What is the posterior abdominal wall?
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The part of the abdominal wall located at the back, providing support and protection to the abdominal organs.
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What is the posterior abdominal wall?
The part of the abdominal wall located at the back, providing support and protection to the abdominal organs.
What is the function of the transversus abdominis muscle?
To compress the abdominal contents and provide stability to the trunk.
In which direction do thoracoepigastric veins run?
Longitudinally.
What is the role of Dr. Tomasz Cecot?
Senior Lecturer.
What provides structural continuity in the abdominal wall?
Aponeuroses and fasciae.
What role does the external oblique muscle play in the anterolateral abdominal wall?
It helps in trunk rotation and lateral flexion.
What are the two layers of the rectus sheath?
Anterior and posterior layers.
What is the Rectus Abdominis?
A long paired vertical muscle located on either side of the midline, divided into segments by the linea alba.
How does the abdominal wall assist the viscera against gravity?
By maintaining their anatomical position.
What role does the abdominal wall play in protecting the abdominal viscera?
It protects the abdominal viscera from injury.
What do thoracoepigastric veins connect?
They connect the lateral and superficial epigastric veins.
What spinal nerve is associated with L1 in the innervation of the anterior abdominal wall?
L1 spinal nerve.
What is the arrangement of the flat muscles in the abdominal wall?
Stacked on top of each other.
What forms the anterior layer of the rectus sheath?
The aponeuroses of the external oblique and half of the internal oblique.
What is the function of the psoas major muscle?
It flexes the hip joint and helps in stabilizing the lumbar spine.
What structures are found in the posterior abdominal wall?
The lumbar vertebrae, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.
Which muscles are part of the abdominal wall?
Quadratus lumborum, Psoas major, Iliacus, Transversus abdominis, Internal oblique, External oblique, Rectus abdominis, and Pyramidalis.
Which vessels supply the superficial part of the anterior abdominal wall?
Superficial epigastric vessels.
What divides the Rectus Abdominis into segments?
The linea alba.
What role does the quadratus lumborum play in the posterior abdominal wall?
It stabilizes the pelvis and lumbar spine and assists in lateral flexion of the vertebral column.
Which nerves innervate the posterior abdominal wall?
The lumbar plexus nerves, including the femoral and obturator nerves.
Which nerves innervate the anterior abdominal wall?
Intercostal nerves (T5 - T11), Subcostal nerve (T12), and L1 spinal nerve.
Which nerve corresponds to the T12 spinal level in the anterior abdominal wall?
Subcostal nerve.
How does the internal oblique muscle contribute to abdominal wall function?
It aids in trunk rotation and supports abdominal contents.
What artery supplies the superficial lateral aspect of the anterior abdominal wall?
Superficial circumflex iliac artery.
What is one function of the abdominal wall regarding the abdominal viscera?
It forms a firm, yet flexible boundary that keeps the abdominal viscera in the abdominal cavity.
What are the functions of the Rectus Abdominis?
Compresses abdominal viscera, prevents herniation, and stabilizes the pelvis during ambulation.
What is the Pyramidalis?
A vertical muscle shaped like a triangle, located superficial to the Rectus Abdominis at the base of the pubic bone.
What is the primary source for information on innervation in this context?
Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Moore et al.
What covers the abdominal wall?
Skin.
Which muscles are included in the anterolateral abdominal wall?
External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis.
Which muscles are primarily involved in the posterior abdominal wall?
The psoas major, psoas minor, and quadratus lumborum muscles.
What is the antero-lateral abdominal wall?
The part of the abdominal wall located at the front and sides of the abdomen.
What muscles are primarily involved in the antero-lateral abdominal wall?
External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis.
Why is understanding the anatomy of the abdominal wall important for surgeons?
Surgeons need to understand the anatomy to make the correct incision when entering the abdominal cavity.
Which flat muscle is located deeper than the External Oblique?
Internal Oblique.
What is the focus of Part C?
Blood supply of the posterior abdominal wall.
What anatomical area is discussed in relation to blood supply?
The posterior abdominal wall.
What is the primary focus of Part 2c?
Anatomy of the GI System.
What forms the bony framework of the abdominal wall?
5 lumbar vertebrae, the superior part of the bony pelvis, and bony components of the inferior aspect of the thorax.
What does the abdominal wall extend from and to?
From the thoracic cage to the pelvis.
What type of structure is the abdominal wall?
Musculo-aponeurotic.
What is the spinal nerve range for the intercostal nerves that innervate the anterior abdominal wall?
T5 to T11.
With which part of the body does the abdominal wall connect?
The lumbar region of the vertebral column.
How can the abdominal wall be divided?
Into antero-lateral and posterior abdominal wall.
What are the two vertical muscles in the abdominal wall?
