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Bailey Scott’s Diagnostic Part-03a

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p.7

What natural defense mechanisms protect the bladder, ureters, and kidneys from bacterial invasion? A) High urine pH and urination B) Low urine pH and the flushing action of urination C) High urine pH and mucus secretion D) Low urine pH and high body temperature E) High urine pH and low body temperature

Select an answer

p.7

Explanation

No explanation provided.

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p.7
Immune Defense Mechanisms

What natural defense mechanisms protect the bladder, ureters, and kidneys from bacterial invasion?
A) High urine pH and urination
B) Low urine pH and the flushing action of urination
C) High urine pH and mucus secretion
D) Low urine pH and high body temperature
E) High urine pH and low body temperature

B) Low urine pH and the flushing action of urination
Explanation: The urethra's natural colonization by microorganisms, combined with a low urine pH and the flushing action of urination, provides a physical barrier against bacterial invasion of the bladder, ureters, and kidneys.

p.3
Transmission Methods: Direct vs. Indirect

What is a vector in the context of microbial transmission?
A) A nonliving entity that transmits microorganisms
B) A living entity, such as an insect, that transmits microorganisms
C) A type of microorganism
D) A method of sterilization
E) A type of medical device

B) A living entity, such as an insect, that transmits microorganisms
Explanation: Vectors are living entities, such as insects, that transmit microorganisms from the reservoir to the host.

p.6
Host-Microorganism Interactions

How does the stomach prevent the growth of many microorganisms?
A) By producing bile salts
B) Through the action of nasal hairs
C) By maintaining a low pH and producing proteolytic enzymes
D) By the presence of cilia
E) By the flow of saliva

C) By maintaining a low pH and producing proteolytic enzymes
Explanation: The stomach prevents the growth of many microorganisms through its low pH and the presence of proteolytic (protein-digesting) enzymes.

p.8
Host-Microorganism Interactions

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the disruption of the skin and mucosal surface?
A) Penetrating wounds
B) Smoking
C) Balanced diet
D) Overuse of antibiotics
E) Childbirth

C) Balanced diet
Explanation: A balanced diet does not contribute to the disruption of the skin and mucosal surface. Factors such as penetrating wounds, smoking, overuse of antibiotics, and childbirth can disrupt these barriers.

p.4
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is a zoonotic infection?
A) An infection transmitted from humans to animals
B) An infection that only affects humans
C) An infection that primarily infects animals but can occasionally infect humans
D) An infection transmitted by water
E) An infection caused by fungi

C) An infection that primarily infects animals but can occasionally infect humans
Explanation: A zoonotic infection is one that primarily infects animal populations but can occasionally infect humans when they encounter these microorganisms.

p.7
Microbial Biofilm Formation

What is the significance of biofilm in microbial colonization?
A) It helps microorganisms produce toxins
B) It enhances attachment to host cell surfaces
C) It allows microorganisms to move around
D) It protects microorganisms from antibiotics
E) It helps microorganisms acquire nutrients

B) It enhances attachment to host cell surfaces
Explanation: Biofilm is a biochemical complex that works together with pili and other adherence proteins to enhance the attachment of microorganisms to host cell surfaces, facilitating successful colonization.

p.8
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What can facilitate the penetration of microorganisms past surface barriers into deeper host tissues?
A) Increased humidity
B) Use of antibiotics
C) High temperature
D) Excessive exercise
E) Balanced diet

B) Use of antibiotics
Explanation: The use of antibiotics can remove normal, protective, colonizing microorganisms, facilitating the penetration of harmful microorganisms past surface barriers into deeper host tissues.

p.9
Immune Defense Mechanisms

Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of inflammation?
A) Swelling
B) Redness
C) Heat
D) Pain
E) Numbness

E) Numbness
Explanation: The manifestations of inflammation include swelling, redness, heat, and pain, but not numbness.

