What is a Lysosome?
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A vesicle containing digestive enzymes.
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What is a Lysosome?
A vesicle containing digestive enzymes.
What are Mitochondria?
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, known as the powerhouse of the cell, where they generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
What is a Hypotonic solution?
A Hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than in the cell.
What is the function of the Cytoskeleton?
The Cytoskeleton provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates cell movement.
What is the function of the Nucleus?
Stores genetic information.
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity.
What is simple diffusion?
Simple diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the need for a protein carrier or cellular energy.
What is the Plasma membrane?
The Plasma membrane is the outer boundary of a cell that separates its interior from the external environment.
What is the Sodium Potassium Pump?
The Sodium Potassium Pump is a membrane protein that actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the electrochemical gradient essential for various cellular functions.
What does Isotonic mean?
Isotonic refers to equal concentration of solutes and solvent (water) inside and outside the cell, maintaining cell shape.
What does 'Consume' refer to in cellular processes?
The utilization of energy or resources by cells to perform work or maintain functions.
What is Osmotic Pressure?
The force exerted on a selectively permeable membrane, which causes water to diffuse toward a solution of greater osmotic pressure (lower water concentration).
What is Endocytosis?
Endocytosis is the process by which cells internalize substances from their external environment by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.
What is the function of the Plasma Membrane?
The Plasma Membrane separates the inside of the cell (cytoplasm) from the outside.
What is Cytokinesis?
Cytokinesis is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a parental cell is divided into two daughter cells.
What is Active Transport?
A transport method that requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, often involving specific transport proteins.
What role do cholesterol molecules play in the Plasma Membrane?
Cholesterol molecules stabilize the membrane.
What are Peroxisomes?
Peroxisomes are enzyme-containing vesicles similar to lysosomes that contain hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidative enzymes, which detoxify drugs and alcohol. They are found in large numbers in the liver and kidney and are involved in breaking down fatty acids.
What is a hypertonic solution?
A hypertonic solution is one that has a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution, which can lead to the movement of water out of cells, helping to relieve swelling.
What is Mitosis (有絲分裂)?
Mitosis is a type of cell division where each cell in the body is genetically identical, important for the growth and repair of multicellular organisms.
Which specialized cells no longer go through the cell cycle?
Muscle cells and nerve cells.
What are Lysosomes?
Lysosomes are organelles that contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes to hydrolyze unwanted materials from phagocytosis, endocytosis, and autophagy, and are responsible for autodigestion, which aids in cell rejuvenation and development.
What is Cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm and organelles.
What does ENDO- refer to?
ENDO- refers to '內', indicating something that is inside or internal.
What is simple diffusion?
Simple diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration without the need for energy.
What is the function of cilia and flagella?
Cilia and flagella allow movement of the cell or material, facilitating locomotion and fluid movement across the cell surface.
What is the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
The Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and is involved in the synthesis and processing of proteins and lipids.
What is the Cytoplasm?
The Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within a cell that contains organelles and is the site for many cellular processes.
What are the mechanisms for movement of molecules in cells?
The movement of molecules in cells can occur through various mechanisms, including diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and facilitated diffusion.
What is the function of Organelles?
Organelles are specialized structures within the cytoplasm that perform various functions necessary for the cell's life.
What are Organelles?
Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct processes necessary for cellular function.
What is Simple Diffusion?
Movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, where no net movement occurs when they are equally distributed. Only certain types of molecules can enter and exit a cell by simple diffusion, and no cellular energy is required.
What is an Isotonic solution?
An Isotonic solution has the same solute concentration as in the cell.
What happens during Anaphase?
Sister chromatids separate and are now called chromosomes, which move toward opposite poles of the spindle.
What occurs during Telophase?
Chromosomes become chromatin, the spindle disappears, nucleoli reappear, and the nuclear envelope reassembles, allowing two daughter cell nuclei to be observed.
What is the Sodium Potassium Pump?
A carrier protein that actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, crucial for maintaining cellular function.
What does the Golgi apparatus receive from the ER?
The Golgi apparatus receives protein and/or lipid-filled vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
What is facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is the transport of specific solutes through protein carriers (integral proteins) down their concentration gradient, from a higher to a lower concentration region, without the use of energy (ATP).
What is facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration with the help of a protein carrier, without requiring cellular energy.
核糖體的次單元是什麼?
核糖體由兩個次單元組成,分為大次單元和小次單元,這些次單元在蛋白質合成過程中結合並協同工作。
What are microtubules?
