CYTO - Prelims

possess many organelles

Cell wall present in _________________

parts of phospholipids

Present in almost all types of cells

Powerhouse of the cell

Complete the breakdown of glucose, producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

unicellular organisms

multicellular organisms

organelles not bound by membranes

ribosomes are present in what type of endoplasmic reticulum

first cell type on earth

Cell Membrane (Image Only) - baka need mo mahalll e hihi

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

main function of golgi complex

made of RNA & protein

Contains cell contents

phospholipid contains how many regions

movement of molecules from low to high concentration

nucleus bound by membrane

Cell wall absent in

what are the 5 biochemical composition of plasma membrane

describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins

synthesizes proteins by the station messenger (mRNA) into peptide sequences followed by packaging of proteins/ endoplasmic reticulum

3 principles of cell theory

made up of a lipid by layer/ double layer of lipids known as _______________

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm

region of DNA concentration

Double layer of phospholipids & proteins

Anatomy of Animal Cell (Image Only)

most abundant component of plasma membrane

in order to transport certain substances from the cell outside (vice versa), __________ is needed during the process

All organelles reside the __________

Molecules that move freely across the plasma membrane

the protein packaging and transport center of the cell

cell type of bacteria and archaea

includes fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells, protozoan

transports materials throughout the cell

digests lipids (Strictosidine synthase – STR enzyme, metabolizes blood, breakdowns drugs steroids and carbohydrates, and partake in muscle contraction)

breaks down materials for digestion

well-developed in cells, active in protein synthesis (e.g. plasma cells, russall bodies of plasma cells)

site of the synthesis of lysosomal enzymes and proteins for extracellular use

purpose of hydrolytic enzymes

produces hydrolytic enzymes

control center of the cell

contains the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) code for the cell coiled into chromosomes

human has __________ pairs of chromosomes

the 23rd pair of chromosome is ____________

1 to 22 pair of chromosome is

protects and maintains the shape of the cell

rigid and strong wall (plant cell)

uses light energy to make ATP & sugar

where photosynthesis takes place

contains chlorophyll. makes plants green

maintains purgor pressure (force within the cell that pushes plasma membrane against the cell wall)

series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication)

Cell grows ; Cell accumulates nutrients needed for mitosis > replicating its DNA before it moves on to mitosis proper

from the end of the previous M phase until the beginning of DNA synthesis ; Growth phase ; RNA organelles and proteins are synthesized (Interphase)

DNA is replicated, and chromosomes form sister chromatids ; The amount of DNA in the cell has effectively doubled, though the ploidy of the cell remains the same(Interphase)

Mitochondria divide ; Precursors of spindle fibers are synthesized ; last ‘til the cell enters mitosis (Interphase)

Not part of the interphase ; Non-replicating cells are found in a stage of the cell cycle called _________ ; Quiescent (dormant) – undergo G1 phase again ; Senescent (aging/ deteriorating) – DNA defective Cells generally enter the __________ phase from G1

a process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosome in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei.

Mitosis begins (cell begins to divide) ; Centrioles (poles) appear and begin to move to opposite end of the cell ; Spindle fibers form between the poles ; Nuclear envelope disappears

Chromatids (pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers ; All chromosomes lined up ate the equator

Chromatids (pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of cell

occurs after mitosis ; cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells – each with its own nucleus w/ identical chromosomes

Two new nuclei form ; Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods) ; Mitosis ends

The special cell division that converts diploid body cells into the haploid gametes. ; Process that reduces the chromosome number in such a way that the daughter nuclei only receive one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes. Think of it as a double mitotic division with only a single S phase ; Takes 2 cell divisions: M1 and M2, with no DNA synthesis between

“crossing over”, also called “recombination” ; In crossing over, homologous chromosomes pair up, and exchange segments by breaking and rejoining at identical locations. (Meiosis 1)

Much like the cytokinesis of Mitosis, in which the cells will be separated totally under this process ; End of PMAT 1. (Meiosis 1)

Cytoplasm divided into 2 cells, each of which has 1 haploid set of dyad chromosomes (Meiosis 1)

Dyad chromosomes line up singly on the cell equator (equatorial plate) (Meiosis II)

Cytpolasm divided into 2 cells. ; Not totally separated, cleavage furrow still visible. ; Cell membrane attached from each cells. ; Will undergo Interkinesis II to totally separate each cells

Chromosomes condense and spindle fiber forms ; Centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell. (Meiosis II)

Centromeres divide, chromosomes are now monads which get pulled to opposite poles. (Meiosis II)

how many chromosomes does sperm cell and egg cell have?

Specialized cells (gametes) only undergo the __________ phase.

Additional Notes (Just flip)

prokaryotic cells like bacteria undergo on what kind of division

process of having 23 pairs of chromosomes

Spindle fibers pull the two homologous chromosomes to opposite poles ; However, centromeres don’t divide and the chromosomes remain dyads. (Meiosis 1)

Pairs of homologous chromosomes line up together (equatorial plate) ; Spindle fibers coming from the centrioles will then attach to the centromere of each chromosome ; However, there are two chromosomes which are both complete. (Meiosis 1)