What is the typical incubation period for gonorrhea?
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2 to 3 days.
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What is the typical incubation period for gonorrhea?
2 to 3 days.
What does HIV stand for?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
What is a significant risk factor for STIs in female psychiatric patients?
Knowledge deficit related to contraceptive methods.
What is a common early clinical manifestation of HIV?
Flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
Which psychiatric conditions are highlighted as having a higher risk for STIs?
Schizophrenia, Depression, and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD).
What virus causes Genital Warts?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV).
Is a condom an effective method to prevent the spread of STDs?
Yes, condoms are effective in reducing the risk of transmitting STDs.
What are the primary characteristics of Gonorrhea?
It is characterized by urethritis or cervicitis.
What type of infection is Chlamydial Infection?
It is characterized by urethritis or cervicitis.
What does the data show about condom use in relation to health education material?
Those who used condoms did not differ significantly from those who did not on recognition, endorsement, or influence of the health education material.
What skin condition can manifest in individuals with HIV?
Kaposi's sarcoma.
What risk should clients be educated about regarding delivery?
The risk of infecting their newborn during delivery.
What neurological symptoms can occur in advanced HIV infection?
Cognitive impairment and peripheral neuropathy.
Who should be consulted to assist with patient nutrition?
A dietitian.
What is the significance of weight loss in HIV patients?
It can indicate progression to AIDS.
What is the nature of genital warts?
They are benign growths that typically occur in multiple, painless clusters.
What is the purpose of ELISA?
It is a serological/antibody test used to detect specific antibodies.
What are the complications that can arise from HIV affecting mental health?
Neuropsychiatric complications.
What does existing literature reveal about STIs in psychiatric patients?
A significant portion has a history of STDs.
Is health education effective in increasing the rate of protective sex?
Health education may be limited in effecting behavior change.
What percentage of the adult population in the United States has oral herpes?
More than 50 percent.
What type of testing involves detecting antigens in vesicular exudate?
Antigen detection testing.
What is the primary virus associated with HIV?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Where do genital warts typically occur?
On the vulva, vagina, cervix, perineum, anorectal area, urethral meatus, or glans penis.
What does HIV primarily affect in the human body?
The immune system.
What is one method of diagnostic testing for cervical health?
Pap smear.
What virus causes genital herpes?
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type II.
What is the incubation period for syphilis?
It varies from 9 to 90 days.
How are STIs primarily contracted?
Through sexual activities or contact.
What therapeutic techniques can be used for pain management?
Cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation, and imagery.
What are some common negative emotions experienced by clients with genital herpes?
Stress, poor self-esteem, anger, and depression.
What topical therapies can be used for AOM?
Podophyllin in compound tincture of benzoin or trichloroacetic acid applied topically to the warts.
What is one way to reduce the risk of HIV transmission?
Using condoms during sexual activity.
How can syphilis be diagnosed during the latent stage?
Through a blood test, as it is asymptomatic.
What was the focus of the study conducted by Sherr, Strong & Goldmeier in 1990?
To identify the pattern of condom use in the UK's STD clinic.
What is the incubation period for Genital Warts?
Ranges from a few weeks to more than a few months or even longer.
Which infection is associated with genital ulcers and is caused by the herpes simplex virus?
Genital Herpes.
What percentage of patients from American psychiatric hospitals reported a lifetime history of one or more STDs?
38.0%.
Why is it important for clients to identify and treat all sexual partners?
Because the carrier may be asymptomatic.
Which diagnostic test is commonly used for cervical cancer screening?
Pap smear.
What is the reported prevalence range of HIV among psychiatric patients?
0.8% to 29.0%.
What type of problem is associated with HIV in relation to mental health?
Neuropsychiatric problem.
How many published studies address STDs among patients with psychiatric illnesses?
Few published studies.
What is a significant risk factor for the transmission of HIV?
Unprotected sexual contact.
What does STI stand for?
Sexually Transmitted Infection.
How might constipation be beneficial for patients taking protease inhibitors (PIs)?