Microtubules are a component of the cytoskeleton that help maintain cell shape and facilitate the movement of organelles.
What is the Nuclear envelope?
Separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
What is a key difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
The key difference is that facilitated diffusion requires a protein carrier to transport molecules, while simple diffusion does not require any special carrier.
What is formed at the end of DNA replication?
Two identical double helix molecules are formed.
What is the composition of the Plasma Membrane?
The Plasma Membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, glycolipids, cholesterol molecules, peripheral proteins, and integral proteins.
What is Endocytosis?
Endocytosis is the process where the plasma membrane envelopes a substance, forming an intracellular vesicle.
What is Transport across the plasma membrane?
Transport across the plasma membrane refers to the movement of substances into and out of the cell, which can occur via passive or active mechanisms.
What is the G2 phase?
The G2 phase is the stage of the cell cycle where the cell continues to grow and makes final preparations for division.
What are Endosomes?
Vesicle-like structures that sort internalized materials from endocytosis.
What is the function of Mitochondria?
Mitochondria are organelles bound by a double membrane that serve as the site of ATP production through cellular respiration, using oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
What happens in Metaphase?
In Metaphase, the spindle is fully formed and chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the cell.
What is Active transport?
The process of moving substances against their concentration gradient, from low to high concentration, often requiring energy.
What role do enzymes play in the Golgi apparatus?
Enzymes in the Golgi apparatus modify proteins and lipids, which is essential for their processing and packaging.
What is Tonicity?
Tonicity is the concentration of solute versus the concentration of water.
What is the Nucleolus?
Contains rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and is the site where ribosomes are formed.
What is the structure, organization, and composition of cells?
The structure, organization, and composition of cells refer to the arrangement and types of components that make up a cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and genetic material.
What is the Nucleus?
The Nucleus is the membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material and controls its activities.
What are Chromosomes?
Chromosomes are long, thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information.
What is the role of a single centriole in relation to cilia and flagella?
A single centriole forms the basal body, which acts as the anchor point for each cilium or flagellum.
What are intermediate filaments?
Intermediate filaments are part of the cytoskeleton that provide structural support and help maintain the shape of the cell.
What is Passive Transport?
A method of transport across the cell membrane that does not require energy, allowing substances to move along their concentration gradient.
What are actin filaments?
Actin filaments are a component of the cytoskeleton that play a crucial role in cell movement and shape.
What occurs during the G1 phase?
During the G1 phase, the cell undergoes growth and prepares for DNA replication.
What is Facilitated Diffusion?
A type of passive transport that uses transport proteins to help move molecules across the cell membrane without energy input.
What is a Vesicle?
A small membranous sac that is smaller in size.
What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
Cholesterol helps to stabilize the fluidity of the plasma membrane, making it less permeable to very small water-soluble molecules that might otherwise pass freely through.
What is Exocytosis?
Exocytosis is the process where a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to release its contents outside the cell.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
What does the prefix 'Cyto-' mean?
Cyto- means 'cell'.
What is a Hypertonic solution?
A Hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than in the cell.
What is Apoptosis?
Programmed cell death that occurs at the restriction checkpoint if the cell did not complete mitosis and is abnormal.
What are water molecules in the context of diffusion?
Water molecules act as a solvent in which substances, such as dye, can dissolve and diffuse.
What is Chromatin?
Contains DNA, protein, and some RNA; coils into rod-like structures called chromosomes before the cell divides.
What is Osmosis?
Diffusion of water across a plasma membrane, occurring when there is an unequal distribution of water on either side of a selectively permeable membrane.
What is Bowman’s capsule?
Bowman’s capsule is a cup-like structure in the kidney that encases the glomerulus and is involved in the filtration of blood.
What is the Nuclear envelope?
The Nuclear envelope is a double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm.
What happens to parental DNA strands during DNA replication?
The parental DNA strands unwind as hydrogen bonds are broken.
What are Vacuoles?
Vacuoles are small membranous sacs in the cytoplasm that are larger than vesicles and serve various functions in the cell.
What is Hypotonic?
Hypotonic describes a condition where there is more water and lower concentration of solutes outside the cell, causing water to move into the cell, leading it to swell and potentially lyse.
What are Chromatids?
Chromatids are the two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome, which are joined together at the centromere.
What is Transcription in protein synthesis?
Transcription is the process of forming mRNA from DNA, serving as the first step in protein synthesis.
What is Smooth ER (sER)?
