What is the left subclavian artery?
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The next branch off the aorta.
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What is the left subclavian artery?
The next branch off the aorta.
What is the primary structural unit of the human liver?
The liver lobule.
What does the organization of the liver lobule indicate?
It reflects the functional architecture of the liver.
What does Figure 3.10c illustrate?
The branching network of arteries, veins, and ducts in the human liver.
Which organs are primarily involved in the branching network shown in Figure 3.10c?
The human liver.
What is the anatomical position of the cranial vena cava in relation to the right atrium?
It enters the right atrium cranially.
Where does the caudal vena cava enter the heart?
It perforates the diaphragm and enters the right atrium caudally.
What are the three reflections mentioned in the anatomy of the heart?
Reflected to the left, reflected to the right, and reflected cranially.
What is the cranial mesenteric artery?
A branch off the abdominal portion of the aorta that supplies blood to the small and large intestine.
What type of view is shown at the bottom of Figure 3.6?
Ventral view of the heart.
What color denotes oxygen-rich blood in the injected arteries?
Red.
What do the sub-branches of the cranial mesenteric artery form?
The jejunal arteries.
What color denotes deoxygenated blood in the injected veins?
Blue.
What major arteries are visible in Figure 3.12b?
Phrenic artery, coeliac artery/trunk, and cranial mesenteric artery.
What do the jejunal arteries supply?
Most parts of the small and large intestine.
What does the hepatic portal system connect?
It connects the gastrointestinal tract and the liver.
What should you do after identifying the veins in the thoracic region?
Remove them to better view the arteries, being careful not to damage the arteries.
What does the coeliac artery/trunk split into?
Splenic/lienic and hepatic arteries.
What can prevent thorough penetration of latex in veins?
Valves in the veins.
Where are the branches of the cranial mesenteric artery contained?
Within the intestinal mesentery.
What sub-branches does the splenic artery divide into?
Left gastric and left gastroepiploic arteries.
What is the primary function of the hepatic portal system?
To transport nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver.
What is the first major branch off the aorta?
The brachiocephalic trunk.
What is the best way to identify a vessel if it appears as a thin-walled translucent tube?
Trace it to the organ it supplies or drains.
What areas do the branches of the hepatic artery supply?
Parts of the pancreas, duodenum, and pylorus.
What is the intestinal mesentery?
A double fold of peritoneal tissue that suspends the small and large intestines.
Which organs are associated with the hepatic portal system?
The gastrointestinal tract and the liver.
What is the primary function of the placenta during mammalian development?
To provide the embryo with nutrients and oxygen, and remove carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes.
What does the brachiocephalic trunk split into?
The right subclavian artery and a pair of common carotid arteries.
What small artery reaches parts of the pancreas and duodenum from the hepatic artery?
Gastroduodenal artery.
What is the origin of the subclavian vein?
It arises from the shoulder and arm.
What must be done to fully expose the organs of the thoracic cavity?
Spread the rib cage or cut the ventral portion of the rib cage away.
What is depicted in the illustration mentioned?
The hepatic portal system along with associated veins and organs.
What is the splenogastric vein also known as?
Lienogastric vein.
What anatomical structures are pulled to the right in Figure 3.12b?
Diaphragm and digestive organs.
What is the function of the right subclavian artery?
It carries blood to the right forelimb and upper body.
How many subclavian veins may a pig have on each side of its body?
Two subclavian veins, one dorsal and one ventral to the subclavian artery.
What encases the heart?
The pericardial membrane.
How does oxygen-rich blood enter the embryo?
Via the umbilical vein.
What major veins are mentioned in relation to the aorta?
Caudal vena cava.
What arteries flank the urinary bladder?
The two umbilical arteries.
What major blood vessel should be cut distal to the ductus arteriosus during heart removal?
The aorta.
What do the common carotid arteries supply blood to?
The head and neck.
What does the axillary vein drain?
It drains the arm and passes through the axilla (armpit).
What veins join the external jugular veins at their base?
The cephalic veins.
What do the costocervical veins drain?
The neck, back, and cranial intercostal spaces.
What is the ductus venosus?
A channel that allows blood to bypass the liver sinusoids and connect to the caudal vena cava.
Where do the testicular or ovarian arteries arise from?
From the aorta, caudal to the renal arteries.
What does red indicate in the ventral view of blood flow in an adult mammal?
Oxygen-rich blood.
What are the two major vena cavae mentioned in the instructions?
Cranial and caudal vena cavae.
Where do the coronary arteries run?
The left coronary artery runs along the ventral surface of the heart, and the right coronary artery runs along the dorsal surface.
