Which sensory modalities are transmitted by the ascending tracts?
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Fine touch, pain and temperature, crude touch and pressure.
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Which sensory modalities are transmitted by the ascending tracts?
Fine touch, pain and temperature, crude touch and pressure.
What is the shape of the gracile nucleus?
Slender in shape.
What sensory modalities are associated with fine touch?
Two points discrimination, vibration, and proprioception.
What is proprioception?
Sense of position and movement.
What does fine touch refer to?
Two points discrimination.
Where is the visceral afferent nucleus located in the spinal cord?
T1 to L3.
What is the function of the Phrenic nucleus in the Central Group?
It controls the diaphragm and is located in C3-5 segments.
ما هي الأعمدة الثلاثة التي تنقسم إليها المادة البيضاء في الحبل الشوكي؟
1- أمامي (anterior)، 2- جانبي (lateral)، 3- خلفي (posterior).
What does FG stand for in the dorsal column pathway?
Fasciculus gracilis
ما هو العمود الذي يشغل المنطقة الخلفية في الحبل الشوكي؟
العمود الخلفي (posterior column).
What sensory modalities are associated with crude touch and pressure?
Crude touch and pressure.
What muscles does the Lateral Group in the anterior horn of grey matter control?
Limbs muscles.
كيف تعرف بعض الكتب مجموعة النيروز؟
تعرفها على أنها nucleus أو laminate.
Which group in the anterior horn of grey matter is present in all segments?
The Medial Group.
Where is the third-order neuron located for cranial nerves?
PMV (posteromedial ventral) nucleus of the thalamus.
In which segments of the spinal cord is the Visceral Afferent Nucleus found?
T1 to L3.
Where are the first order neurons located in the dorsal column pathway?
In the dorsal root ganglia
Where are the parasympathetic nuclei located in the spinal cord?
S2, S3, and S4.
What do all the nuclei in the grey matter (posterior horn) consist of?
Clusters of neurons within the CNS
What muscles does the Medial Group in the anterior horn of grey matter control?
Trunk muscles.
In which segments of the spinal cord is the Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke found?
C8 to L3.
Where are second order neurons located in the spinal cord?
In various nuclei such as the Substantia Gelatinosa, Nucleus Proprius, Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke, and Visceral Afferent Nucleus.
What does VPL stand for in the context of the dorsal column pathway?
Ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.
In which spinal cord segments is the Nucleus Proprius found?
All segments
ما هي laminae التي تظهر في الشكل؟
Laminae I إلى X.
What sensory modalities are associated with the Nucleus Proprius?
Touch and pressure.
What is the function of the Visceral Afferent Nucleus?
Visceral sensation.
What does FC stand for in the dorsal column pathway?
Fasciculus cuneatus
What does NC stand for in the dorsal column pathway?
Nucleus cuneatus
Where are the second order neurons located in the dorsal column pathway?
In the nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis
What does VPM stand for in the context of the dorsal column pathway?
Ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus.
Where are the sympathetic nuclei located in the spinal cord?
T1 to L2 or L3.
What sensory modalities are associated with the Substantia Gelatinosa?
Pain and Temperature
In which spinal cord segments is the Substantia Gelatinosa found?
All segments
Which spinal segments are involved in visceral sensation?
All thoracic segments and L1, L2, L3.
Where is the grey matter (posterior horn) located?
In the spinal cord
ما هي substantia gelatinosa؟
هي laminae تشمل أول ثلاث laminae.
Where is the first-order neuron located in the cranial nerves?
Cranial nerves ganglia.
Where is the third-order neuron located for spinal nerves?
PLV (posterolateral ventral) nucleus of the thalamus.
What is the function of the Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke?
Proprioception to the cerebellum.
What is the function of the Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke?
Proprioception to the Cerebellum
Where is the Accessory nucleus located in the Central Group?
In the upper 5 or 6 cervical segments.
What sensory modalities are associated with the Substantia Gelatinosa?
Pain and temperature.
What does NG stand for in the dorsal column pathway?
Nucleus gracilis
ما هي laminae التي تشملها substantia gelatinosa؟
تشمل أول ثلاث laminae.