Smooth ER (sER) is a type of endoplasmic reticulum that synthesizes phospholipids and lipids, lacking ribosomes on its surface.
What is the Cytoskeleton?
The Cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that maintains cell shape and enables movement of the cell and its contents.
What role does mRNA play in protein synthesis?
mRNA serves as a template that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein construction.
What are codons?
Codons are sequences of three nucleotides on the mRNA that specify the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain during translation.
What is the Cell cycle?
The Cell cycle is a series of phases that a cell goes through to grow and divide, including interphase and mitotic phase.
What occurs during the G1 phase of the Cell Cycle?
During the G1 phase, the cell doubles the number of organelles and accumulates materials used for DNA synthesis.
What is Exocytosis?
The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles, and it belongs to the Endomembrane System.
What is the Mitotic Stage of the Cell Cycle?
The Mitotic Stage is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to form two new cells, consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
What are Ribosomes?
Ribosomes are cellular structures found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, responsible for producing (synthesizing) proteins for internal cell use or export.
What is Mitosis?
Mitosis is the cell division stage divided into four phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
What are Centrioles?
Centrioles are composed of microtubule units and are found near the nucleus of every cell, arranged at right angles to each other. They duplicate once and the two pairs separate and move to opposite poles during cell division.
What occurs during Prophase?
During Prophase, the centrioles near the nucleus begin moving towards opposite ends, spindle fibers appear, the nuclear envelope begins to fragment, and the nucleolus starts to disappear.
What is the Cell Cycle?
A set of stages that take place between the time a cell divides and the time the daughter cell divides.
What is water intoxication?
Water intoxication is a condition that occurs when excessive water consumption leads to an imbalance of electrolytes in the body, potentially causing swelling of cells and serious health issues.
What is Filtration?
Filtration is the movement of liquid from high pressure to low pressure through a body membrane by hydrostatic pressure.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that contains enzymes that modify proteins and lipids, facilitating protein and lipid processing and packaging.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
What is Meiosis (減數分裂)?
Meiosis is a reduction-division process that produces gametes (sex cells) with half the normal number of chromosomes.
What is a basal body?
The basal body of a flagellum is a structure that has a ring of nine microtubule triplets with no central microtubules, serving as the anchor point for cilia or flagella.
什麼是密碼子?
遺傳密碼的單位,通常由三個核苷酸組成,對應一種氨基酸。
What does EXO- refer to?
EXO- refers to '外', indicating something that is outside or external.
What is the role of dye molecules in diffusion?
Dye molecules serve as the solute that diffuses through the solvent (water) until an equal distribution is achieved.
What are gametes (配子)?
Gametes are sex cells, specifically sperm (精子) or ova (卵子), produced through meiosis.
What is DNA replication?
The process by which a cell duplicates its DNA, resulting in two identical double helix molecules.
What are microtubule doublets?
Microtubule doublets are pairs of microtubules that are arranged in a ring structure within the shaft of a flagellum, anchored to a central pair of microtubules.
核糖體的功能是什麼?
細胞內的細胞器,負責蛋白質的合成,通過翻譯mRNA上的密碼子來組裝氨基酸。
What is the role of ATP in cellular energy?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) serves as the primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes.
What are Vesicles?
Vesicles are tiny membranous sacs in the cytoplasm that can be formed by the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, and may carry substances such as neurotransmitters in synapses.
What is the Cytoskeleton?
The Cytoskeleton helps maintain the cell's shape and anchors or assists the movement of organelles. It includes microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments, and is not part of membranous structure.
What is Nucleoplasm?
The substance within the nucleus, similar to cytoplasm but found inside the nuclear envelope.
What are organelles in cells?
Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions necessary for the cell's life and activities, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.
What types of solutes typically require facilitated diffusion?
Solutes such as glucose and amino acids typically require facilitated diffusion for transport across the plasma membrane.
What is Interphase?
Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for division, consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases.
What is the role of Carriers in Active transport?
Carriers are protein molecules that facilitate the movement of solutes against their concentration gradient during active transport.
What is the Nucleus?
The Nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material and regulates gene expression and cell division.
What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?
In the S phase, the cell grows and replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division.
What is the Nucleus?
An organelle with a nuclear membrane (envelope with pores) surrounding nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleolus, which is concentrated with chromatin, RNA, and proteins.
What are the functions of receptors in the Plasma Membrane?
Receptors in the Plasma Membrane are involved in signal transduction and communication with the external environment.
What are phospholipids?
