LING 115 Midterm 1 Review

Hindi is not well maintained.

Attitudes toward Hindi are positive.

Forced placement of Native Americans in boarding schools where only English was allowed.

A form of language spoken by a particular group, considered as a single entity for some purpose.

It became nearly extinct.

It is linked to economic stability and personal confidence.

Unifying, Separatist/Autonomy, Prestige, and Frame-of-reference functions.

Language is well developed.

A process where dialects blend into one another, making it hard to identify where one ends and another begins.

Social pressures, economic factors, social status, inter-marriage, and influence of school.

It was already used in some schools and popular novels.

It made 12 official languages and reorganized province boundaries based on demographics.

A system of written or oral communication by a country, people, or community, structured with grammar and vocabulary.

Each person has their own unique rules and vocabulary for speaking the language.

Ryukyuan is mutually unintelligible to Japanese, despite being considered part of the same language family.

1st generation: fluent in heritage language; 2nd generation: bilingual; 3rd generation: fluent in local majority language but not in heritage language.

It is ethnically-neutral and mostly used as an L2 lingua franca.

Anticipation from independence led to political parties forming along religious lines, recognizing them as different languages despite mutual intelligibility.

Political and religious leaders often dictate these classifications.

A language used in government, schools, laws, and any public setting.

They help unite a group but also create a distinct community.

90%.

It would help a new pan-Turkic movement.

Size and concentration of language groups, arrival of new immigrants, media availability, isolated communities, visits to home country, and committed parents.

A language consists of a set of words (vocabulary) and a set of rules (grammar) used identically by a sizable population of speakers.

They call for not classifying different varieties as separate languages to prevent separatism.

Strong desire to speak the language in the community.

1. Subcategory of a recognized language, 2) Variance in accent and vocabulary, 3) Associated with specific regions, 4) Generally mutually intelligible.

Different forms of a language spoken by various religious groups.

The action that new words should only be created internally, while old borrowed words are not purged.

West Pakistan declared Urdu as the national language and English as the official language, causing unrest among speakers of other languages.

Active assimilation to make Ainu like Japanese people.

They are mainly fluent in the local majority language but curious about their heritage language.

It was used as a common language, giving it positive prestige.

By promoting English and successfully integrating it into globalization.

Lines that indicate where a dialect occurs.

English, French, Russian, Latin, Ancient Greek, and Sanskrit.

They vary based on the social groups to which people belong.

Developing vocabulary, creating dictionaries, deciding pronunciations, describing grammatical rules, and choosing writing systems.

Russian domination.

A form of 'Malay' used in trading, renamed 'Indonesian'.

The Austronesian group.

Standardization of Indonesian and significant vocabulary development.

It posits that dialects of a language are generally mutually intelligible.

A language that is represented by the population and serves to unify the population.

1. Languages are neither logical nor illogical; 2. Non-standard dialects can be more regular; 3. No objective criterion for measuring language beauty.

Further developing the languages selected in status planning.

Cyrillic script, Arabic script, and Roman script.

Forbidding Ainu to speak their language and wear their clothing.

It had negative colonial associations.

If two varieties of a language can understand each other, they are the same variety; if not, they are independent languages.

C.O.D framework (Capacity, Opportunity, Desire).

Parents often don’t help their children learn Hindi.

They influence the recognition of a language for profit in economics, politics, law, and education.

Official Languages: Malay, Mandarin, Tamil, English; National Language: Malay.

Roman alphabet.

A new Taiwanese and anti-Japanese identity.

Nationalists claimed Serbian and Croatian are separate languages, although they were previously considered varieties of a single language, Serbo-Croatian.

Opportunity to use language in the community.

Hindi is not widely used; English is used as a lingua franca.

The action of getting rid of most foreign loan or borrowed words from a national language.

To convey information or to initiate and maintain social relations.

Exclusion of certain language speakers leading to social unrest and conflict.

It suggests that the recognition of a language often depends on political power.

Loan words.

Official Languages: Swahili and English, National Language: Swahili.

Status Planning - giving special roles to certain languages/varieties.

Cyrillic alphabet.

Official Language: Spanish, National Language: Guarani.

Lower class individuals tend to use non-standard linguistic varieties more than higher class speakers.

To spread knowledge through mass education, media, and positive incentives.

To speak their language and wear their clothing.

Munhwao.

Block new English loans from being used in place of existing French words.

The decision to make Sinhala the only official language led to riots and deaths among Tamil speakers.