Rectus abdominis and Pyramidalis.
What is the primary function of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
To protect internal organs and assist in movements such as bending and twisting.
How many flat muscles are located laterally in the abdominal wall?
Three flat muscles.
What artery supplies the upper part of the anterior abdominal wall?
Superior epigastric artery.
What are the three flat muscles of the abdominal wall?
External oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis.
Which artery supplies the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall?
Inferior epigastric artery.
Where are the vertical muscles of the abdominal wall situated?
Near the midline of the body.
What forms the aponeurosis of the abdomen?
The five muscles of the abdomen.
What artery is responsible for supplying the lateral aspect of the anterior abdominal wall?
Deep circumflex iliac artery.
What is the significance of the rectus abdominis in the anterolateral abdominal wall?
It is crucial for flexing the vertebral column and maintaining posture.
What is the primary source of arterial supply to the abdominal wall?
The superior epigastric artery, inferior epigastric artery, and intercostal arteries.
What is the arcuate line?
The area of transition where the posterior wall of the rectus sheath disappears.
What is in direct contact with the rectus abdominis muscle at the arcuate line?
The transversalis fascia.
In what actions is the abdominal wall involved that increase intra-abdominal pressure?
Coughing, vomiting, and defecation.
What is a midline incision and its advantages?
A midline incision is made through the linea alba with a slight curve at the umbilicus, offering minimal blood loss and no nerve excision, making it versatile for accessing abdominal organs.
What is a paramedian incision and why is it rarely used today?
A paramedian incision is made just lateral to the linea alba for access to the kidney, adrenal, and spleen, but is rarely used today due to the need for ligation of blood vessels and cutting of nerves.
What is a transverse incision and its current usage?
A transverse incision is made above the umbilicus but is rarely used today due to poor healing.
What is the function of the antero-lateral abdominal wall?
To support the abdominal organs, assist in movement, and maintain posture.
What role does lymphatic drainage play in the body?
To transport lymph, which contains immune cells and waste products, back to the bloodstream.
What is the significance of lymph nodes in lymphatic drainage?
They filter lymph and are sites for immune responses.
What is the deepest flat muscle of the abdominal wall?
Transversus Abdominis.
What forms the posterior layer of the rectus sheath?
The aponeuroses of half of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis.
What is the lateral border of the Rectus Abdominis called?
The linea semilunaris.
What is a Pfannenstiel incision and what precaution must be taken before it?
A Pfannenstiel incision is made just above the pubis, and the bladder must be emptied to prevent injury before making this incision.
Which muscle is the most superficial in the antero-lateral abdominal wall?
External oblique muscle.
In which direction do the fibers of the External Oblique run?
Inferior-medial direction.
What structure is located just beneath the Transversus Abdominis muscle?
Transversalis fascia.
What happens midway between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis regarding the rectus sheath?
Only the anterior wall is present; there is no posterior sheath.
Which artery branches from the internal thoracic artery and supplies the upper part of the abdominal wall?
The superior epigastric artery.
Which arteries provide additional blood supply to the lateral aspects of the abdominal wall?
The lower intercostal arteries and subcostal arteries.
Where does the apex of the Pyramidalis attach?
To the linea alba.
What role does the internal oblique muscle play in the antero-lateral abdominal wall?
It helps in trunk rotation and lateral flexion.
What are the main components of the venous drainage system?
Veins, venules, and the superior and inferior vena cavae.
Where does the linea alba extend from?
From the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis.
What anatomical feature gives rise to the 'six-pack' appearance in athletes?
Tendinous intersections in the Rectus Abdominis.
What artery supplies the lower part of the abdominal wall?
The inferior epigastric artery.
What is the significance of the transversus abdominis in the antero-lateral abdominal wall?
It acts as a stabilizer for the pelvis and lower back.
What fibrous structure do the fibers of the External Oblique form at the midline?
Aponeurosis that merges with the linea alba.
How does the abdominal wall assist in forceful expiration?
By pushing the abdominal viscera upwards.
What is the role of the lumbar arteries in the arterial supply of the abdominal wall?
They supply the posterior aspect of the abdominal wall.
What is McBurney’s incision and its significance?
McBurney’s incision involves splitting muscle fibers and is located a third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus, widely used during an appendectomy.
What is the most superficial and largest flat muscle of the abdominal wall?
External Oblique.
In which direction do the fibers of the Transversus Abdominis run?
Transversely.
What is a subcostal incision used for?
A subcostal incision is made just below the rib cage to access the spleen or gallbladder, but it offers limited exposure.
What is the primary function of venous drainage in the body?
To return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
How does the lymphatic system contribute to fluid balance?
By collecting excess interstitial fluid and returning it to the bloodstream.
How do the fibers of the Internal Oblique run?
Superomedial direction.