Constipation might be a benefit for patients taking PIs.
What psychological impact does genital herpes have on clients?
It causes considerable psychological impact, primarily negative emotions.
What is a key component of nursing management for preventing transmission of STIs?
Safe practice.
What is a biopsy used for in diagnostic testing?
To examine a lesion.
Can STIs be transmitted through non-sexual means?
Yes, some STIs can be transmitted through blood or from mother to child.
What are the initial signs and symptoms of an STI?
A burning sensation at the site of inoculation or painful urination.
What infection is characterized by ulceration and is commonly known as syphilis?
Syphilis.
What is another infection characterized by ulceration besides syphilis?
Chancroid.
Is there a definite curative measure for Genital Warts?
No, there is no definite curative measure.
What is one method used for diagnosing infections?
Viral culture.
What is the reported prevalence range of syphilis among psychiatric patients?
1.1% to 7.6%.
What should nurses identify to enhance patient nutrition?
Patient flavor preferences.
How do most people contract oral herpes?
By receiving a kiss from a friend or relative during childhood.
What is a key nursing management strategy for controlling fever?
Increase fluid intake.
Can genital warts occur in areas other than the genital region?
Yes, they can also occur in the oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal areas.
What is the primary route of transmission for STIs in Hong Kong?
Sexual contact.
What does the HIV RNA level measure?
The plasma viral load (PVL).
Is there a specific antiviral therapy for AOM?
No specific antiviral therapy is available.
What is the most common STI in Hong Kong according to the Department of Health (2015)?
Syphilis.
What does HARRT stand for?
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.
What severe cognitive decline can occur in individuals with HIV?
Dementia.
What role does public health play in STI transmission in Hong Kong?
Public health initiatives aim to educate and reduce the transmission of STIs.
What is essential to reduce the risk of STIs?
Prevention of infection.
How does genital herpes affect self-perception?
It can lead to poor self-esteem and self-directed anger.
What can a pregnant woman with syphilis transmit to her baby?
Congenital syphilis, intrauterine death, or other disabilities such as blindness and deafness.
What role does voluntary counseling and testing play in STI prevention?
It helps individuals understand their status and reduce transmission risk.
Where is HSV believed to lie dormant in the body?
In nerve ganglions.
What is an example of an NRTI?
Zidovudine (formerly AZT: azidothymidine).
How are Genital Warts usually transmitted?
By sexual contact.
What poor behavior contributes to the risk of STIs among psychiatric patients?
Poor decision-making regarding sexual activities.
What is Lymphogranuloma Venereum characterized by?
Ulceration.
What is a potential limitation of health education in sexual health?
It may have limited effectiveness in changing behavior.
What typically causes oral herpes?
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).
Is syphilis infectious?
Yes, it is highly infectious.
Can syphilis be cured?
Yes, syphilis is curable.
What is the primary cause of genital herpes?
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2).
Is there a cure for genital herpes?
No cure! Only control of signs and symptoms.
Does HSV-2 typically affect the mouth or face?
No, it rarely affects the mouth or face.
Why is it important for clients to inform their sexual partners?
To let them know about the risk of infection.
How can HIV be transmitted through blood?
Through sharing needles or transfusions with infected blood.
What is a significant risk factor for STIs related to drug use?
Shared IV drug use.
What is a normal CD4 count range?
500 cells/mm3 to 1,000 cells/mm3.
Why is adherence to treatment important in nursing management?
To prevent the transmission of STIs.
What should patients do to promote self-care regarding fatigue?
Keep a daily fatigue diary.
Name another common STI in Hong Kong besides Syphilis.
Gonorrhoea.
What is the minimum number of active anti-retroviral medications used in HARRT?
At least 3 active anti-retroviral medications.
What is the primary treatment for AOM?
Aggressive antibiotic therapy.
What is a potential treatment option for AOM that is expensive?
Interferon.
What bacterium causes gonorrhea?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative diplococcus.
What is a common symptom of STIs related to the urethra?
Urethral discharge.
