and interosseous membrane.
What does the term 'Foot Core' refer to?
The arch of the foot.
Where does the Peroneus Tertius muscle insert?
Base of the 5th metatarsal (dorsal surface).
What actions are performed by the Flexor Hallucis Longus muscle?
Ankle plantarflexion and flexion of the great toe.
What is the function of the plantar intrinsic muscles?
They control the deformation of the foot arch when walking or running.
What does the mnemonic 'Tom, Dick & Harry' refer to?
The muscles immediately posterior to the medial malleolus.
What characterizes a closed kinetic chain?
The distal segment is fixed and the proximal moves.
What is the origin of the Extensor Hallucis Longus?
Medial & middle ½ of Fibula and Interosseous membrane.
What actions does the Peroneus Tertius muscle perform?
Ankle dorsiflexion (weak) and ankle eversion.
Where does the Flexor Digitorum Longus insert?
Distal phalanges of digits 2-5.
What nerve supplies the Peroneus Longus muscle?
Superficial fibular nerve (L5 - S1).
What are the actions of the Extensor Hallucis Longus?
Great toe dorsiflexion, Ankle dorsiflexion, and Assist in ankle inversion.
What are the origins of the Tibialis Posterior muscle?
Posterior tibia, Posterior fibula (upper 1/3 shaft), Interosseous membrane.
Where does the Flexor Hallucis Longus muscle insert?
Distal phalanges (Great toe).
Give examples of structures in the passive subsystem of the foot core.
Plantar aponeurosis and plantar ligaments.
What type of receptors are included in the neural subsystem of the foot core?
Musculotendinous receptors, ligamentous receptors (including plantar fascia), and plantar cutaneous receptors.
Which muscle is represented by 'Harry' in the mnemonic 'Tom, Dick & Harry'?
Flexor hallucis longus.
What is the function of the adductor hallucis muscle?
The adductor hallucis muscle adducts the big toe and helps maintain the transverse arch of the foot.
Where is the ACL located?
The ACL (Anterior Cruciate Ligament) is located in the center of the knee, connecting the femur to the tibia.
Where is the Peroneus Longus muscle located?
On the lateral side of the lower leg, extending from the fibula to the foot.
Where does the Peroneus Brevis muscle insert?
5th metatarsal (at tubercle).
What actions are performed by the Peroneus Brevis muscle?
Ankle plantarflexion and ankle eversion.
What is the nerve supply for the Extensor Digitorum Longus?
Deep fibular nerve (L5 - S1).
What nerve supplies the Peroneus Tertius muscle?
Deep fibular nerve (L5-S1).
What is the origin of the Flexor Digitorum Longus?
Posterior tibia and Tibialis Posterior deep fascia.
What structures are included in the active subsystem of the foot core?
Muscles and tendons attaching on the foot.
Give examples of exercises that involve an open kinetic chain.
Bench press, biceps curl, hamstring curl, seated leg extension.
What is the purpose of active subsystem training in foot core exercises?
Activation of plantar intrinsic muscles.
What activities should be completed before moving on to the next lesson?
The review activities.
What muscles are included in the third layer of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?
The third layer includes the flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, and flexor digiti minimi brevis.
Where is the meniscus located?
The meniscus is located between the femur and tibia in the knee joint, acting as a cushion and stabilizer.
Where do the Gastrocnemius and Soleus muscles insert?
Both muscles insert into the calcaneus via the Achilles tendon.
What is the origin of the Peroneus Longus muscle?
Fibular head and proximal 2/3 of the fibula (lateral aspect).
Which muscle is responsible for dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot?
Peroneus Tertius.
What nerve supplies the Flexor Digitorum Longus?
Tibial nerve (L5-S2).
Which intrinsic muscle of the foot is located on the dorsum of the foot?
Extensor digitorum brevis.
Explain why hamstring curls are effective for strengthening the hamstrings.
Hamstring curls isolate the hamstrings by requiring knee flexion, effectively targeting and strengthening these muscles.
What are the origins of the Gastrocnemius muscle?
The Gastrocnemius muscle originates from the medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
What actions are performed by the Peroneus Longus muscle?
Ankle plantarflexion, ankle eversion, and support of longitudinal and transverse arches.
What nerve supplies the Extensor Hallucis Longus?
Deep fibular nerve (L5).
What is the nerve supply for the Tibialis Posterior muscle?
Tibial nerve (L4-5).
What actions are performed by the Tibialis Posterior muscle?
Ankle plantarflexion and inversion.
What is the origin of the Flexor Hallucis Longus muscle?
Distal 2/3 posterior surface of fibula, interosseous membrane, tibialis posterior deep fascia.
What controls the foot core?
Local stabilizers and global movers.
What are the global movers of the foot core?
Muscles that originate in the lower leg and insert on the foot.
Which muscle is represented by 'Tom' in the mnemonic 'Tom, Dick & Harry'?
Tibialis posterior.
How does decreasing the amount of footwear support enhance the foot core?
It increases stability progressively with more sensory input.
What should you understand before moving on to the next lesson?