Where is the first-order neuron located in the spinal nerves?
Dorsal Root Ganglia.
Where is the second-order neuron located in the spinal cord?
Posterior horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord.
Which tracts are responsible for unconscious proprioception?
Dorsal Spino-cerebellar and Ventral Spino-cerebellar tracts.
What is the function of the internal capsule in the spinothalamic pathways?
It transmits sensory information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex.
ما هي الخطوة الأولى في اختبار الإحساس باللمس الخفيف باستخدام القطن أو القماش؟
نأخذ قطعة قطن أو قماش ونضعها على جسم المريض.
ما هو الهدف من اختبار الإحساس باللمس الخفيف؟
لتقييم استجابة المستقبلات الحسية في الجسم.
ما هو الهدف من تغطية عيون المريض وتحريك إصبعه الكبير لأعلى أو لأسفل؟
لتحديد ما إذا كان المريض يستطيع تحديد اتجاه حركة إصبعه بدون النظر.
What does 'Sensory Ataxia' mean?
Lack of muscle coordination due to sensory deficits.
What sensory modalities are associated with pain and temperature?
Pain and temperature.
What sensory modalities are associated with the Nucleus Proprius?
Crude touch and Pressure
Which part of the spinal cord contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic nuclei?
The grey matter (lateral horn).
Where is the second-order neuron located in the brain?
In the Brainstem.
Where do the spinothalamic tracts terminate in the brain?
In the cerebral cortex.
What sensory modalities are carried by the Spino-tectal tract?
Pain, temperature, and crude touch to the superior colliculus.
ما هو تردد الشوكة الرنانة المستخدمة في اختبار الإحساس بالاهتزاز؟
128Hz
كيف يمكن للمريض معرفة اتجاه حركة إصبعه الكبير في هذا الاختبار؟
من خلال الإحساس بالموضع (Position sense) الذي يعتمد على مستقبلات الحس العميق في العضلات والمفاصل.
What sensory modalities are carried by the Spino-reticular tract?
Pain, temperature, and crude touch to the reticular formation.
In which segments of the spinal cord is the Substantia Gelatinosa found?
All segments.
What sensory modalities are transmitted by the lateral spinothalamic tract?
Pain and temperature.
Which nerves are involved in the spinothalamic tract?
Spinal nerves and cranial nerves.
What is the function of the Spino-olivary tract?
It carries tactile information to the inferior olivary nucleus.
ما الذي يجب التأكد منه عند استخدام دبوس صغير في الفحص العصبي؟
أن لا يتسبب الدبوس بنزيف للمريض.
Which tracts are responsible for proprioception to the cerebellum?
Dorsal Spino-cerebellar tract and Ventral Spino-cerebellar tract.
What is the definition of a tract?
A group of axons with the same function and direction.
In which spinal cord segments is the Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke found?
C8 to L3
Which group in the anterior horn of grey matter is associated with enlargements?
The Lateral Group.
ما هي laminae التي تشملها nucleus؟
تشمل laminar واحدة أو أكثر.
إلى كم عمود يمكن تقسيم المادة البيضاء (white matter) في الحبل الشوكي؟
3 أعمدة: أمامي (anterior)، جانبي (lateral)، وخلفي (posterior).
ما هو العمود الذي يشغل المنطقة الجانبية في الحبل الشوكي؟
العمود الجانبي (lateral column).
What type of matter is involved in the dorsal column pathway?
White matter
Where do the first order neurons of the dorsal column pathway terminate?
In the gracile and cuneate nuclei of the medulla.
What is the role of the posterolateral tract of Lissauer in the spinothalamic pathways?
It is involved in the transmission of pain, temperature, light touch, and pressure sensations.
ما هو الغرض من استخدام دبوس صغير في الفحص العصبي؟
لاختبار الإحساس بالألم (وخز الدبوس) عند المريض.
What sensory modalities are carried by the Spino-reticular tract?
Pain, temperature, and crude touch to the reticular formation.
What are the three main types of sensory modalities?