What is the duration of the tertiary stage of syphilis?
1 to 35 years after exposure.
What feelings might clients with genital herpes direct towards others?
Hostility and anger.
What is a common clinical manifestation in women with STIs?
Heavy, yellow-green purulent vaginal discharge.
What are common signs and symptoms of neurosyphilis?
Abnormal gait, numbness in the toes, feet or legs, blindness.
What is the first stage of HIV infection?
Acute HIV Infection.
What organization provides data on the risk of transmission for health-related issues?
Centre for Health Protection.
What are some late-stage clinical manifestations of HIV?
Opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
How can nurses promote nutrition in patients?
By increasing the availability of food and teaching nutritional requirements.
What is the typical time frame for the clinical manifestation of genital warts after exposure?
1 to 2 months.
What types of pain are addressed in nursing management?
Acute and chronic pain, including arthralgia, myalgia, and neuropathy.
What are some causes of pain in patients with opportunistic infections (OIs) or cancers?
Arthralgia, myalgia, neuropathy, side effects of medications, and co-morbidities like diabetic neuropathy.
What are the potential consequences of untreated syphilis?
It carries potentially serious consequences.
What does a Western blot test detect?
Specific proteins/antibodies, such as HIV, in a blood sample.
What is a key component of nursing management in healthcare?
Health Education.
What cognitive issue can be a result of HIV?
Cognitive problem.
What is the duration of the latent stage of syphilis?
1 to 2 years after exposure, but can last as long as 50 years.
What are the two main classes of reverse transcriptase inhibitors?
Nucleoside & nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nNRTI).
What is the first step in the diagnostic testing process mentioned?
By inspection.
How many organisms are known to spread through sexual activities?
More than 50 organisms.
How do NRTIs inhibit reverse transcription?
By being incorporated into the newly synthesized viral DNA and preventing its further elongation.
What follows the initial symptoms in the clinical manifestation?
Numerous small vesicles with an erythematous border that become painful ulcers, crust, and heal with a scar in about 2 - 4 weeks.
What vital cells in the human immune system does HIV infect?
Helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.
What is an important aspect of managing sleep for patients?
Promote sleep and avoid sleep interruption.
What is a key characteristic of the primary stage of syphilis?
A painless oval ulcer (genital chancre) with a raised firm border appears around the genital organ, anus, or mouth.
How does the age of first sexual activity relate to STI risk?
Younger age to begin sexual activities increases STI risk.
What sensation do the vesicles cause?
A burning sensation, and they may rupture.
Which integrase inhibitor was the first to receive FDA approval?
Raltegravir, approved in October 2007.
What percentage of subjects reported having used a condom before?
81.5%.
What is the primary goal of nursing management for certain viral infections?
To control signs and symptoms, as there is no cure.
What is the recommended initial antibiotic for AOM?
Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) as a single IM dose.
What can trigger a recurrent episode of genital herpes?
Stress, infection, and trauma.
What are common side effects of medications and infections that affect nutrition?
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, altered taste, impaired swallowing or chewing, diarrhea, fatigue, depression, and impaired cognition.
What does the study by Kalichman et al. (1994) indicate about female psychiatric patients?
They are engaging in unsafe sex, increasing their risk of STIs.
What bacteria causes syphilis?
Treponema pallidum.
What does EIA stand for in diagnostic tests?
Enzyme Immunoassay.
What must clients in drug therapy do?
Complete the course of medication.
What should nurses do when administering pain medications?
Observe the effects and side effects of the medications.
What should clients be informed about regarding common side effects?
They should be aware of the common side effects of the drug.
What diagnostic test involves visual examination of the cervix?
Colposcopy.
What is the status of a cure for AOM?
There is no cure.
When do clinical manifestations usually occur after contact?
3 - 7 days.
How can nurses help maintain patient comfort and safety?
By managing symptoms and ensuring a safe environment.
How is HSV transmitted?
By direct contact with the exudate during sexual activity.
What type of education is important for patients regarding their treatment?
Medication education.