Common specific terms, nomenclature of skeletal muscles, the role of muscles, and types of muscle contraction.
Where is the LCL located?
The LCL (Lateral Collateral Ligament) is located on the outer side of the knee, connecting the femur to the fibula.
Name the bone shown in the picture on the right-hand side labeled as number 2.
Calcaneus.
What is the nerve supply for the Flexor Hallucis Longus muscle?
Tibial nerve (L5 - S2).
What are the local stabilizers of the foot core?
Plantar intrinsic muscles.
What characterizes an open kinetic chain?
The distal body segment of the chain moves in space.
Name four strengthening exercises to strengthen the hamstrings.
Name the bone shown in the picture on the right-hand side labeled as number 4.
Medial cuneiform.
Where does the Extensor Digitorum Longus insert?
Dorsal surface of middle and distal phalanges of 2nd – 5th toes.
What are the three subsystems that support the foot core?
Active, Passive, and Neural subsystems.
Give examples of exercises that involve a closed kinetic chain.
Squat, lunges, deadlift, push-ups, pull-ups, and dips.
What exercise is mentioned as an example for elevating the medial longitudinal arch?
Short arch exercise.
Which chapter of 'Manual of Structural Kinesiology 18th edition' should you revise?
Chapter 10.
Which muscle assists in flexing the little toe?
The flexor digiti minimi brevis assists in flexing the little toe.
Where is the MCL located?
The MCL (Medial Collateral Ligament) is located on the inner side of the knee, connecting the femur to the tibia.
Name the bone shown in the picture on the right-hand side labeled as number 1.
Talus.
What is the primary action of the Soleus muscle?
The primary action of the Soleus muscle is plantar flexion of the foot.
What are the actions of the Flexor Digitorum Longus?
Ankle plantarflexion, assist in supination, and toe flexion of digits 2-5.
What happens if the intrinsic muscles of the foot are not functioning properly?
There is excessive deformation of the foot arch, leading to overuse.
What is a kinetic chain?
A combination of several joints uniting successive segments.
Which chapter of 'Manual of Structural Kinesiology 18th edition' should you revise?
Chapter 10.
Which muscles are found in the second layer of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?
The second layer includes the lumbrical muscles, quadratus plantae, and the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus.
Where is the PCL located?
The PCL (Posterior Cruciate Ligament) is located in the center of the knee, behind the ACL, connecting the femur to the tibia.
Which muscle is represented by 'Dick' in the mnemonic 'Tom, Dick & Harry'?
Flexor digitorum longus.
Name the bone shown in the picture on the right-hand side labeled as number 7.
Cuboid.
Can you name examples of global movers in the foot core?
Tibialis Posterior and Evertors.
Explain why lunges are effective for strengthening the quadriceps.
Lunges isolate the quadriceps by requiring one leg to bear the weight and perform knee extension, effectively targeting the muscle.
What is the origin of the Soleus muscle?
The Soleus muscle originates from the upper part of the fibula and the soleal line of the tibia.
What training method is effective for strengthening the Soleus muscle?
Calf raises with a bent knee are effective for strengthening the Soleus muscle.
What structures are included in the passive subsystem of the foot core?
Bones, ligaments, and joint capsules that maintain the foot arches.
What is the role of the neural subsystem in the foot core?
Sensory receptors of different structures provide position sense or other sensory information to maintain foot posture.
What should you understand before moving on to the next lesson?
Common specific terms, nomenclature of skeletal muscles, the role of muscles, and types of muscle contraction.
What activities should be completed before moving on to the next lesson?
The review activities.
What are the intrinsic muscles of the foot?
The intrinsic muscles of the foot are muscles located within the foot itself, responsible for fine motor movements and maintaining the arches of the foot.
Name the bone shown in the picture on the right-hand side labeled as number 6.
Lateral cuneiform.
What training method is effective for strengthening the Gastrocnemius muscle?
Calf raises with a straight knee are effective for strengthening the Gastrocnemius muscle.
What type of footwear is recommended for training the foot core?
Barefoot or minimal footwear.
What is the role of the lumbrical muscles in the foot?
The lumbrical muscles flex the metatarsophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints of the toes.
Explain why squats are effective for strengthening the quadriceps.
Squats engage the quadriceps muscles by requiring knee extension and hip flexion, which targets and strengthens these muscles.
Name the bone shown in the picture on the right-hand side labeled as number 5.
Intermediate cuneiform.
What is the function of the plantar fascia?
The plantar fascia supports the arch of the foot and helps absorb shock during walking and running.
Which muscle in the foot is responsible for flexing the big toe?
The flexor hallucis brevis is responsible for flexing the big toe.
Explain why deadlifts are effective for strengthening the hamstrings.
Deadlifts engage the hamstrings by requiring hip extension and knee flexion, which targets and strengthens these muscles.
Name four strengthening exercises to strengthen the quadriceps.
Name the bone shown in the picture on the right-hand side labeled as number 3.
Navicular.
What is the primary action of the Gastrocnemius muscle?
The primary action of the Gastrocnemius muscle is plantar flexion of the foot and flexion of the knee.
