3. HYPOXIA

Up to 1-2 hours.

Circulatory manifestation.

No, circulatory collapse is rare.

Critical stage.

Insufficient physiological compensation.

It represents the time from decreased O2 to when useful function is lost.

Nitrogen (N2).

Anxiety, panic attacks, or high altitudes.

Altitude, rate of ascent, duration at altitude, ambient temperature, physical activity, and individual factors.

A condition where there is a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues.

A cyanotic appearance or marbling with intense pruritus (cutis marmorata) that requires recompression to resolve.

Dark adaptation is affected.

Compensatory stage.

72 hours.

4 weeks.

Deterioration of muscular control and coordination, especially when P a CO 2 falls below 25 mmHg.

Boyle's law.

Failure of the CNS.

Respiratory alkalosis with hypocapnia.

Intellectual impairment, slow thinking, poor calculation ability, faulty memory, poor judgment, and delayed reaction time.

Decreased RBC count due to Fe2+ deficiency and bleeding.

Following proper ascent rates and safety stops during diving.

Supine with 100% O2.

Deep, throbbing pain in and around the joints, commonly referred to as 'bends'.

Altitude.

A type of hypoxia caused by decreased PO2 in the lungs or decreased O2 diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane.

Indifferent stage.

A syndrome that is usually acute, resulting from inadequate oxygenation of tissue.

Foreign bodies causing enzyme release.

An increase in the rate and depth of breathing, often leading to decreased carbon dioxide levels.

A condition that occurs when a diver ascends too quickly, causing nitrogen bubbles to form in the body.

Paraplegia, monoplegia, spasticity, loss of bladder and anorectal control, muscle weakness, altered reflexes, and paraesthesia.

Individuals may undergo loss of consciousness (LOC).

By administering supplemental oxygen and addressing the underlying cause.

Pruritus, formication, paraesthesia, numbness, and skin crepitations caused by subcutaneous emphysema.

It is higher than normal due to no unloading of O2.

A condition caused by decreased circulation to the tissues.

As low as 5,000 feet.

Increased respiratory rate (↑ RR) and depth of respiration.

Complete resolution of symptoms.

Hypoxic hypoxia, hypaemic/anaemic hypoxia, histotoxic hypoxia, stagnant hypoxia.

To diagnose and initiate management of the condition.

A triad of dry, progressive cough, dyspnoea, and burning substernal pain worse on inspiration.

Interference with cardiac contraction, leading to infarction and ventricular failure.

Decreases intravascular fluid volume.

They vasoconstrict, inhibiting blood flow and O2 transport to the brain.

A faster rate of ascent can lead to more severe hypoxia.

Anxiety, panic attacks, or strenuous exercise.

A condition that occurs when a diver ascends too quickly, causing nitrogen bubbles to form in the body.

As early as 15 seconds.

Decreased partial pressure of oxygen in inspired air.

Prolonged hypoxia.

Fatigue, lassitude, somnolence, dizziness, headache, breathlessness, and euphoria.

No, TUC is not the time to total unconsciousness.

Extravasation of fluids.

It induces the respiratory center to inhibit breathing to retain CO2.

Higher altitudes can increase the severity of hypoxia.

Carbon monoxide, nitrates, and sulfa drugs.

A faster ascent can increase the risk of DCS.

Compensatory stage.

LOC due to circulatory failure or CNS failure.

They can tear and cause destruction of tissues.

Hyperventilation symptoms and cyanosis.

Causing vasoconstriction.

A type of hypoxia caused by inadequate blood flow to tissues.

Headache, confusion, and personality changes.

Above 10,000 feet.

Delayed DCS manifestations.

Increased physical activity can exacerbate the effects of hypoxia.

It increases.

It increases (↑ Cardiac Output).

Extreme temperatures can affect DCS risk.

Disturbance stage.

They are bubbles that are frequently seen in moderate numbers and usually disappear without any consequences.

Acute hypoxia.

It can lead to permanent disability or death.

Hearing, which can be impaired or lost.

A condition characterized by decreased capacity of blood to carry sufficient O2.

Land while remaining on O2.

Inexperienced aircrews.

Lymphatic obstruction.

Transport advice and possibility of recompression in a hyperbaric chamber.

Previous injuries may increase the risk of DCS.

N2 comes out of solution in the form of bubbles.

