Final Exam Prep

Extrahepatic tissues and the liver express the ___ receptor.

The major regulatory enzyme for fatty acid synthesis is ___.

Fatty acid synthase is a multimeric enzyme that synthesizes ___ palmitate.

ABC transporters assist in the transport of ___ from the cells to HDL.

VLDL carries new TAG from the liver to the ___.

Ketogenesis is regulated by the activity of ___ and cytosolic levels of ___ which inhibit CPTI.

Acyl-CoA synthetase can re-convert free fatty acids to ___.

Fatty acyl-carnitine is moved to the inner mitochondrial matrix by ___ and ___.

Statins are a class of drugs that inhibit ___ for the management of elevated cholesterol.

The majority of bile acids are reabsorbed in the ___, while secondary bile salts are largely excreted.

Total cholesterol is a measurement of: LDL + HDL + ___% of TAGs.

Ketogenesis is the process of generating ketones from excess ___ produced from β-oxidation.

___ deficiency and medium chain acyl-dehydrogenase deficiency can lead to hypoglycemia.

Citrate acts as an ___ effector for Acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

ApoE is an apoprotein on chylomicrons and VLDL used for uptake by the ___.

The LDL receptor binds ___ on LDL particles and facilitates the uptake of ___ particles.

Microsomal transfer protein (MTP) is essential for the loading of ___ onto the chylomicron.

VLDLs interact with ___ in circulation to get a full complement of ___ and ___.

Cholesterol is excreted primarily as unesterified cholesterol and ___.

OAA is converted to pyruvate in a two-step process involving ___ and ___.

Malonyl-CoA inhibits ___ to prevent oxidation from occurring at the same time as synthesis.

ApoE on IDL facilitates uptake by the liver ___ receptor.

Cholesterol is used as a substrate for the synthesis of steroid hormones, sex hormones, bile acids, and ___.

HMG-CoA lyase cleaves HMG-CoA into ___ and ___.

The major regulatory enzyme for lipolysis is ___.

ApoCII on chylomicrons interacts with ___, which hydrolyzes TAGs into ___ and free fatty acids.

The pentose phosphate pathway provides ___ for TAG synthesis and ___ for fatty acid synthesis.

Fatty acids are not stored in the ___ but are packaged into VLDL particles as TAGs.

HMG-CoA reductase is inhibited by ___, which binds SREBP and retains it in the ER.

Prolonged ketogenesis can lead to ___, which can occur from starvation or uncontrolled diabetes.

Chylomicrons transport dietary ___ and fat-soluble ___ and are synthesized in the ___ epithelial cell.

The process of generating acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2 from the oxidation of free fatty acids is called ___.

The products of β-oxidation are ___, ___, and ___.

Cholesterol 7 α-hydroxylase, the regulatory step in bile acid synthesis, is inhibited by ___.

Abetalipoproteinemia results in the loss of the ability to form lipoproteins containing ___, leading to the loss of chylomicrons and VLDL.

ACAT catalyzes the transfer of a fatty acid from coenzyme A to the hydroxyl group on carbon 3 of ___.

β-oxidation supplies high levels of ___ in the fasted state.

Epinephrine ___ the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase, while insulin ___ its activity.

Long chain fatty acids cannot cross the ___ and require a transport system.

LDL receptor expression is regulated by PCSK9 mediated degradation and elevated intracellular cholesterol inhibits ___ transcription.

In the mitochondria, acetyl-CoA combines with OAA to form ___, which is then transported out of the mitochondria.

Insulin ___ the activity of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

ABCG1/ABCA1 transporter is responsible for active transport of cholesterol and lipids out of the cell into the ___ particle.

Deficiencies in β-oxidation can result in ___ due to the inability to support glucose synthesis.

Triacylglycerols are hydrolyzed into ___ and ___.

ApoCII on VLDL interacts with ___, which hydrolyzes TAGs into ___ and free fatty acids.

Cholesteryl esterase transfer protein is associated with ___ and exchanges TAGs from VLDL with cholesteryl ester from HDL.

Citrate lyase cleaves citrate in the cytosol to produce ___ and ___.

LDL is the maturation product of ___ that retains ApoB100.

HDL originates in the ___ and its primary apoprotein is ___.

Acetoacetate can be reduced to ___ or spontaneously decarboxylated to ___.

SR1 (Scavenger receptor) on liver cells functions in ___ particle uptake.

Free fatty acids travel bound to ___ to peripheral tissues.

CPTI is inhibited by ___.

The acyl-carrier protein (ACP) subunit of fatty acid synthase requires ___ as a cofactor.

Glucagon ___ the activity of Acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

___ synthase generates HMG-CoA during ketogenesis.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) on vascular epithelium cleaves ___ into glycerol and free fatty acids to be stored in the ___ after being reformed into triacylglycerols.

___ inhibits the process of lipolysis.

Elevated levels of sterols/cholesterol enhance the degradation of the enzyme ___.

HDLs originate from the liver and intestine; ___ is present on HDL particles.

The synthesis of mevalonate is regulated by the enzyme ___.

During starvation states, the ___ will oxidize ketones, decreasing the reliance on glucose.

When insulin is HIGH, ___ occurs.

ApoE on chylomicron remnants facilitates uptake by the liver ___ receptor, where they are broken down into cholesterol, amino acids, and ___.

Fatty acid synthesis is activated by ___ and inhibited by ___.

Cholesterol esterase transfer protein exchanges TAGs from VLDL with ___ from HDL.

HMG-CoA reductase is activated by sterol response element-binding protein (SREBP) mediated transcription and insulin-mediated ___.

CETP (Cholesteryl ester transfer protein) transfers cholesteryl ester from ___ to ___ and transfers TG from ___ to ___.

Malonyl-CoA acts as an allosteric inhibitor for ___.

VLDL transports fatty acids synthesized in the ___.

The β-oxidation spiral involves ___ major enzymes.

Primary bile acids are ___ and chenodeoxycholic acid.

The enzyme ___ converts acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA and is regulated by insulin, citrate, and dephosphorylation.

LDL is largely filled with ___ ester.

Acetyl-CoA is the source of all carbons in ___ synthesis.

The two ketone bodies are ___ and ___.

The major regulatory enzyme for β-oxidation is ___.

Insulin enhances the activity of ___.

As LDL binds LDL Receptor and is taken up by the cell, this decreases the activity of ___ by increasing intracellular levels of cholesterol.

Familial hypercholesterolemia is caused by the loss of the ___ receptor, leading to increased LDLs in circulation.

ApoCII interacts with ___ to activate the enzyme.

ATP is required for the processes of glucose synthesis via ___ and nitrogen disposal via the ___.

Hormone-sensitive lipase is activated by ___ and ___.

Acyl-CoA synthetase adds an ___ to free fatty acids.

LDL is formed from the maturation of ___ and contains the primary apoprotein ___.

Ketones can be used as fuel by other tissues but cannot be oxidized by the ___.

Microsomal transfer protein (MTP) is involved in the loading of ___ proteins onto both chylomicrons in the intestine and ___ in the liver.

Glycerol travels to the ___ to be used as a substrate for ___.

Chylomicrons originate in the ___ and their primary apoprotein is ___.

Phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol acyltransferase (PCAT, aka LCAT) esterifies ___ in the plasma when moving in and out of ___ particles.

When glucagon is HIGH, ___, ___, and ___ occur.

Microsomal transfer protein (MTP) is essential for the loading of ___ onto the VLDL.

Acetyl-CoA is largely used for ___, ___, and to a lesser extent in the ___.

Nascent chylomicrons interact with ___ in circulation to get a full complement of ___ and ___.

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I generates a ___.