Fine touch (two-points discrimination), vibration and proprioception; Pain and Temperature; Crude touch and pressure.
ماذا يُفعل إذا كان الإحساس بالاهتزاز غائبًا في إصبع القدم الكبير؟
يتم الاختبار على الرضفة (patella).
What is the function of the visceral afferent nucleus?
Visceral sensation.
Which segments are associated with the Central Group in the anterior horn of grey matter?
Cervical segments only.
In which segments of the spinal cord is the Nucleus Proprius found?
All segments.
ما هو العمود الذي يشغل المنطقة الأمامية في الحبل الشوكي؟
العمود الأمامي (anterior column).
ما هي وظيفة الأعمدة في المادة البيضاء في الحبل الشوكي؟
كل عمود يشمل منطقة معينة تحتوي على مسارات (tracts) محددة.
What is the shape of the cuneate nucleus?
Wedge in shape.
What are the second order neurons in the spinothalamic tract?
Neurons that transmit sensory information from the spinal cord to the thalamus.
What is the role of the VPL nucleus in the spinothalamic tract?
It processes sensory information from the body.
What sensory information does the Anterior Spino-thalamic tract carry?
Crude touch and pressure.
Where do second order neurons in the spinothalamic tract terminate?
In the thalamus.
What is the role of the medulla in the ascending tracts?
It contains the inferior olivary nucleus, which receives tactile information from the Spino-olivary tract.
What sensory modalities are carried by the Gracile tract?
Fine touch, vibration, and proprioception.
What is the Stick and Stamp Sign?
A characteristic of sensory ataxic gait where the person stamps their feet while walking.
What sensory modalities are carried by the Lateral Spino-thalamic tract?
Pain and temperature.
What do VPL and VPM stand for in the dorsal column pathway?
Ventral posterolateral and ventral posteromedial nuclei of the thalamus
What are the first order neurons in the dorsal column pathway responsible for?
Transmitting sensory information from the periphery to the medulla.
Where do the spinothalamic tracts decussate (cross over) in the spinal cord?
In the contralateral white column of the spinal cord.
Where do the second order neurons of the dorsal column pathway terminate?
In the VPL and VPM nuclei of the thalamus.
Where do first order neurons in the spinothalamic tract originate?
From sensory receptors in the skin and other tissues.
ما هي المسارات الشوكية المخيخية التي تمر عبر العمود الأبيض الجانبي للحبل الشوكي؟
المسار الشوكي المخيخي الأمامي.
لماذا يجب التأكد من عدم تحريك قطعة القطن أو القماش أثناء الاختبار؟
لأن تحريكها قد يحرك الشعر ويؤثر على المستقبلات الحسية في الجسم.
ماذا يُطلب من المريض عند وضع الشوكة الرنانة على إصبع القدم الكبير؟
يُسأل المريض: 'هل تشعر بالاهتزاز هنا؟ أخبرني عندما يتوقف.'
What sensory modalities are carried by the Cuneate tract?
Fine touch, vibration, and proprioception.
What sensory modalities are carried by the Spino-parabrachial tract?
Pain and pleasure.
What are the first order neurons in the spinothalamic tract?
Neurons that transmit sensory information from the receptor to the spinal cord.
What are the second order neurons in the dorsal column pathway responsible for?
Transmitting sensory information from the medulla to the thalamus.
لماذا لا تمر المسارات الشوكية المخيخية عبر المهاد؟
لأنها لا تحتاج إلى الوعي، حيث أن المهاد مسؤول عن الوعي.
ماذا يجب أن تسأل المريض عند استخدام دبوس صغير في الفحص العصبي؟
هل يشعر بالألم وهل هو حاد أم غير حاد.
What sensory information does the Spino-parabrachial tract carry?
Pain and pleasure.
ما هي الأماكن التي يتم اختبار الإحساس بالاهتزاز فيها بعد منطقة Hypothenar؟
1- عظمة القص (sternum)، 2- إصبع القدم الكبير والرضفة (great toe and patella)، 3- الركبة (knee)، 4- الشوكة الحرقفية الأمامية العلوية (anterior superior iliac spine)
What does a positive Romberg Test indicate?