Successful recompression therapy and complete resolution of symptoms.

Time of Useful Consciousness.

A type of hypoxia resulting from reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Symptoms can include shortness of breath, confusion, and cyanosis.

Death.

Increased blood viscosity and fibrinogen levels.

Get medical help.

A condition where tissue utilization of O2 is prevented despite normal supply, often caused by cyanides, alcohol, or narcotics.

Acclimatization can improve tolerance to hypoxia.

Higher body fat can increase the risk of DCS.

Diving before flying increases the risk of DCS.

By inhaling 100% O2.

Bubbles of N2 formation within body tissues and vascular spaces during rapid decrease in atmospheric pressure.

1. Decreased atmospheric pressure leading to decreased PAO2. 2. Decreased pulmonary ventilation of any cause. 3. Thickening of alveolar-capillary membranes, such as from pneumonia.

Increased pH leads to increased calcium binding to plasma proteins, causing hypocalcemia and tingling sensations in extremities.

Muscular spasms in extremities, facial muscle spasms, and generalized muscle tetany.

Euphoria, elation, and overconfidence.

Decreased muscle coordination and inability to perform fine movements.

Symptoms range from mild joint pain to permanent neurological deficits to death.

A type of hypoxia caused by low oxygen levels in the air.

By causing ischaemia, which can lead to neurologic symptoms.

A condition in which respiratory ventilation is abnormally increased, causing excessive loss of CO2.

Impaired peripheral and central vision, uncoordinated and weak extraocular muscles, decreased range of accommodation.

During flight decompression, altitude chamber exposure, diving, working in pressurized tunnels, or hyperbaric chamber exposure.

Because O2 and CO2 are consumed and excreted, while N2 is not.

Anxiety and apprehensive states.

Type I (mild) and Type II (severe), depending on the symptoms and affected areas.

It can vary from 30 minutes down to 9 seconds.

Joint pain with cutaneous and lymphatic manifestations.

Tinnitus (ringing in the ear), deafness, and vertigo.

Causes can include high altitude, respiratory diseases, and carbon monoxide poisoning.

Inherent tolerance, physical fitness, emotional state, and acclimatization.

Seek immediate medical attention and administer oxygen if available.

Increased heart rate (↑ HR).

Being placed in a pressurized cabin or breathing pressurized air/oxygen.

Under pressure, more N2 is dissolved in body tissues; the higher the pressure, the more N2 is dissolved.

Because of its higher fat solubility.

Inhibition of aerobic metabolism.

When P a CO 2 critically reaches 24 - 30 mmHg.

They can impinge on nerve endings, resulting in pain.

A condition where there is a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues.

Vasoactive substances.

CNS, PNS, and Cardio-pulmonary system.

Because N2 is not consumed, excreted, actively controlled, and is bound to other molecules.

Chokes.

A type of hypoxia where tissues are unable to utilize oxygen effectively.

They can take proper corrective and protective actions.

It interferes with normal O2 utilization by brain cells, causing euphoria and potentially leading to unconsciousness.

Descend and use 100% O2.

They are diminished or lost.

Ataxia, seizures, dizziness, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, and unconsciousness.

Individual variations and physical activity done.

Decreased PAO2 and PaO2 stimulate chemoreceptors, activating the respiratory center.

Longer durations at altitude can increase the risk and severity of hypoxia.

Intravenous fluids.

Indifferent stage.

A hyperbaric chamber physician.

Longer duration increases the risk of DCS.

Higher fitness levels may reduce the risk of DCS.

Proper denitrogenation can reduce DCS risk.

Reduced atmospheric pressure on the body leading to the formation of bubbles of inert gas (nitrogen) within body tissues.

Stammering and illegible handwriting.

Causes platelet aggregation.

Convulsions.

Blurring of vision, scotomas, tunnel vision, diplopia, and visual field defects.

Hyperventilation can lead to anxiety, which in turn can aggravate hyperventilation.

When reduced Hb is greater than 5 g/100ml.

Rapid or deep breathing that can lead to decreased carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

The shoulder.

Usually latent unless in prolonged exposure.

High-altitude diving can increase the risk of DCS.

Heart failure, arterial spasm, blood vessel occlusion, venous pooling during +G maneuvers, and pressure breathing.

Older age may increase the risk of DCS.

Gender differences can influence DCS risk.

Repeated exposure can increase the risk of DCS.