p.19
Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall
What is the posterior abdominal wall?
The part of the abdominal wall located at the back, providing support and protection to the abdominal organs.
p.9
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
What is the function of the transversus abdominis muscle?
To compress the abdominal contents and provide stability to the trunk.
p.9
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
What role does the external oblique muscle play in the anterolateral abdominal wall?
It helps in trunk rotation and lateral flexion.
p.8
Aponeurosis and Rectus Sheath Structure
What are the two layers of the rectus sheath?
Anterior and posterior layers.
p.6
Vertical Muscles: Rectus Abdominis and Pyramidalis
What is the Rectus Abdominis?
A long paired vertical muscle located on either side of the midline, divided into segments by the linea alba.
p.25
Functions of the Abdominal Wall
How does the abdominal wall assist the viscera against gravity?
By maintaining their anatomical position.
p.25
Functions of the Abdominal Wall
What role does the abdominal wall play in protecting the abdominal viscera?
It protects the abdominal viscera from injury.
p.12
Venous and Lymphatic Drainage
What do thoracoepigastric veins connect?
They connect the lateral and superficial epigastric veins.
p.4
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
What is the arrangement of the flat muscles in the abdominal wall?
Stacked on top of each other.
p.8
Aponeurosis and Rectus Sheath Structure
What forms the anterior layer of the rectus sheath?
The aponeuroses of the external oblique and half of the internal oblique.
p.19
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
What is the function of the psoas major muscle?
It flexes the hip joint and helps in stabilizing the lumbar spine.
p.19
Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall
What structures are found in the posterior abdominal wall?
The lumbar vertebrae, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.
p.1
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
Which muscles are part of the abdominal wall?
Quadratus lumborum, Psoas major, Iliacus, Transversus abdominis, Internal oblique, External oblique, Rectus abdominis, and Pyramidalis.
p.14
Arterial Supply to the Abdominal Wall
Which vessels supply the superficial part of the anterior abdominal wall?
Superficial epigastric vessels.
p.19
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
What role does the quadratus lumborum play in the posterior abdominal wall?
It stabilizes the pelvis and lumbar spine and assists in lateral flexion of the vertebral column.
p.19
Innervation of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
Which nerves innervate the posterior abdominal wall?
The lumbar plexus nerves, including the femoral and obturator nerves.
p.10
Innervation of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
Which nerves innervate the anterior abdominal wall?
Intercostal nerves (T5 - T11), Subcostal nerve (T12), and L1 spinal nerve.
p.9
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
How does the internal oblique muscle contribute to abdominal wall function?
It aids in trunk rotation and supports abdominal contents.
p.14
Arterial Supply to the Abdominal Wall
What artery supplies the superficial lateral aspect of the anterior abdominal wall?
Superficial circumflex iliac artery.
p.25
Functions of the Abdominal Wall
What is one function of the abdominal wall regarding the abdominal viscera?
It forms a firm, yet flexible boundary that keeps the abdominal viscera in the abdominal cavity.
p.6
Functions of the Abdominal Wall
What are the functions of the Rectus Abdominis?
Compresses abdominal viscera, prevents herniation, and stabilizes the pelvis during ambulation.
p.6
Vertical Muscles: Rectus Abdominis and Pyramidalis
What is the Pyramidalis?
A vertical muscle shaped like a triangle, located superficial to the Rectus Abdominis at the base of the pubic bone.
p.11
Innervation of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
What is the primary source for information on innervation in this context?
Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Moore et al.
p.9
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
Which muscles are included in the anterolateral abdominal wall?
External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis.
p.19
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
Which muscles are primarily involved in the posterior abdominal wall?
The psoas major, psoas minor, and quadratus lumborum muscles.
p.3
Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall
What is the antero-lateral abdominal wall?
The part of the abdominal wall located at the front and sides of the abdomen.
p.3
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
What muscles are primarily involved in the antero-lateral abdominal wall?
External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis.
p.23
Surgical Incisions and Considerations
Why is understanding the anatomy of the abdominal wall important for surgeons?
Surgeons need to understand the anatomy to make the correct incision when entering the abdominal cavity.
p.2
Arterial Supply to the Abdominal Wall
What is the focus of Part C?
Blood supply of the posterior abdominal wall.
p.2
Arterial Supply to the Abdominal Wall
What anatomical area is discussed in relation to blood supply?
The posterior abdominal wall.
p.18
Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall
What is the primary focus of Part 2c?
Anatomy of the GI System.
p.1
Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall
What forms the bony framework of the abdominal wall?
5 lumbar vertebrae, the superior part of the bony pelvis, and bony components of the inferior aspect of the thorax.
p.26
Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall
What does the abdominal wall extend from and to?
From the thoracic cage to the pelvis.
p.26
Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall
With which part of the body does the abdominal wall connect?
The lumbar region of the vertebral column.
p.26
Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall
How can the abdominal wall be divided?
Into antero-lateral and posterior abdominal wall.
p.4
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
What are the two vertical muscles in the abdominal wall?
Rectus abdominis and Pyramidalis.
p.9
Functions of the Abdominal Wall
What is the primary function of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
To protect internal organs and assist in movements such as bending and twisting.
p.14
Arterial Supply to the Abdominal Wall
What artery supplies the upper part of the anterior abdominal wall?
Superior epigastric artery.
p.4
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
What are the three flat muscles of the abdominal wall?
External oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis.
p.14
Arterial Supply to the Abdominal Wall
Which artery supplies the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall?