Phospholipids are molecules that make up the bilayer of the plasma membrane, consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
What is the structure of the phospholipid bilayer?
The phospholipid bilayer consists of two layers of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
What is Endocytosis?
Endocytosis is the process of taking substances into the cell.
What are Intermediate filaments?
Filaments that are thicker than actin but thinner than microtubules, part of the cytoskeleton.
What is Exocytosis?
Exocytosis is the process of expelling substances out of the cell.
What does the prefix 'Hypo-' mean?
Hypo- means 'below'.
高爾基器
細胞內的膜結構,負責蛋白質的修飾、包裝和運輸。
微絲
細胞骨架的細小結構,參與細胞運動和形狀的改變。
質膜
細胞的外部邊界,控制物質的進出並維持細胞內環境。
What is Chromatin?
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.
What does the Golgi apparatus produce?
The Golgi apparatus produces lysosomes, which are enzyme-containing vesicles.
What is Cotransport?
Cotransport is a mechanism that involves the simultaneous transport of two substances across a membrane, which can occur in the same direction (symport) or in opposite directions (antiport).
What role do new complementary nucleotides play in DNA replication?
New complementary nucleotides pair with nucleotides in the parental DNA strands, and DNA polymerase joins these new nucleotides.
What is Rough ER (rER)?
Rough ER (rER) is a type of endoplasmic reticulum that has attached ribosomes and is responsible for processing proteins produced by these ribosomes.
What does Hypertonic mean?
Hypertonic refers to a situation where there is less water and higher concentration of solutes outside the cell, causing water to move out of the cell, leading it to shrink or crenate.
What are the processes and characteristics of different cell cycle stages?
The cell cycle consists of stages including interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis), each characterized by specific processes of cell growth, DNA replication, and division.
What is a chromatid?
Each strand of the double helix formed during DNA replication is equivalent to a chromatid.
What is a Vacuole?
A small membranous sac that is larger in size.
What are Glycoproteins and their function in the Plasma Membrane?
Glycoproteins are unique self markers attached to the outer surfaces of the Plasma Membrane.
What is Pinocytosis?
Pinocytosis, also known as 'cell drinking', is a type of endocytosis where the cell consumes solutions.
What is the Rough ER?
A type of endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis.
What is the S phase in the Cell Cycle?
The S phase, or 'synthesis' phase, is when DNA replication occurs.
What are lysosomes?
Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.
What are hydrophobic tails?
Hydrophobic tails are the water-repelling parts of phospholipids that face each other in the interior of the bilayer, away from water.
What are Actin filaments?
Thin filaments that are part of the cytoskeleton.
What is the 9+2 pattern?
The arrangement of microtubules in the tail of sperm.
What does the prefix 'Lys-' indicate?
Lys- indicates 'to break'.
What does the suffix 'some' refer to?
The suffix 'some' refers to 'body', as in ribosomes and lysosomes.
核
細胞的控制中心,包含遺傳物質並調控細胞活動。
What is a Selectively Permeable Membrane?
A membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport.
What role do protein carriers play in facilitated diffusion?
Protein carriers are integral proteins that facilitate the transport of specific solutes across the plasma membrane during facilitated diffusion.
What are the similarities between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
Both simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion move molecules along or down the concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) and do not require cellular energy (ATP).
What is Apoptosis?
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that allows cells to self-destruct when they are no longer needed or are damaged.
What is Active transport?
Active transport is the process where solutes move up their concentration gradient, requiring a protein carrier (often called pumps) and the use of cellular energy.
What is Exocytosis?
Exocytosis is the process by which cells expel materials by vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents outside the cell.
What is Translation in protein synthesis?
Translation is the process that involves mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, where codons on the mRNA determine the order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
What is Simple diffusion?
Simple diffusion is the process where solutes move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What is Osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential.
What are Peroxisomes?
Organelles that contain enzymes for oxidative reactions and detoxification processes.
What is a checkpoint in the cell cycle?
A checkpoint is a control mechanism in the cell cycle that ensures the proper progression of the cell cycle and prevents division if conditions are not favorable.
What is a Peroxisome?
A vesicle containing oxidative enzymes.
What happens during the G2 phase of the Cell Cycle?
In the G2 phase, the cell synthesizes proteins that will assist in cell division.
What are Microtubules?
Cylindrical structures that are part of the cytoskeleton.
What is the function of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane?
Carbohydrates are involved in cell recognition and signaling, often attached to proteins and lipids on the extracellular surface of the membrane.