p.3
Transmission Methods: Direct vs. Indirect

Which of the following is an example of direct transmission?
A) Acquiring cholera through contaminated water
B) Getting tuberculosis through coughing
C) Contracting an infection from a contaminated medical device
D) Acquiring Lyme disease through an insect bite
E) Getting a gastrointestinal infection from undercooked food

B) Getting tuberculosis through coughing
Explanation: Direct transmission occurs when the host directly contacts the microbial reservoir, such as acquiring tuberculosis through coughing.

p.4
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What are skin colonizers?
A) Microorganisms that cause severe infections
B) Microorganisms that live in the bloodstream
C) Microorganisms that live on the skin and often inhibit the growth of more harmful agents
D) Microorganisms that only live in the gastrointestinal tract
E) Microorganisms that are always pathogenic

C) Microorganisms that live on the skin and often inhibit the growth of more harmful agents
Explanation: Skin colonizers are microorganisms that live on the skin and often produce substances that may be toxic and inhibit the growth of more harmful microbial agents.

p.5
Immune Defense Mechanisms

What is the primary function of the outer (dermal) layers of the skin?
A) To produce mucus
B) To act as a physical barrier to microbial penetration
C) To secrete antibodies
D) To produce lysozyme
E) To trap bacteria

B) To act as a physical barrier to microbial penetration
Explanation: The outer (dermal) layers of the skin act as a physical barrier to microbial penetration, providing a first line of defense against pathogens.

p.9
Immune Defense Mechanisms

What is the primary function of phagocytes such as PMNs and macrophages?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To ingest and destroy microorganisms
C) To transport oxygen
D) To produce hormones
E) To store nutrients

B) To ingest and destroy microorganisms
Explanation: Phagocytes, including PMNs and macrophages, are primarily responsible for ingesting and destroying microorganisms, playing a crucial role in the body's immune defense mechanisms.

p.5
Immune Defense Mechanisms

Which of the following is a protective characteristic of mucosal cells?
A) Production of toxic lipids
B) Rapid sloughing for bacterial removal
C) Production of alcohols
D) Flushing action of tears
E) Mechanical blinking of the eyelid

B) Rapid sloughing for bacterial removal
Explanation: Mucosal cells exhibit rapid sloughing, which helps in the removal of bacteria from the mucous membranes.

p.4
Transmission Methods: Direct vs. Indirect

How can nonfungal infections like tetanus be introduced into the human body?
A) Through inhalation of dust particles
B) Through ingestion of contaminated food
C) Through a penetrating wound
D) Through direct skin contact
E) Through mosquito bites

C) Through a penetrating wound
Explanation: Nonfungal infections like tetanus can be introduced into the human body when microbial agents in the environment, such as endospores, are mechanically introduced by a vector as a result of a bite, scratch, or other penetrating wound.

p.5
Immune Defense Mechanisms

Which of the following is NOT a protective activity of hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands?
A) Production of acids
B) Production of alcohols
C) Production of toxic lipids
D) Production of antibodies
E) Limiting bacterial growth

D) Production of antibodies
Explanation: Hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands produce acids, alcohols, and toxic lipids that limit bacterial growth, but they do not produce antibodies.

p.7
Host-Microorganism Interactions

Which factor is NOT a microbial strategy for surviving environmental conditions on the host?
A) Localization in moist areas
B) Protection in ingested or inhaled debris
C) Expression of specific metabolic characteristics
D) Production of antibodies
E) Motility with flagella

D) Production of antibodies
Explanation: Microbial strategies for surviving environmental conditions include localization in moist areas, protection in ingested or inhaled debris, expression of specific metabolic characteristics, and motility with flagella. Production of antibodies is a host defense mechanism, not a microbial strategy.

p.3
Disease Prevention Strategies

What are nosocomial infections?
A) Infections acquired from animals
B) Infections acquired in hospitals or health care settings
C) Infections transmitted through air
D) Infections caused by foodborne pathogens
E) Infections acquired through direct contact with soil

B) Infections acquired in hospitals or health care settings
Explanation: Nosocomial infections are hospital-acquired or health care-associated infections that occur in various health care settings.