What percentage of clients experience recurrent infections within one year of the first episode?
75%.
What are examples of high-risk sexual activities?
Use of sex workers, multiple sex partners, sex with IV drug users and infected people, unprotected sex.
What do integrase inhibitors do?
They inhibit the enzyme integrase, responsible for integrating viral DNA into the DNA of the infected cell.
What are OIs in the context of diagnostic tests?
Opportunistic infections.
Can HIV be transmitted from mother to child?
Yes, during childbirth or breastfeeding.
What type of support can be provided to patients to help them cope with their condition?
Counseling.
What types of sexual activities can transmit STIs?
Oral, anal, and vaginal (penile) activities.
Which STI is characterized by warts in the genital area?
Genital Warts.
What is the primary purpose of HARRT?
To suppress HIV replication in the blood.
What is one potential outcome of congenital syphilis?
Intrauterine death.
What does the acronym ABC stand for in STI prevention strategies?
Abstinence, Be faithful, and Condom use.
What type of therapy involves using liquid nitrogen or a cryoprobe?
Cryotherapy (cold therapy).
What are the three main mechanisms by which HIV leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells?
Direct viral killing of infected cells, increased rates of apoptosis in infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes.
How can patients conserve energy during daily activities?
By sitting down to perform activities of daily living (ADLs).
How long after exposure does the primary stage of syphilis occur?
2 to 4 weeks.
What type of lesions can occur as a symptom of STIs?
Genital ulcers.
Name an alternative antibiotic for AOM treatment.
Cefixime (Suprax).
What are entry inhibitors also known as?
Fusion inhibitors.
How does poverty contribute to STI risk?
Poverty can limit access to healthcare and education, increasing STI risk.
How can a newborn be infected with genital herpes?
During vaginal delivery when active genital lesions are present.
What should be done regarding sexual partners of infected clients?
They need to be assessed.
What is a common parasitic STI mentioned in the context of Hong Kong?
Pubic Lice.
Among people who reported sex with casual partners, what percentage never used condoms?
16.9%.
How is HIV primarily transmitted?
Through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth.
What should be done after syphilis treatment is completed?
Follow-up blood tests to check if the treatment has worked.
What is the importance of early diagnosis of HIV?
It allows for timely treatment and management to prevent progression to AIDS.
Where may genital warts appear on the body?
On the penis, around the anus, and on the skin between the genital and anus.
What are some complications of untreated syphilis in the tertiary stage?
Bone or joint inflammation, cardiovascular problems, CNS problems, neurological and mental illness, and even death.
What can happen to a patient with untreated syphilis?
They may experience devastating and irreversible complications.
What is the initial appearance of genital warts caused by HPV?
Tiny, soft growths that are unnoticeable.
What type of intercourse is considered a high-risk activity for STIs?
Unprotected anal intercourse.
What is a typical combination of medications in HARRT?
Typically 2 NRTIs plus an NNRTI or a PI.
What physical symptoms may accompany neurosyphilis?
Neck stiffness and tremors.
What type of changes caused by syphilis are irreversible?
Structural changes.
What is a significant risk for HIV patients related to mental health?
Increased suicidal risk.
Do the symptoms tend to reappear?
Yes, they tend to reappear at the site of previous infection.
When do clinical manifestations of HPV typically develop after sexual contact?
Within weeks.
What is an example of an nNRTI?
Nevirapine.
What is essential for ensuring complete recovery from gonorrhea?
Follow-up after appropriate drug treatment.
What are common symptoms of STIs in men?
Dysuria and urinary frequency.
How does substance misuse affect STI risk?
Misuse of alcohol and drugs can impair judgment and lead to risky sexual behaviors.
What is an example of a maturation inhibitor?
Bevirimat (not yet approved by FDA).
What is a potential long-term complication for women with STIs?
Scarring and occlusion of fallopian tubes.
Does having one STI provide immunity against future infections?
No, except for Hepatitis B.
What surgical options are available for extensive warts?
CO2 lasers and simple surgical excision.