It indicates sensory ataxia.
What sensory modalities are carried by the Anterior Spino-thalamic tract?
Crude touch and pressure.
What sensory modalities are carried by the Spino-tectal tract?
Pain, temperature, and crude touch to the superior colliculus.
Which tracts are responsible for modality, intensity, and localization of sensory information?
Gracile tract, Cuneate tract, Lateral Spino-thalamic tract, and Anterior Spino-thalamic tract.
What are the nuclei of the thalamus involved in the spinothalamic tract?
VPL (ventral posterolateral) and VPM (ventral posteromedial) nuclei.
What is the role of the VPM nucleus in the spinothalamic tract?
It processes sensory information from the face.
لماذا يجب استخدام دبوس صغير ذو استخدام واحد في الفحص العصبي؟
لتجنب التسبب بمشاكل للمريض مثل النزيف.
أين يتم وضع الشوكة الرنانة في البداية عند اختبار الإحساس بالاهتزاز؟
على منطقة Hypothenar في اليد
ماذا يُفعل إذا كان الإحساس بالاهتزاز غائبًا في الركبة؟
يتم الاختبار على الشوكة الحرقفية الأمامية العلوية (anterior superior iliac spine).
What is the difference between sensory ataxia and cerebellar ataxia?
Sensory ataxia is due to sensory deficits, while cerebellar ataxia is due to issues in the cerebellum.
What is the role of the Spino-reticular tract in sensory processing?
Arousal to stimuli via the cortex and emotional part of sensation via the cingulate gyrus.
What sensory modalities are carried by the Gracile and Cuneate tracts?
Fine touch, vibration, and proprioception.
What sensory information does the Lateral Spino-thalamic tract carry?
Pain and temperature.
What is the significance of the spinal lemniscus in the spinothalamic pathways?
It is a bundle of sensory fibers that carry information to the thalamus.
What is the role of the midbrain in the ascending tracts?
It contains the superior colliculus, which receives pain, temperature, and crude touch information from the Spino-tectal tract.
ما هو دور الإحساس بالموضع في الجسم؟
يساعد في تحديد وضعية الأعضاء والأطراف في الفضاء بدون الحاجة إلى النظر.
What are the characteristics of a sensory ataxic gait?
Walks slowly, watches the ground while walking, wide-based stance, Stick and Stamp Sign, and positive Romberg Test.
What is the function of the Ventral Spino-cerebellar tract?
Unconscious proprioception.
Why does a person with sensory ataxia watch the ground while walking?
To compensate for the lack of proprioceptive feedback.
What sensory modalities are transmitted by the ventral (anterior) spinothalamic tract?
Sensations of light touch and pressure.
Which part of the thalamus do the spinothalamic tracts project to?
The ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus.
ما هي المسارات الشوكية المخيخية التي تمر عبر العمود الأبيض الخلفي للحبل الشوكي؟
المسار الشوكي المخيخي الخلفي.
ما هي المعلومات التي تنقلها المسارات الشوكية المخيخية؟
تنقل إحساس العضلات والمفاصل غير الواعي.
ما هو الخطأ الذي يجب تجنبه عند استخدام دبوس صغير في الفحص العصبي؟
تجنب التسبب بنزيف للمريض.
ماذا يُطلب من المريض عند وضع الشوكة الرنانة على عظمة القص؟
يُسأل المريض: 'هل تشعر بهذا الاهتزاز؟'
What is the function of the Dorsal Spino-cerebellar tract?
Unconscious proprioception.
ما هي وظيفة المسارات الشوكية المخيخية الظهرية والبطنية؟
تنقل المعلومات الحسية من العضلات والمفاصل إلى المخيخ.
What is the function of the reticular formation in the ascending tracts?
It receives pain, temperature, and crude touch information from the Spino-reticular tract.
What is the function of the Spino-olivary tract?
Carries tactile information to the inferior olivary nucleus.
How does a person with sensory ataxia walk?
They walk slowly, watch the ground, and have a wide-based stance.