p.9
Immune Defense Mechanisms

What transformation occurs when monocytes are deposited in tissue or at a site of infection?
A) They become PMNs
B) They transform into mature macrophages
C) They turn into dendritic cells
D) They become lymphocytes
E) They transform into red blood cells

B) They transform into mature macrophages
Explanation: When monocytes are deposited in tissue or at a site of infection, they transform into mature macrophages, which are essential for the immune response.

p.8
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the role of biochemical nonspecific responses in microbial invasion?
A) They produce antibodies
B) They remove essential nutrients from tissues
C) They increase the body's temperature
D) They transport oxygen to tissues
E) They store energy

B) They remove essential nutrients from tissues
Explanation: Biochemical nonspecific responses remove essential nutrients, such as iron, from tissues so that they are unavailable for use by invading microorganisms.

p.2
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is a 'carrier' in the context of infectious diseases?
A) A person who shows severe symptoms of infection
B) A person who harbors the etiologic agent but shows no apparent signs or symptoms
C) A person who has recovered from an infection
D) A person who is immune to a particular disease
E) A person who spreads disease through direct contact

B) A person who harbors the etiologic agent but shows no apparent signs or symptoms
Explanation: A carrier is defined as a person who harbors the etiologic agent but shows no apparent signs or symptoms of infection or disease.

p.10
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity

What is the role of T-regulatory cells (Tregs)?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To destroy infected cells
C) To suppress autoimmune responses
D) To activate B cells
E) To produce cytokines

C) To suppress autoimmune responses
Explanation: T-regulatory cells (Tregs) suppress autoimmune responses by other T lymphocytes and mediate immune tolerance.

p.7
Microbial Biofilm Formation

What is the role of pili in microbial colonization?
A) They help microorganisms move around
B) They enhance attachment to host cell surfaces
C) They produce toxins
D) They protect against antibiotics
E) They help in nutrient acquisition

B) They enhance attachment to host cell surfaces
Explanation: Pili are rodlike projections of bacterial envelopes that enhance the attachment of microorganisms to host cell surfaces, which is crucial for successful colonization.

p.3
Reservoirs of Microorganisms

How can animals indirectly transmit infectious agents to humans?
A) Through direct bites
B) By contaminating water and food supplies
C) Through direct contact with humans
D) By airborne transmission
E) Through human-to-human contact

B) By contaminating water and food supplies
Explanation: Animals can indirectly transmit infectious agents to humans by contaminating water and food supplies, which can then be ingested by humans.

p.9
Immune Defense Mechanisms

What is the function of cytokines in the immune response?
A) They produce antibodies
B) They draw more phagocytes toward the infection and activate monocytes to macrophages
C) They transport oxygen
D) They store nutrients
E) They produce hormones

B) They draw more phagocytes toward the infection and activate monocytes to macrophages
Explanation: Cytokines are chemical substances that draw more phagocytes toward the infection and activate the maturation of monocytes to macrophages, enhancing the immune response.

p.2
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the first stage in the development of microbial-host interactions?
A) Microorganism colonization of host surface(s)
B) Microorganism entry, invasion, and dissemination
C) Physical encounter between host and microorganism
D) Resolution or outcome
E) Immune response activation

C) Physical encounter between host and microorganism
Explanation: The first stage in the development of microbial-host interactions is the physical encounter between the host and microorganism.

p.7
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What term is used to describe microorganisms that survive but do not multiply on the surface of the human body?
A) Resident microbiota
B) Transient colonizers
C) Pathogens
D) Opportunistic pathogens
E) Commensals

B) Transient colonizers
Explanation: Transient colonizers are microorganisms that can survive on the surface of the human body but do not multiply and are frequently shed with host cells.

p.3
Transmission Methods: Direct vs. Indirect

What is an example of indirect transmission?
A) Acquiring hepatitis through blood transfusions
B) Contracting gonorrhea through sexual contact
C) Getting cholera through contaminated water
D) Acquiring AIDS through direct contact
E) Getting streptococcal pharyngitis through touching

