p.1
Humanitarian Grounds for Protection
What did the Teitiota case confirm regarding refugee or complementary protection in New Zealand?
The Teitiota case confirmed that without an added element of human agency, neither refugee nor complementary protection will extend to those forced to relocate due to climate change.
p.4
Legal Framework for Climate Change Displacement in New Zealand
What is the protection deficit at international law for those displaced by climate change?
Those displaced by climate change fall through the cracks of international refugee and immigration policy.
p.6
Projected Displacement Due to Climate Change
What is the estimated range of individuals in the Pacific that may migrate or be displaced by 2050 according to John Campbell?
Between 665,000 and 1.7 million individuals.
p.8
Pre-emptive Migration as an Adaptation Strategy
Why is pre-emptive action important in the context of climate change displacement?
Pre-emptive action can help avoid a migration crisis or lessen its impact, as climate change impacts have a slow onset.
p.9
Projected Displacement Due to Climate Change
What did Kiribati President Anote Tong emphasize about the relocation of people?
It requires long-term forward planning and cannot be done overnight.
p.10
Benefits of Remittances and Community Adaptation
What is the impact of pre-emptive, voluntary migration on communities of origin in the context of climate change?
Pre-emptive, voluntary migration helps communities of origin adapt to climate change by providing significant financial benefits through remittances, which support development and ensure access to basic needs.
p.2
Humanitarian Grounds for Protection
What was the outcome of the AC (Tuvalu) decision regarding refugee status based on climate change impacts?
The claim for refugee and protected person status based on climate change impacts was rejected, confirming the reasoning in Teitiota.
p.9
Pre-emptive Migration as an Adaptation Strategy
What approach allows Pacific peoples to make their own decisions about movement?
A co-ordinated approach that emphasizes pre-emptive, voluntary migration.
p.10
Projected Displacement Due to Climate Change
How do pre-emptive migration schemes affect population pressures in sending countries?
Pre-emptive migration schemes relieve population pressures and resource demands in sending countries, increasing adaptive capacity for those who wish to remain.
p.8
Projected Displacement Due to Climate Change
What benefits can arise from managing migration from the Pacific progressively?
There will be significant benefits for both origin and destination communities.
p.3
Regional Instruments and Climate Change Displacement
Was the commitment made in the Niue Declaration binding?
No, it was non-binding and no specific obligations were agreed upon.
p.8
New Zealand Policy Response
What is the key question regarding New Zealand's response to climate change displacement in the Pacific?
The key question is what shape a New Zealand policy response should take.
p.8
Humanitarian Grounds for Protection
What are 'remedial protection responses'?
They are instruments that provide protection once people have been displaced, such as extending refugee status and complementary protection measures.
p.6
Moral and Practical Imperatives for New Zealand
What is the legal obligation of New Zealand regarding climate change displacement in the Pacific?
New Zealand is under no legal obligation to respond.
p.4
Projected Displacement Due to Climate Change
What role do coral reefs play in the context of climate change for Pacific Island Countries?
Coral reefs reduce foreshore erosion and are critical to subsistence fisheries and tourism industries.
p.2
International Obligations Under UNFCCC
What obligations do developed countries have under the UNFCCC regarding climate change displacement?
Developed countries are committed to providing assistance to developing countries in meeting costs of adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change.
p.9
Benefits of Remittances and Community Adaptation
What benefits can migration provide to migrants and their home communities?
It can build financial, social, and human capital, improving lives.
p.2
Emerging Responsibility to Protect
What emerging concept has been argued regarding the international community's responsibility towards those displaced by natural disasters?
It has been argued that the international community may be subject to an emerging 'responsibility to protect' in relation to those displaced by natural disasters.
p.6
Vulnerabilities of Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
Which countries contribute the bulk of emissions in Oceania?
Australia and New Zealand.
p.1
Humanitarian Grounds for Protection
What discretionary power does the Immigration Act grant the IPT regarding deportation decisions?
The Immigration Act grants the IPT the discretionary power to overturn a deportation decision if there are exceptional circumstances of a humanitarian nature that would make deportation unjust or unduly harsh.
p.3
Emerging Responsibility to Protect
What was the limitation placed on the scope of the responsibility to protect at the 2005 World Summit?
It was limited to situations of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing.
p.8
Moral and Practical Imperatives for New Zealand
What does 'migration with dignity' refer to in the context of climate change displacement?
It refers to ensuring that Pacific peoples have the opportunity to migrate in a manner that respects their rights and dignity.
p.10
Benefits of Remittances and Community Adaptation
How do remittances contribute to the economies of Pacific Island countries?
Remittances are a crucial source of finance for development, accounting for significant percentages of GDP in countries like Kiribati (15%) and Tonga (40%), and they help local economies adapt by providing added capital.
p.10
Vulnerabilities of Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
What are the benefits of migrants returning home temporarily?
Migrants returning home temporarily bring new skills and knowledge, which benefit their communities of origin.
p.4
Projected Displacement Due to Climate Change
What are the main threats to Pacific Island Countries (PICs) due to climate change?
Erosion, flooding, sea level rise, salt-water intrusions, and increased ocean acidity are significant threats.
p.4
Vulnerabilities of Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
How does salt-water intrusion affect Pacific Island Countries?
It threatens the contamination of fresh water sources and salination of arable soil, reducing agricultural productivity.
p.2
Legal Framework for Climate Change Displacement in New Zealand
What does Vernon Rive suggest about the legal protection for those impacted by climate change?