Inferior epigastric artery.
p.4
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
Where are the vertical muscles of the abdominal wall situated?
Near the midline of the body.
p.8
Aponeurosis and Rectus Sheath Structure
What forms the aponeurosis of the abdomen?
The five muscles of the abdomen.
p.14
Arterial Supply to the Abdominal Wall
What artery is responsible for supplying the lateral aspect of the anterior abdominal wall?
Deep circumflex iliac artery.
p.9
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
What is the significance of the rectus abdominis in the anterolateral abdominal wall?
It is crucial for flexing the vertebral column and maintaining posture.
p.15
Arterial Supply to the Abdominal Wall
What is the primary source of arterial supply to the abdominal wall?
The superior epigastric artery, inferior epigastric artery, and intercostal arteries.
p.8
Aponeurosis and Rectus Sheath Structure
What is the arcuate line?
The area of transition where the posterior wall of the rectus sheath disappears.
p.8
Aponeurosis and Rectus Sheath Structure
What is in direct contact with the rectus abdominis muscle at the arcuate line?
The transversalis fascia.
p.25
Functions of the Abdominal Wall
In what actions is the abdominal wall involved that increase intra-abdominal pressure?
Coughing, vomiting, and defecation.
p.23
Surgical Incisions and Considerations
What is a midline incision and its advantages?
A midline incision is made through the linea alba with a slight curve at the umbilicus, offering minimal blood loss and no nerve excision, making it versatile for accessing abdominal organs.
p.23
Surgical Incisions and Considerations
What is a paramedian incision and why is it rarely used today?
A paramedian incision is made just lateral to the linea alba for access to the kidney, adrenal, and spleen, but is rarely used today due to the need for ligation of blood vessels and cutting of nerves.
p.23
Surgical Incisions and Considerations
What is a transverse incision and its current usage?
A transverse incision is made above the umbilicus but is rarely used today due to poor healing.
p.3
Functions of the Abdominal Wall
What is the function of the antero-lateral abdominal wall?
To support the abdominal organs, assist in movement, and maintain posture.
p.13
Venous and Lymphatic Drainage
What role does lymphatic drainage play in the body?
To transport lymph, which contains immune cells and waste products, back to the bloodstream.
p.13
Venous and Lymphatic Drainage
What is the significance of lymph nodes in lymphatic drainage?
They filter lymph and are sites for immune responses.
p.8
Aponeurosis and Rectus Sheath Structure
What forms the posterior layer of the rectus sheath?
The aponeuroses of half of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis.
p.23
Surgical Incisions and Considerations
What is a Pfannenstiel incision and what precaution must be taken before it?
A Pfannenstiel incision is made just above the pubis, and the bladder must be emptied to prevent injury before making this incision.
p.5
Flat Muscles: External, Internal Oblique, and Transversus Abdominis
In which direction do the fibers of the External Oblique run?
Inferior-medial direction.
p.8
Aponeurosis and Rectus Sheath Structure
What happens midway between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis regarding the rectus sheath?
Only the anterior wall is present; there is no posterior sheath.
p.15
Arterial Supply to the Abdominal Wall
Which artery branches from the internal thoracic artery and supplies the upper part of the abdominal wall?
The superior epigastric artery.
p.15
Arterial Supply to the Abdominal Wall
Which arteries provide additional blood supply to the lateral aspects of the abdominal wall?
The lower intercostal arteries and subcostal arteries.
p.3
Muscle Groups of the Abdominal Wall
What role does the internal oblique muscle play in the antero-lateral abdominal wall?
It helps in trunk rotation and lateral flexion.
p.13
Venous and Lymphatic Drainage
What are the main components of the venous drainage system?
Veins, venules, and the superior and inferior vena cavae.
p.5
Flat Muscles: External, Internal Oblique, and Transversus Abdominis
Where does the linea alba extend from?
From the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis.
p.6
Vertical Muscles: Rectus Abdominis and Pyramidalis
What anatomical feature gives rise to the 'six-pack' appearance in athletes?
Tendinous intersections in the Rectus Abdominis.
p.15
Arterial Supply to the Abdominal Wall
What artery supplies the lower part of the abdominal wall?
The inferior epigastric artery.
p.3
Flat Muscles: External, Internal Oblique, and Transversus Abdominis
What is the significance of the transversus abdominis in the antero-lateral abdominal wall?
It acts as a stabilizer for the pelvis and lower back.
p.5
Flat Muscles: External, Internal Oblique, and Transversus Abdominis
What fibrous structure do the fibers of the External Oblique form at the midline?
Aponeurosis that merges with the linea alba.
p.25
Functions of the Abdominal Wall
How does the abdominal wall assist in forceful expiration?
By pushing the abdominal viscera upwards.
p.15
Arterial Supply to the Abdominal Wall
What is the role of the lumbar arteries in the arterial supply of the abdominal wall?
They supply the posterior aspect of the abdominal wall.
p.23
Surgical Incisions and Considerations
What is McBurney’s incision and its significance?
McBurney’s incision involves splitting muscle fibers and is located a third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus, widely used during an appendectomy.
p.23
Surgical Incisions and Considerations
What is a subcostal incision used for?
A subcostal incision is made just below the rib cage to access the spleen or gallbladder, but it offers limited exposure.
p.13
Venous and Lymphatic Drainage
What is the primary function of venous drainage in the body?
To return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
p.13
Venous and Lymphatic Drainage
How does the lymphatic system contribute to fluid balance?
By collecting excess interstitial fluid and returning it to the bloodstream.