C) Getting cholera through contaminated water
Explanation: Indirect transmission occurs when microorganisms from one individual contaminate a vehicle of transmission, such as water, which is then ingested by another person.

p.8
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the process by which phagocytes ingest bacteria?
A) Exocytosis
B) Endocytosis
C) Photosynthesis
D) Fermentation
E) Osmosis

B) Endocytosis
Explanation: Phagocytes ingest bacteria by a process known as endocytosis, where the bacteria are engulfed in a membrane-lined structure called a phagosome.

p.2
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the primary factor influencing a human's exposure to different microbial populations?
A) Genetic predisposition
B) Human activities and behaviors
C) Climate conditions
D) Geographic location
E) Age and gender

B) Human activities and behaviors
Explanation: The text emphasizes that the microbial population a human is exposed to and the mechanism of exposure are often direct consequences of a person's activity or behaviors.

p.10
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the primary function of the immune system?
A) To produce hormones
B) To mount a specific protective response to invading microorganisms
C) To regulate body temperature
D) To digest food
E) To produce red blood cells

B) To mount a specific protective response to invading microorganisms
Explanation: The immune system provides the human host with the ability to mount a specific protective response to the presence of invading microorganisms.

p.3
Reservoirs of Microorganisms

What is referred to as the reservoir in the context of microbial infections?
A) The human immune system
B) The origin of the infecting agent
C) The mode of transmission
D) The site of infection
E) The treatment method

B) The origin of the infecting agent
Explanation: The reservoir is defined as the origin of the infecting agent, which can include humans, animals, water, food, air, and soil.

p.4
Immune Defense Mechanisms

What is the primary function of the skin in microbial defense?
A) To provide a warm and moist environment
B) To serve as a physical and chemical barrier
C) To produce antibodies
D) To act as a reservoir for microorganisms
E) To facilitate microbial colonization

B) To serve as a physical and chemical barrier
Explanation: The skin serves as a physical and chemical barrier to microorganisms, providing an impenetrable layer unless damaged, and producing antibacterial substances like sebum and sweat.

p.9
Immune Defense Mechanisms

Where do PMNs develop and how long do they typically live?
A) In the spleen, for several weeks
B) In the bone marrow, for a day or less
C) In the liver, for a month
D) In the lymph nodes, for a few days
E) In the lungs, for several months

B) In the bone marrow, for a day or less
Explanation: PMNs develop in the bone marrow and have a short lifespan, usually a day or less, during which they circulate in blood and tissues.

p.2
Host-Microorganism Interactions

Which of the following is an example of an avoidable encounter with microorganisms?
A) Contracting tuberculosis due to overcrowding
B) Acquiring salmonellosis from undercooked turkey
C) Getting infected by a mosquito bite
D) Catching a cold from a coworker
E) Developing a fungal infection from damp conditions

B) Acquiring salmonellosis from undercooked turkey
Explanation: The text provides an example where acquiring salmonellosis due to not cooking the holiday turkey thoroughly is avoidable.

p.10
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity

Which type of cell directly destroys infected cells?
A) B cells
B) Helper T cells
C) Cytotoxic T cells
D) Plasma cells
E) Natural killer cells

C) Cytotoxic T cells
Explanation: Cytotoxic T cells directly destroy infected cells as part of the immune response.

p.2
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the term for a nonliving entity that is contaminated with the etiologic agent and serves as the mode of transmission?
A) Vector
B) Vehicle
C) Reservoir
D) Carrier
E) Common source

B) Vehicle
Explanation: A vehicle is a nonliving entity that is contaminated with the etiologic agent and serves as the mode of transmission for that agent.

p.10
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity

What are the two branches of the immune system?
A) Innate and adaptive immunity
B) Humoral and cell-mediated immunity
C) Primary and secondary immunity
D) Active and passive immunity
E) Natural and artificial immunity