Rive noted that the decision does not provide an open ticket for people from all places impacted by climate change, highlighting the limits of current legal protection.
p.6
Moral and Practical Imperatives for New Zealand
What moral argument exists for New Zealand to support developing nations affected by climate change?
Developed nations with high per capita emissions, like New Zealand, should support those who suffer disproportionately from climate change.
p.9
Migration as a Form of Adaptation
How can migration be viewed in the context of adaptation?
As an important part of an integrated adaptation strategy for communities facing environmental changes.
p.6
Vulnerabilities of Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
What percentage of global emissions are Pacific Island Countries (PICs) responsible for?
Approximately 0.3 percent.
p.9
Humanitarian Grounds for Protection
What is the risk faced by forced migrants compared to those who migrate voluntarily?
Forced migrants face higher costs and a greater risk of social dislocation.
p.4
Vulnerabilities of Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
Why is climate change displacement a particular concern for New Zealand?
As a developed nation in the Pacific, New Zealand is in a region referred to as 'climate change ground zero'.
p.2
Humanitarian Grounds for Protection
What is required for humanitarian grounds to provide protection for those displaced by climate change?
Humanitarian grounds will only provide protection in unique cases where the stringent test of 'exceptional circumstances' is satisfied.
p.9
Pre-emptive Migration as an Adaptation Strategy
Why do pre-emptive, voluntary migration schemes have a higher chance of success?
They allow for better planning and reduce stress and pain for those involved.
p.10
Moral and Practical Imperatives for New Zealand
What advantages do pre-emptive, voluntary migration schemes offer to New Zealand?
These schemes allow New Zealand greater control over the migration process and can be designed to provide dual benefits for both migrants and their communities of origin.
p.2
International Obligations Under UNFCCC
Is there a specific obligation concerning migration under the UNFCCC?
No, while migration is considered an adaptation measure, the broad commitment under the UNFCCC is not reinforced by any specific obligations concerning migration.
p.3
Emerging Responsibility to Protect
What did the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty's 2001 Report identify as a possible ground for a responsibility to protect?
Overwhelming natural or environmental catastrophes.
p.1
Humanitarian Grounds for Protection
How was the case of AD (Tuvalu) misrepresented in media coverage?
Media coverage misrepresented the AD (Tuvalu) case as the first legal recognition of 'climate refugees', while the decision was primarily based on family relationship disruptions rather than climate change alone.
p.1
Humanitarian Grounds for Protection
What was a significant factor in the IPT's decision regarding humanitarian circumstances in the AD (Tuvalu) case?
The IPT found that deportation would cause an unusually significant disruption to a dense network of family relationships, which was a significant factor in their decision.
p.3
Regional Instruments and Climate Change Displacement
What is the status of obligations on states at a regional level in the Pacific regarding climate change displaced people?
There are no obligations addressing the protection of climate change displaced people.
p.3
Regional Instruments and Climate Change Displacement
What commitment did the Pacific Islands Forum make in the Niue Declaration regarding climate change?
To encourage the Pacific’s Development Partners to increase technical and financial support for climate change action on adaptation, mitigation, and relocation.
p.5
Projected Displacement Due to Climate Change
What are the 12 slow-onset processes that threaten the habitability of land in the Pacific Islands?
These processes will make the land increasingly unsustainable and eventually uninhabitable, long before complete inundation.
p.5
Vulnerabilities of Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
Which Pacific Island countries are at greatest risk due to climate change?
Atolls such as Kiribati, Tokelau, Tuvalu, and the Marshall Islands are at greatest risk.
p.3
Regional Instruments and Climate Change Displacement
What significant term was omitted in the Majuro Declaration of September 2013?
The reference to 'relocation' was omitted.
p.5
Vulnerabilities of Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
What factors exacerbate the physical vulnerabilities of Pacific Island Countries (PICs)?
Pre-existing development challenges make adaptation to changing conditions more difficult.
p.5
Moral and Practical Imperatives for New Zealand
According to the Stern Review, how does climate change affect developing countries?
Climate change will have a disproportionately harmful effect on developing countries due to their exposure to fragile environments and low incomes.
p.5
Vulnerabilities of Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
What challenges does the Pacific face that complicate adaptation to climate change?
Challenges include poverty, low GDP, unemployment, pollution, high population growth, and overpopulation in urban areas.
p.5
Projected Displacement Due to Climate Change
What did Kiribati’s Solicitor-General David Lambourne say about climate change and pre-existing pressures?
He noted that climate change overlays pre-existing pressures, potentially providing a 'tipping point' that would not have been reached otherwise.
p.5
Projected Displacement Due to Climate Change
What is expected to happen by mid-century as a result of vulnerabilities in the Pacific?
A large number of people in the Pacific are expected to be displaced by climate change.
p.7
Emerging Responsibility to Protect
What could happen if New Zealand withholds action on climate change displacement?
Withholding action could lead to a humanitarian crisis, requiring higher levels of urgent outward migration and resulting in greater instability and conflict in the region.
p.7
Moral and Practical Imperatives for New Zealand
What moral imperative does New Zealand have regarding climate change migrants?
New Zealand has a strong moral imperative to provide protection for climate change migrants, aligning with its goal of being a global citizen.
p.7
Projected Displacement Due to Climate Change
What practical incentive does New Zealand face concerning migration from Pacific Island Countries?
New Zealand will face increasing pressure for migration opportunities from vulnerable Pacific Island Countries as the impacts of climate change grow more acute.
p.7
Vulnerabilities of Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
How is New Zealand perceived in relation to Pacific migration?
New Zealand is seen as a natural migration destination for Pacific residents seeking refuge due to its historical support and established communities.