What is the purpose of the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test?
To diagnose syphilis.
Why is the exudate from ruptured vesicles considered highly contagious?
Because it can spread the infection to others.
How long can it take for genital warts to appear after infection?
Months to years.
What does the Treponemal Pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) test identify?
The presence of Treponema pallidum, the bacteria that causes syphilis.
How is severe signs and symptoms treated?
With IV Acyclovir for 5-7 days.
What feelings might HIV patients experience related to their mental health?
Feelings of hopelessness and helplessness.
What is the recommended antiviral agent for acute primary infection?
Acyclovir (Zovirax), taken orally for 7-10 days.
What happens when CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level?
Cell-mediated immunity is lost, making the body more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
What is the treatment duration for Acyclovir during episodes of recurrence?
5 days.
What are some symptoms of the secondary stage of syphilis?
Generalized non-pruritic rash on palms and soles, mucous patches in the mouth, generalized non-tender lymphadenopathy, flu-like symptoms, and patchy hair loss.
What severe mental health issues can neurosyphilis lead to?
Psychosis and seizures.
What is an example of a protease inhibitor?
Ritonavir.
What role does recreational drug use play in STI risk?
Recreational drug use can lead to risky sexual behaviors and increased STI exposure.
Why is health education important for clients with syphilis?
To help them cope with the disease and address feelings of embarrassment.
What type of discharge is noted in men with STIs?
Purulent discharge.
Is gonorrhea curable?
Yes, gonorrhea is curable with appropriate drug treatment.
What percentage of subjects maintained they always used condoms?
17.5%.
What can untreated HIV lead to?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
What is the treatment for later latent stage syphilis?
Weekly penicillin IMI for 3 weeks.
What percentage of people reported always using condoms with casual partners?
36.6%.
What is the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption test (FTA-Abs) used for?
To confirm a syphilis diagnosis.
What role does mental health play in managing HIV?
Mental health support is crucial for adherence to treatment and coping with the diagnosis.
How do nNRTIs inhibit reverse transcription?
By binding directly to the enzyme and interfering with its function.
What should be planned ahead to help manage fatigue?
Activities and an exercise schedule.
What is the final stage of HIV infection?
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).
What is the follow-up antibiotic after the initial treatment for AOM?
Oral doxycycline (Vibramycin).
How does poor mental health affect health appointments for HIV patients?
It makes it harder for them to keep their health appointments.
What is a key feature of the AIDS stage?
Severe immune system damage leading to opportunistic infections.
What psychological issues are commonly associated with HIV?
Depression and anxiety.
What colors can genital warts be?
White, red, skin-colored, or darker than surrounding skin.
What are some disabilities that can result from congenital syphilis?
Blindness and deafness.
What happens to the sore in the primary stage of syphilis?
It usually clears up spontaneously within 4 to 6 weeks.
What are two symptoms of dysuria in women?
Cervical erythema and urinary frequency.
Name two currently available entry inhibitors.
Maraviroc and enfuvirtide.
Which viral infection is listed as a common STI in Hong Kong?
HIV Infection.
Why is it difficult to confirm the timing of genital warts appearance?
Because they can take a long time to develop.
What complication can occur in men due to STIs?
Epididymitis.
What type of support is important for clients dealing with STIs?
Psychosocial support and support groups.
What percentage of the whole sample said they never used condoms?
41%.
What is a key nursing management strategy to prevent reinfection?
Educate clients on hand washing techniques and remind them to wash hands after touching lesions.
What sudden changes may occur in a person's personality due to neurosyphilis?
Sudden personality changes, depression, and irritability.
What abdominal symptom can indicate an STI?
Abdominal pain.
What screening should female clients be educated to do?
Pap smear.
What complication can occur in women due to STIs?
Salpingitis (inflammation of the fallopian tubes).
What do genital warts resemble?
Cauliflower-like growths.
Can symptoms of secondary syphilis disappear without treatment?
Yes, symptoms may disappear even without treatment.
What is the treatment choice for all stages of syphilis?
Penicillin.