B) Humoral and cell-mediated immunity
Explanation: The immune system provides immunity that can generally be divided into two branches: antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity) and cell-mediated immunity (cellular immunity).

p.5
Immune Defense Mechanisms

What is the role of lysozyme in tears?
A) To trap bacteria
B) To degrade bacterial cell walls
C) To produce mucus
D) To compete for bacterial iron supply
E) To produce substances toxic to bacteria

B) To degrade bacterial cell walls
Explanation: Lysozyme in tears destroys the bacterial cell wall, providing a protective mechanism against microbial invasion.

p.4
Transmission Methods: Direct vs. Indirect

What role do insects most commonly play in the transmission of infectious diseases?
A) As reservoirs
B) As vectors
C) As direct transmitters
D) As environmental carriers
E) As primary hosts

B) As vectors
Explanation: Insects most commonly act as vectors in the transmission of infectious diseases, meaning they transmit the disease from one host to another without being the primary reservoir.

p.6
Host-Microorganism Interactions

Which specific cell clusters exist below the outer cell layer to mediate protective mechanisms against microbial invasion?
A) Lymph nodes
B) Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
C) Bone marrow
D) Thymus
E) Spleen

B) Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Explanation: Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue exists below the outer cell layer and mediates specific protective mechanisms against microbial invasion.

p.8
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What are phagocytes?
A) Cells that produce antibodies
B) Cells that ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles
C) Cells that transport oxygen
D) Cells that produce hormones
E) Cells that store fat

B) Cells that ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles
Explanation: Phagocytes are cells that ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles, playing a crucial role in the body's defense mechanisms.

p.1
Host-Microorganism Interactions

Which of the following factors can have life-long effects on the human microbiome?
A) The type of clothing worn
B) Whether an individual was breastfed as an infant
C) The color of one's hair
D) The brand of soap used
E) The type of shoes worn

B) Whether an individual was breastfed as an infant
Explanation: Studies have indicated that being breastfed as an infant can have life-long effects on the human microbiome, influencing its composition and diversity.

p.6
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the primary function of mucus in the body's protective mechanisms?
A) To provide nutrients to cells
B) To trap bacteria before they reach the cell surface
C) To increase cell division
D) To reduce body temperature
E) To enhance blood flow

B) To trap bacteria before they reach the cell surface
Explanation: Mucus serves to trap bacteria before they can reach the outer surface of the cells, lubricates the cells to prevent damage, and contains specific and nonspecific antibacterial substances.

p.6
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the role of the mucociliary escalator in the respiratory tract?
A) To increase blood flow to the lungs
B) To trap and move microorganisms upward and away from the lungs
C) To produce antibodies
D) To digest proteins
E) To secrete bile salts

B) To trap and move microorganisms upward and away from the lungs
Explanation: The mucociliary escalator refers to the action of cilia in the trachea that move microorganisms trapped in mucus upward and away from the delicate cells of the lungs.

p.9
Immune Defense Mechanisms

What role does the complement system play in the immune response?
A) It produces antibodies
B) It attracts and enhances the activities of phagocytes
C) It transports nutrients
D) It stores energy
E) It produces hormones

B) It attracts and enhances the activities of phagocytes
Explanation: The complement system is composed of proteins that, when activated, attract phagocytes to the site of infection and enhance their activities, aiding in the immune response.

p.8
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What happens when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome?
A) The bacteria are released into the bloodstream
B) The bacteria are trapped and destroyed by toxic chemicals and enzymes
C) The bacteria multiply rapidly
D) The phagocyte dies immediately
E) The bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

B) The bacteria are trapped and destroyed by toxic chemicals and enzymes
Explanation: When a phagosome fuses with a lysosome, the bacteria trapped within the structure are destroyed by the toxic chemicals and destructive enzymes contained in the lysosome.

