What is anthracosis?
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A condition characterized by the combustion and accumulation of carbon particles in the lungs due to inhalation of smoke.
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What is anthracosis?
A condition characterized by the combustion and accumulation of carbon particles in the lungs due to inhalation of smoke.
What can lead to increased melanin deposition in the skin?
An increase in the number of melanocytes due to tumors affecting glands.
What distinguishes malignant skin lesions from benign ones?
Lack of well-defined borders, irregular rough surface, not uniform color, and considered cancerous.
What is silicosis and how is it caused?
A lung disease caused by the accumulation of silica, often encountered in industries dealing with dry and conservation of materials.
What is Burton's line?
A dark line on the gums near the teeth that develops due to lead exposure.
What histological features are observed in benign skin lesions?
Intact epithelium with distinguishable layers despite increased melanocytes.
What role does melanin play in oral mucosal tissue?
It serves a protective role against ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
What is pneumoconiosis and what are its symptoms?
A lung disease characterized by difficulty breathing and eventual fibrosis, along with changes in tissue pigmentation showing black patches.
What role do melanocytes play in pigmentation?
Melanocytes produce melanin, the pigment that gives color to skin, mucous membranes, and other tissues.
What is Addison's disease?
A disease characterized by increased melanin production with systemic and oral manifestations, affecting the gums and lining of the cheeks.
What factor influences the color of normal oral mucosa?
Vascularity (Blood Flow).
What is the function of ferroportin?
Exports iron from cells into the bloodstream.
How can pigments enter the body through inhalation?
Particles can accumulate in lung tissues, such as carbon from mining.
What is tumoral calcinosis?
A condition affecting bones that disrupts calcium homeostasis and can lead to hypercalcemia.
How can tattoos affect skin pigmentation?
Tattoo ink deposits pigment through a needle on the skin surface, which can lead to discoloration.
What is smoker's melanosis?
Increased pigmentation in various tissues, including the oral mucosa, due to prolonged exposure to tobacco chemicals.
What is Von Recklinghausen's disease?
A genetic disorder exhibiting skin abnormalities, including cafe-au-lait spots, which are areas of increased pigmentation.
How does excess vascularization affect the color of oral mucosa?
It can make the mucosa appear red.
What condition can cause the oral mucosa to appear paler?
Insufficient vascularization, as seen in anemia.
What are endogenous pigments?
Pigments produced within the body as a result of natural biological processes.
What are psammoma bodies associated with?
Various pathological conditions such as calcinosis, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, and systemic lupus.
What pathological conditions are associated with metastatic calcification?
Hyperparathyroidism, sarcoidosis, hypervitaminosis D, and renal failure.
What causes hemosiderin accumulation in local tissues?
Bleeding in parenchymal tissues leads to red blood cells leaking from blood vessels, which are ingested by macrophages.
What is the significance of Perl's stain?
A histological staining technique used to detect hemosiderin in affected organs.
What is dystrophic calcification?
Calcium deposits occur in injured tissues unable to metabolize it, even with normal blood calcium levels.
What role does transferrin play in iron metabolism?
Transferrin transports iron in the blood to tissues and organs.
What is the effect of keratinization on oral mucosa color?
Keratin can reflect light, resulting in a white appearance.
What causes metastatic calcification?
Abnormal calcium metabolism due to elevated calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia).
What is local secondary hemosiderosis?
Localized accumulation of hemosiderin in specific tissues due to factors such as bleeding or trauma.
What are the hereditary causes of hemochromatosis?
Genetic mutations lead to increased absorption of dietary iron in the small intestine.
What hormone does the liver produce to control iron absorption?
Hepcidin.
Which hormones are involved in maintaining calcium levels?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Calcitonin, and Vitamin D.
What can excessive iron accumulation lead to in the liver?
Liver damage, including cirrhosis and fatty changes in liver tissue.
What are the pathognomonic signs of Wilson's disease?
Cirrhosis in the liver, Kayser-Fleischer ring in the iris, and neurological disorders in the brain.
What is cholestasis?
Impaired flow of bile produced by the liver, leading to bile leakage into the bloodstream or accumulation in the liver.
What are the two pigments highly related to iron?
Bilirubin and hemosiderin.
How does epithelial thickness influence the appearance of oral mucosa?
Thicker epithelium can obscure underlying blood vessels, leading to a uniform color.
What is thiazide-induced hyperpigmentation?
Abnormal pigmentation, often seen as brown or black spots around the edges of the mouth, caused by prolonged use of thiazide diuretics.
What is melasma?
A skin disorder characterized by brown or grayish-brown patches on the skin, often occurring during pregnancy due to increased melanin production.
What is oral hemangioma?
A vascular anomaly characterized by an abnormal increase in blood vessels beneath the skin or mucous membranes in the oral cavity.
What can excessive melanin production lead to in the oral mucosa?
Darkening of the mucosa, resulting in a brownish appearance.
What is hemochromatosis?
A medical condition characterized by excessive iron absorption and accumulation in various organs and tissues.
What is Wilson's disease?
A condition caused by ATP7B gene alteration leading to abnormal copper metabolism and accumulation.
What condition is characterized by dark pigmentation in tendons due to alkaptonuria?
Ochronosis.
What role do macrophages play in pigment accumulation?
They engulf and attempt to remove foreign particles, including pigments.
What are some causes of hyperphosphatemia associated with metastatic calcification?
Hypoparathyroidism, pseudo-hypoparathyroidism, cellular lysis after chemotherapy, and renal failure.
How are benign skin lesions characterized?
Rounded shape, well-defined borders, homogeneous color, smooth and flat surface, and generally not cancerous.
What is alkaptonuria?
A rare genetic disorder characterized by the deficiency in the metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine, leading to their accumulation in various tissues.
What are exogenous pigments?
Pigments that originate from external sources and enter the body.
What is lipofuscin?
A pigment that accumulates within cells over time, especially in macrophages, conferring a golden-brown pigmentation.