What is a Centriole?
A structure involved in cell division, associated with cilia and flagella.
What does the prefix 'Iso-' signify?
Iso- signifies 'equal'.
中間纖維
細胞骨架的一部分,提供細胞形狀的支持和穩定性。
粒綫體
細胞內的能量生產單位,主要負責ATP的合成。
光滑內質網
細胞內的膜結構,參與脂質合成和毒素的解毒。
What is a Spindle?
A spindle is a structure formed by microtubules that segregates chromosomes during cell division.
What is the Plasma membrane?
A phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that surrounds the cell.
What is Osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, moving from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
What is Facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is the process where solutes move from high to low concentration in the presence of carrier proteins.
What is Filtration?
Filtration is the process where fluid moves from an area of high hydrostatic pressure to an area of low hydrostatic pressure.
What is Active transport?
Active transport is the movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.
What is Rough ER?
A type of endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes on its surface and is responsible for synthesizing proteins.
What are vacuoles?
Storage organelles that can hold various substances, including nutrients and waste products.
What is the cytoskeleton?
The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and tubules that provides structural support, shape, and organization to the cell.
What does 'Inter-' refer to?
Inter- refers to 'between'.
What does the prefix 'Phago-' mean?
Phago- means 'to eat'.
微絨毛
細胞表面的小突起,增加細胞的表面積以促進吸收。
核糖體
細胞內的結構,負責蛋白質的合成。
What is Phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis, also known as 'cell eating', is a type of endocytosis where the cell ingests solid particles.
What is the Interphase in the Cell Cycle?
The Interphase is the stage of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing but is preparing to divide, carrying on regular activities.
What is Endocytosis?
A process by which cells engulf substances from the outside environment, forming a vesicle to bring them into the cell.
What is the role of channels in the Plasma Membrane?
Channels in the Plasma Membrane facilitate the transport of ions and molecules across the membrane.
What are carriers in the context of the Plasma Membrane?
Carriers are proteins in the Plasma Membrane that assist in the transport of substances across the membrane.
What are hydrophilic heads?
Hydrophilic heads are the water-attracting parts of phospholipids that face the aqueous environment inside and outside the cell.
What is Smooth ER?
A type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes and is involved in synthesizing lipids.
What is the meaning of 'Endo-'?
Endo- means 'within'.
What is the 9+0 pattern?
The arrangement of microtubules in the basal body of cilia.
What does 'Reticulum' refer to?
Reticulum refers to a 'network', as in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
What does the prefix 'Pro-' indicate?
Pro- indicates 'before', as in prokaryotic cells which are bacteria without true nuclei.
核仁
細胞核內的結構,主要負責核糖體的合成。
What are Ribosomes?
Cellular structures composed of two subunits (40s and 60s) made of proteins and RNAs, responsible for protein synthesis.
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
A complex system of tubules, vesicles, and sacs involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
What are Vesicles?
Small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell.
What is Pinocytosis?
Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis where the cell takes in liquid and small particles.
What does the prefix 'Exo-' signify?
Exo- signifies 'outside'.
What does 'Peri-' mean?
Peri- means 'around'.
What does 'Pino-' signify?
Pino- signifies 'to drink'.
核膜
包圍細胞核的雙層膜,控制物質進出核內。
細胞外吐作用
細胞將物質釋放到細胞外的過程,通常涉及囊泡的融合。
What is a Mitochondrion?
An organelle with an inner membrane within an outer membrane, containing a matrix with enzymes for ATP production.
What does the prefix 'Hydro-' refer to?
Hydro- refers to 'water'.
What is the Golgi apparatus?
An organelle consisting of stacked, concentrically folded membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
What are the filaments of the cytoskeleton?
Filaments of the cytoskeleton include microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, which play roles in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement.
中心粒
細胞內的結構,主要參與細胞分裂過程中的纖維形成。
溶酶體
含有消化酶的細胞器,負責分解細胞內的廢物和外來物質。
過氧物酶體
細胞內的細胞器,負責分解過氧化氫等有害物質。
What is Phagocytosis?
Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis where the cell engulfs large particles.
What are Mitochondria?
Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
What does 'Hyper-' indicate?
Hyper- indicates 'above'.
染色質
細胞核內的物質,由DNA和蛋白質組成,負責遺傳信息的儲存和表達。
微管
細胞骨架的組成部分,參與細胞形狀的維持和物質的運輸。
What is the Plasma membrane?
The Plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the inside of the cell from the outside