p.9
Immune Defense Mechanisms

How does the coagulation system contribute to the immune response?
A) By producing antibodies
B) By increasing blood and fluid flow to the site of infection and walling off the infection
C) By transporting oxygen
D) By storing nutrients
E) By producing hormones

B) By increasing blood and fluid flow to the site of infection and walling off the infection
Explanation: The coagulation system increases blood and fluid flow to the site of infection and can effectively wall off the infection through the production of blood clots and barriers composed of cellular debris.

p.2
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the definition of 'endemic'?
A) A disease constantly present at some rate of occurrence in a particular location
B) A larger-than-normal number of diseased individuals in a location
C) An epidemic that spans the world
D) The number of new diseases in a population
E) The percentage of diseased persons in a population at a particular time

A) A disease constantly present at some rate of occurrence in a particular location
Explanation: Endemic refers to a disease that is constantly present at some rate of occurrence in a particular location.

p.5
Immune Defense Mechanisms

What is the function of goblet cells in mucous membranes?
A) To produce acids
B) To produce mucus
C) To produce lysozyme
D) To produce lactoferrin
E) To produce lactoperoxidase

B) To produce mucus
Explanation: Goblet cells produce mucus, which provides protective lubrication of cells, traps bacteria, and contains specific antibodies with activity against bacteria.

p.4
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is an ectoparasite?
A) A parasite that lives inside the host's body
B) A parasite that lives on the surface of the host's body
C) A parasite that infects plants
D) A parasite that requires an intermediate host
E) A parasite that causes systemic infections

B) A parasite that lives on the surface of the host's body
Explanation: Ectoparasites, such as lice and scabies, live on the surface of the host's body and cause skin irritations without penetrating internal tissues.

p.6
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What antibacterial substances are found in saliva?
A) Bile salts and proteolytic enzymes
B) Lysozyme and antibodies (IgA)
C) Hydrochloric acid and mucus
D) Peristaltic enzymes and bile salts
E) Cilia and mucus

B) Lysozyme and antibodies (IgA)
Explanation: Saliva contains antibacterial substances such as lysozyme and antibodies (IgA) that participate in the destruction of bacterial cells.

p.1
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is a key aspect of the relationship between host and pathogen?
A) The host always benefits
B) The pathogen always benefits
C) It is a balance between the normal human microbiome and the appearance of a potentially infectious agent
D) The host is always harmed
E) The pathogen is always eradicated

C) It is a balance between the normal human microbiome and the appearance of a potentially infectious agent
Explanation: The relationship between host and pathogen is ultimately a balance between the normal human microbiome and the appearance of a potentially infectious agent, highlighting the dynamic and complex nature of these interactions.

p.7
Host-Microorganism Interactions

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to microbial colonization of host surfaces?
A) Motility
B) Production of siderophores
C) High body temperature
D) Ability to coexist with other microorganisms
E) Expression of specific metabolic characteristics

C) High body temperature
Explanation: Factors that contribute to microbial colonization include motility, production of siderophores, ability to coexist with other microorganisms, and expression of specific metabolic characteristics. High body temperature is not a contributing factor.

p.6
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What protective characteristic is associated with the female urogenital tract?
A) High pH
B) Presence of bile salts
C) Thick mucus plug in the cervical opening
D) Rapid cellular shedding
E) High concentration of proteolytic enzymes

C) Thick mucus plug in the cervical opening
Explanation: The female urogenital tract is protected by a thick mucus plug in the cervical opening, which acts as a substantial barrier to keep microorganisms from ascending and invading the more delicate tissues.

p.2
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the term for infections acquired as a result of a medical procedure?
A) Nosocomial infection
B) Vector-borne infection
C) Community-acquired infection
D) Zoonotic infection
E) Endemic infection

A) Nosocomial infection
Explanation: Nosocomial infections are those for which the etiologic agent was acquired in a hospital or long-term health care center or facility.

p.2
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What does 'disease prevalence' refer to?
A) The number of new diseases in a population
B) The percentage of diseased persons in a given population at a particular time
C) The incidence in which a disease results in death
D) The state of disease and its associated effects on the host
E) The number of deaths resulting from disease