What area does the subscapular vein drain?
It drains the medial side of the scapula.
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
A fibrous remnant of the ductus arteriosus, connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
What regions do the external jugular and cephalic veins drain?
Most of the head and neck, and part of the shoulder region.
Where do the costocervical veins join?
The cranial vena cava dorsally.
What type of blood do systemic veins carry?
Reduced oxygen blood, as much of it has already been delivered to the cells.
What happens to most of the oxygen-rich blood from the umbilical vein?
It passes directly through the liver, bypassing the sinusoids.
What is the primary function of the hepatic portal system?
To carry blood from the digestive organs to the liver before it circulates to the rest of the body.
What do the testicular or ovarian veins enter?
The caudal vena cava.
What does blue indicate in the ventral view of blood flow in an adult mammal?
Oxygen-depleted blood.
What structure bifurcates into the pulmonary arteries?
The pulmonary trunk.
What is the function of the descending aorta?
To carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the lower parts of the body.
Where do the internal thoracic veins drain?
They drain the thoracic body wall.
What do the internal jugular veins drain?
The skull, brain, and parts of the face and neck.
What do the intercostal veins drain?
The remaining intercostal spaces.
What is the function of the umbilical cord in placental mammals?
It transports nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and eliminates excess CO2 and metabolic waste.
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circuit?
To carry blood low in oxygen to the lungs for gas exchange.
What is the sequence of blood flow toward the heart starting from the cranial vena cava?
Cranial vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries.
What does the mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-depleted blood occur?
In the caudal vena cava, where blood from the umbilical vein and ductus venosus mixes with blood from the liver sinusoids.
Which organs drain into the hepatic portal system?
The small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and stomach.
What happens to the connection between the urinary bladder and the umbilical cord at birth?
The connection degenerates, and the bladder drains into the urethra.
What is the function of the portal vein?
It brings nutrients to the liver for use and storage.
What does the coeliac artery supply?
It supplies blood to the stomach, liver, spleen, and other organs.
Where do the internal thoracic veins join?
They join the cranial vena cava just below the brachiocephalic veins.
Where do the pulmonary veins enter the heart?
The left atrium.
Where are the internal jugular veins located?
Medially near the trachea and just lateral to the common carotid arteries.
What vein is formed by the intercostal veins from both sides of the body?
The left azygos vein.
What happens to blood in the lungs during the pulmonary circuit?
It absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
How does maternal blood interact with fetal blood in the placenta?
Maternal blood is restricted to the maternal side and never mixes with fetal blood.
Which structure collects blood from the head and arms?
Cranial vena cava.
How does fetal circulation differ from adult circulation?
Fetal circulation includes structures like the placenta and ductus venosus, which are not present in adult circulation.
What type of blood does the hepatic portal vein carry?
Partially deoxygenated blood and nutrients absorbed by the small intestine.
What are the small ducts that accumulate bile produced by hepatocytes called?
Bile canaliculi.
What supplies blood to the bladder tissue after birth?
The remaining umbilical arteries.
What is the role of the hepatic artery?
To supply oxygenated blood to the liver.
What should you be aware of regarding the variability of veins in the subclavian region?
Veins may connect to different main vessels depending on the specimen.
What is the purpose of making a longitudinal cut along the frontal plane of the heart?
To divide it into dorsal and ventral halves.
What do the internal and external jugular veins merge with?
The subclavian vein.
Where does the left azygos vein run?
Along the descending aorta, across the left pulmonary vein, and crosses the dorsal side of the heart.
What is the process by which capillaries supply blood to tissues called?
Perfusion.
What do pulmonary veins do?
Return freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
What mechanism allows for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products across the placenta?
Diffusion across the placental barrier.
Which structure collects blood from the guts and legs?
Caudal vena cava.
How does the liver process nutrients from the hepatic portal system?
It absorbs and processes nutrients, drugs, and toxins before releasing them back into circulation.
What is the function of the ureter?
It is a large, convoluted duct passing from the kidney to the base of the bladder.
What should be identified after dissecting beneath the cranial end of the heart?
The vessels that enter and leave the heart.
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
To carry nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.
What does the subclavian vein drain?
Oxygen-poor blood from the shoulder and arm.
What do bile canaliculi flow into?
Bile ductules.
What does the left azygos vein form after merging with the cardiac veins?
The coronary sinus.
What is the diameter range of a human capillary lumen?
5–10 micrometers.
How do the walls of arteries compare to those of veins?
Arteries have thick walls with small lumens, while veins have thin walls with large lumens.