Which fluoroquinolone antibiotics can be used for AOM?
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and Ofloxacin (Floxin).
What impact does poor mental health have on HIV patients?
It makes it harder for them to take their HIV medicines on time.
Can different STIs coexist in the same client?
Yes, different STIs frequently coexist.
What is the purpose of maturation inhibitors?
To prevent HIV from properly assembling and maturing, forming a protective outer coat, or emerging from human cells.
What are common symptoms of HIV infection?
Flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
How does HARRT help in preventing drug resistance?
By preventing the virus from rapidly developing resistance to individual ARVs.
What is the primary effect of HIV on the body?
It attacks the immune system, specifically CD4 cells.
What natural techniques can be used for fatigue management?
Progressive relaxation and acupressure.
What do protease inhibitors (PIs) target?
Viral assembly by inhibiting the activity of protease.
What symptom may indicate an STI in males involving the scrotum?
Scrotal swelling & pain.
What type of rash appears during the secondary stage of syphilis?
A generalized non-pruritic rash on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
What are mucous patches in the context of secondary syphilis?
Gray and superficial patches that occur on the mucous membranes in the mouth.
What are some methods to relieve pain for infected individuals?
Keep the infected area clean and dry, wear loose-fitting non-synthetic underwear, and take sitz baths with analgesics.
What characterizes the Chronic HIV Infection stage?
The virus is active but reproduces at very low levels.
What is a common symptom experienced by females with STIs?
Vaginal discharge.
What are other names for HARRT?
Drug 'cocktail' or triple therapy.
What does the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test detect?
Syphilis.
How long after exposure does the secondary stage of syphilis occur?
6 to 8 weeks.
How is gonorrhea almost always transmitted?
By direct sexual contact.
What is dysuria?
Painful micturition.
What type of support is essential for clients with syphilis?
Psychosocial support.
How is HIV infection related to mental health?
HIV infection is closely linked with psychiatric problems.
How do entry inhibitors work?
They interfere with the binding, fusion, and entry of HIV-1 to the host cell by blocking specific targets.
What should clients be educated about regarding AOM?
That the disease has no cure and to be alert for signs and symptoms of malignancy such as cervical cancer.
What is the alternative antiviral agent for recurrence episodes?
Valacyclovir (Valtrex) for 5 days.
Can the causative agent of gonorrhea survive outside the body?
No, it cannot survive outside the body.
What healthy behaviors can be interfered with due to poor mental health in HIV patients?
Getting enough sleep, exercise, and avoiding risk behaviors like unprotected sex.
What is a rare mode of transmission for gonorrhea?
Infants being infected during vaginal birth.
What is a complication associated with STIs in men?
Prostatitis.
How can neurosyphilis affect mental stability?
It can cause confusion, disorientation, poor concentration, and memory problems.
What is a risk factor related to coercion in sexual activities?
Being forced to engage in sexual activities.
What is the recommended treatment for primary, secondary, and early latent stage syphilis?
Single dose of Benzathine penicillin G IMI.
How long do the reappearing symptoms usually last?
7 - 10 days.
What should clients avoid doing with towels to prevent spreading infection?
Do not use the same towel to touch their eyes during grooming.
What is an inguinal bubo associated with lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)?
Lymphadenopathy.
What is recommended during sexual activity to prevent the spread of infection?
Use condoms.
What type of infection is Genital Herpes type II?
A common STI in Hong Kong.
How does the severity of reappearing symptoms compare to the initial outbreak?
The symptoms will be similar but with lesser severity.
What is apoptosis in the context of HIV infection?
Increased rates of programmed cell death in infected cells.
What happens during the Acute HIV Infection stage?
Flu-like symptoms may occur as the body responds to the virus.
What is the treatment approach for frequent recurrences (more than 6 episodes per year)?
Suppressive therapy with Acyclovir (Zovirax) daily for 4 months to 3 years.
What type of towel should clients use to prevent infection?
Use a separate towel.
What is the texture of genital warts?
They feel soft and firm.