B) The percentage of diseased persons in a given population at a particular time
Explanation: Disease prevalence is defined as the percentage of diseased persons in a given population at a particular time.

p.10
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity

Which antibody is primarily found in body fluids such as saliva and tears?
A) IgG
B) IgA
C) IgM
D) IgE
E) IgD

B) IgA
Explanation: IgA is secreted in various body fluids, such as saliva and tears, and primarily protects body surfaces lined with mucous membranes.

p.2
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the definition of 'pandemic'?
A) A disease constantly present in a particular location
B) A larger-than-normal number of diseased individuals in a location
C) An epidemic that spans the world
D) The number of new diseases in a population
E) The percentage of diseased persons in a population at a particular time

C) An epidemic that spans the world
Explanation: A pandemic is defined as an epidemic that spans the world.

p.8
Host-Microorganism Interactions

Which of the following is NOT a type of phagocyte?
A) Neutrophils
B) Macrophages
C) Dendritic cells
D) Erythrocytes
E) Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

D) Erythrocytes
Explanation: Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are not phagocytes. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells are all types of phagocytes.

p.10
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity

Which antibody is the first to be produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered?
A) IgG
B) IgA
C) IgM
D) IgE
E) IgD

C) IgM
Explanation: IgM is the largest and first antibody produced when an invading microorganism is initially encountered.

p.10
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity

What is the central molecule of the immune response?
A) Hormone
B) Antibody
C) Enzyme
D) Red blood cell
E) Platelet

B) Antibody
Explanation: The central molecule of the immune response is the antibody, also referred to as immunoglobulins, which are specific glycoproteins produced by plasma cells in response to antigens.

p.2
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the role of a 'vector' in disease transmission?
A) A nonliving entity that transmits the etiologic agent
B) A living entity that transmits the etiologic agent
C) The origin of the etiologic agent
D) The incidence of a particular disease state
E) The percentage of diseased persons in a population

B) A living entity that transmits the etiologic agent
Explanation: A vector is defined as a living entity (animal, insect, or plant) that transmits the etiologic agent.

p.10
Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity

What is the function of natural killer (NK) cells?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To destroy infected cells
C) To regulate antibody production
D) To suppress autoimmune responses
E) To produce cytokines

B) To destroy infected cells
Explanation: Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of T cells that destroy infected cells and respond to synthetic, bacterial, and fungal glycolipids.

p.1
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the relationship between humans and microorganisms in the context of the food and fermentation industry?
A) Humans are harmed by microorganisms
B) Microorganisms are used to produce food products
C) Microorganisms are eradicated from food products
D) Humans avoid all contact with microorganisms
E) Microorganisms are only harmful in this context

B) Microorganisms are used to produce food products
Explanation: Humans use the abilities and natural products of microorganisms in the food and fermentation industry, highlighting a beneficial relationship where microorganisms help produce food products.

p.1
Host-Microorganism Interactions

What is the primary goal of the Human Microbiome Project?
A) To eradicate all harmful microorganisms
B) To develop new antibiotics
C) To determine whether a core human microbiome exists
D) To study the effects of diet on human health
E) To map the human genome

C) To determine whether a core human microbiome exists
Explanation: One of the primary goals of the Human Microbiome Project is to determine whether a core human microbiome exists, which involves understanding the microorganisms present in and on the human body without causing harm.

p.1
Host-Microorganism Interactions

Which of the following is NOT a goal of the Human Microbiome Project?
A) Developing new technology and bioinformatic tools
B) Addressing ethical, legal, and social implications
C) Determining the human genome sequence
D) Determining whether changes in the microbiome correlate with health and disease
E) Understanding the variation of the microbiome across the body and between individuals

C) Determining the human genome sequence
Explanation: The Human Microbiome Project focuses on understanding the human microbiome, not on determining the human genome sequence, which was the goal of the Human Genome Project.

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