What does the single umbilical vein carry to the fetus?
Oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood.
What valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve.
What arteries arise from the dorsal surface of the aorta?
Several pairs of lumbar arteries.
What are liver sinusoids?
Specialized capillaries in the liver that allow for the exchange of substances between blood and liver cells.
What is the pathway of bile from the liver to the small intestine?
Bile canaliculi → bile ductules → bile ducts → right and left hepatic ducts → common hepatic duct → cystic duct → common bile duct → small intestine.
Where does the coronary sinus enter?
The right atrium near the caudal vena cava.
What type of capillaries are most common and allow for small molecule exchange?
Continuous capillaries.
What are Kupffer cells and their role in the liver?
Phagocytic cells that remove and degrade immunogenic molecules from the blood.
What are the main branches that arise from the subclavian arteries?
Internal thoracic arteries, costocervical trunk, thyrocervical trunk/thoracocervical artery, and axillary artery.
What is the tunica intima in arteries characterized by?
An inner lining (endothelium) that may appear wavy due to smooth muscle constriction and an internal elastic membrane in larger vessels.
What do the two umbilical arteries transport?
Deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta.
What structure carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation?
Pulmonary trunk.
What do the external iliac arteries and veins supply?
Blood to and from the legs.
How many azygos veins do humans have?
Both a left and right azygos vein.
How do hepatic sinusoids differ from true capillaries?
They lack a complete endothelial cell lining, allowing direct contact between blood and hepatocytes.
What substances can pass through continuous capillaries?
Metabolic products like glucose, water, small hydrophobic molecules, and leukocytes.
What is the function of the hepatic vein?
To drain deoxygenated blood from the liver back to the heart.
What is the significance of the liver in relation to the gut contents?
It acts as a buffer between gut contents and systemic circulation, tolerating dietary antigens while providing immunosurveillance.
What does the costocervical trunk supply?
The deep muscles of the neck.
How does the tunica media of arteries differ from that of veins?
The tunica media is normally the thickest layer in arteries, while it is thinner in veins.
What is the role of the allantoic stalk in fetal waste management?
It allows metabolic waste to pass into the allantois for storage.
What is the function of the pulmonary veins?
To carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
What are the blood vessels that branch from the external iliac arteries and veins to enter the leg?
The femoral artery and vein.
How many azygos veins do pigs have?
Only a left azygos vein.
What is the role of the hepatic portal system in hormone regulation?
It ensures hormones like insulin and glucagon reach the liver quickly without dilution.
What is the role of the renal artery?
To supply blood to the kidneys.
What are sinusoid capillaries characterized by?
Extensive and wide intercellular gaps.
What are liver lobules?
Small histological structures in the liver that are roughly hexagonal in shape.
What predominates in the tunica adventitia/externa of veins?
Collagenous and smooth fibers, making it the thickest layer in veins.
What is the function of the thyrocervical trunk/thoracocervical artery?
It feeds the thyroid gland and parts of the neck.
What valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Bicuspid valve.
What artery runs along the ventral surface of the heart?
Left coronary artery.
What do the umbilical arteries carry?
Blood from the fetus to the placenta.
What happens to blood glucose levels when hormones are released by the pancreas?
The liver either stores glucose as glycogen or releases it into the bloodstream.
Where are sinusoid capillaries primarily found?
In the liver.
What does the renal vein do?
It carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys.
What does the hepatic artery provide to the liver?
Oxygen to the hepatocytes.
What is the final structure blood passes through before entering the systemic circulation?
Arch of the aorta.
What is the function of the great cardiac vein?
It drains blood from the heart muscle.
What is the name of the aorta as it continues into the abdominal cavity?
Dorsal or descending aorta.
What happens to the umbilical artery after birth?
It atrophies, except for a small part supplying the urinary bladder.
What is the primary function of sinusoids in the liver?
Processing materials and releasing plasma proteins into circulation.
What is the final destination of deoxygenated blood processed by the liver?
The hepatic vein, which returns blood to systemic circulation via the caudal vena cava.
What structure is located on the dorsal, caudal surface of the heart?
Coronary sinus.
What structures need to be moved to view the descending aorta?
The lobes of the left lung toward the ventral midline.
What do the internal and external iliac veins form?
A short common iliac vein, which joins the caudal vena cava.
What are the two distinct circuits in the circulatory system?
Systemic and pulmonary circuits.
What special channel allows umbilical blood to bypass liver sinusoids in the fetus?
The sinus venosus.
What are the major veins that need to be identified in this lab?
Cranial vena cava, caudal vena cava, external jugular veins, brachiocephalic veins, internal jugular veins, subscapular veins, costocervical veins.
What arises from the right ventricle?
Pulmonary trunk.
How do the walls of veins compare to those of arteries?
Veins have thinner walls and a flattened cross section, while arteries have thicker walls and a rounded cross section.
What is the ductus arteriosus?
A temporary linkage between the pulmonary trunk and aorta found only in the fetus.
Which arteries supply the forelimbs?
Axillary arteries.
What does the ductus arteriosus become in adults?
Ligamentum arteriosum.
What is the role of the pulmonary trunk?
It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
What is the primary function of the circulatory system?
To transport substances absorbed from the digestive tract and oxygen from the lungs to all cells, and to carry waste products to organs of waste removal.
What is the foramen ovale?
An opening in the interatrial wall that allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium in fetuses.
What do the jejunal veins drain?
The capillaries found within the small intestine’s villi.
What is the significance of the ductus arteriosus?
It connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in fetal circulation.
How do substances typically enter and exit the body and its cells?
Via diffusion, sometimes supplemented by active transport.
What are the names associated with the aorta as it travels through the body?
Arch of the aorta and descending aorta.
Which veins drain the stomach?
The gastroepiploic and left gastric veins.
What does the arch of the aorta do?
It distributes blood to the head, neck, and arms.
Why do larger animals depend on their circulatory system?
Because diffusion is only effective over short distances, larger animals require bulk flow of materials.
What vein is formed by the merging of the gastroepiploic, left gastric, and splenic veins?
The splenogastric (or lienogastric) vein.
What type of blood do pulmonary arteries carry?
Deoxygenated blood.
What type of circulatory system do adult mammals have?
A closed circulatory system.
What type of blood do pulmonary veins carry?
Oxygenated blood.
What marks the beginning of the hepatic portal vein?
The union of the splenogastric vein and the mesenteric vein.
What is the caudal mesenteric artery responsible for?
Supplying blood to the hindgut.
What is the role of blood in a closed circulatory system?
To transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and metabolic wastes to and from individual cells.
What does the gastroduodenal vein drain?
The duodenum, pylorus, and pancreas.
What veins merge to form the brachiocephalic veins?
External jugular, internal jugular, cephalic, and subclavian veins.
What does the femoral artery supply?
Blood to the lower limb.
How does blood flow in the circulatory system?
Blood moves away from the heart through muscular arteries, flows through arterioles, and enters capillaries for exchange.
What structural difference exists between arteries and veins?
Arteries have thicker walls than veins to withstand higher pressure from the heart.
What are the main valves that prevent backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria?
Bicuspid and tricuspid valves, as well as aortic (semilunar) and pulmonary valves.
Where do the brachiocephalic veins unite?
To form the cranial vena cava.
What role does the spleen play in vertebrate circulation?
It stores new red blood cells, regulates blood volume, and manufactures lymphocytes.
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
Carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver.
What occurs in capillaries?
Exchange of water, nutrients, gases, and wastes between blood and interstitial fluid.
What are the three distinct tissue layers found in arteries and veins?
Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia (or externa).
What are the chordae tendinae?
Delicate tendinous cords that anchor the margins of the valves to the ventricular wall.
Where are new red blood cells produced in mammals?
In the bone marrow.
What does the cranial mesenteric vein drain?
Blood from the small intestine and part of the large intestine.
What is the function of the tunica intima?
It provides a frictionless pathway for blood movement.
What happens to blood after it passes through capillary beds?
It drains into venules and then returns to the heart through veins.
What is the function of the cranial and caudal venae cavae?
They transport venous blood to the right atrium.
What is the role of the cranial mesenteric artery?
Supplies blood to the small intestine and part of the large intestine.
What is the position called where the aorta and caudal vena cava lie against the back muscles?
Retroperitoneal.
How do fetal circulatory exchanges occur?
Through the placenta.
What role does the tunica media play in blood vessels?
It regulates the vessel's internal diameter through elastic and muscular tissue.
What is the role of the pulmonary veins?
They transport oxygenated blood to the right atrium.
What does the phrenic artery supply?
Blood to the diaphragm.
What is the first branch off the aorta in the abdominal cavity?
The coeliac (celiac) artery/trunk.
How does vasoconstriction affect systemic blood pressure?
It increases systemic blood pressure by creating a bottleneck effect in the arterial system.
What is the primary mechanism for substance exchange in both fetus and adult?
Diffusion.
What is the coronary sinus?
A vessel that collects blood from the cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium.
