What is the first principle of Cell Theory?
All living things are composed of cells.
p.2
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A cell without a true nucleus or other internal membranes.
p.2
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What is a eukaryotic cell?
A cell with a true nucleus and organelles surrounded by a membrane.
p.2
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have both.
p.75
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
Do membrane proteins move?
Yes, membrane proteins can move within the lipid bilayer.
p.81
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
How do organisms living in variable temperature conditions adapt their lipid composition?
They change lipid composition in response to changing temperature.
p.18
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What does resolution measure in microscopy?
The clarity of the image or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points.
p.67
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How do large molecules move in and out of the cell?
Through bulk transport methods such as exocytosis or endocytosis.
p.102
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is an isotonic solution?
A solution with the same solute concentration as that inside the cell.
How can expressing thanks impact relationships?
It can strengthen bonds and foster goodwill.
p.39
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
What is a vacuole?
A membrane-bound organelle found in plant or fungal cells.
p.56
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What is the role of the endomembrane system in a cell?
It is a complex and dynamic player in the cell's compartmental organization.
p.80
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What type of hydrocarbon tails do fish in extreme cold environments have in their cell membranes?
A high proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails.
p.74
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What primarily holds membranes together?
Weak hydrophobic interactions.
p.42
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What are thylakoids?
Membranous sacs within chloroplasts.
p.49
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How do microfilaments enable movement in amoebas?
They facilitate the movement of amoebas.
What is the significance of the year 2021 in the context of the provided text?
It indicates the copyright year for the content.
p.52
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is one primary function of intermediate filaments?
To maintain the shape of the cell, including the nucleus.
p.92
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What are transport proteins?
Proteins that allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane.
p.49
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What role do microfilaments play in amoeboid movement?
They cause the protrusion of pseudopodia in white blood cells (WBC).
p.16
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
Why do scientists use microscopes?
To visualize cells that are too small to see with the naked eye.
p.101
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is tonicity?
The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
p.104
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What defines a hypotonic solution?
A solution is hypotonic if the solute concentration is less than that inside the cell.
Why are vegetables like lettuce sprayed with water in supermarkets?
To maintain their crispness.
p.104
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What happens to water in a hypotonic solution?
Net diffusion of water is from the surrounding solution to the inside of the cell.
p.87
Cell Junctions and Communication
How do membrane proteins contribute to cell communication?
By acting as receptors for signaling molecules.
p.124
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What triggers vesicle formation in receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Solute binding to receptors.
What is the significance of the © symbol in the context of educational materials?
It indicates copyright protection for the content.
p.28
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What does each chromosome contain?
One DNA molecule associated with proteins, called chromatin.
What is the purpose of expressing gratitude?
To acknowledge kindness or help received.
p.80
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
How does the lipid composition of cell membranes adapt to environmental conditions?
It varies in many species, such as having a high proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails in fish that live in extreme cold.
p.91
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is cell recognition?
A cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another.
What is the main focus of the study by Ovais et al. (2018)?
Multifunctional theranostic applications of biocompatible green-synthesized colloidal nanoparticles.
p.91
Cell Junctions and Communication
What role do membrane carbohydrates play in cell recognition?
They interact with the surface molecules of other cells, facilitating cell-cell recognition.
p.103
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What defines a hypertonic solution?
A solution is hypertonic if the solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell.
p.125
Cell Junctions and Communication
What are the three types of intercellular junctions in animals?
Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
p.103
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What happens to water in a hypertonic solution?
Net diffusion of water is from inside the cell to the surrounding solution.
p.18
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What is contrast in the context of microscopy?
Visible differences in brightness between parts of the sample.
p.67
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What role do transport proteins play in cell membrane transport?
They assist in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane, either passively or actively.
p.99
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
When does water movement stop during osmosis?
When the solute concentration is equal on both sides.
p.85
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
Where are peripheral proteins located?
Bound to the surface of the membrane.
p.85
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What do integral proteins do?
They penetrate the hydrophobic core of the membrane.
p.123
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is pinocytosis?
A process where molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is 'gulped' into tiny vesicles.
p.106
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is osmoregulation?
The control of solute concentration and water balance.
p.83
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What are integral proteins?
Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer.
p.41
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What are plastids?
Organelles found only in plants and algae.
p.66
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is essential for successful learning?
Communication between brain cells.
p.62
Cell Junctions and Communication
What are plasmodesmata?
Channels that perforate plant cell walls.
p.70
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What structure do phospholipids form in a cell membrane?
A bilayer with hydrophobic tails inside and hydrophilic heads exposed to water.
p.82
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What are membrane proteins?
Proteins that are part of, or interact with, cell membranes.
p.77
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What do plants use to buffer membrane fluidity?
Plants use different but related steroid lipids.
p.95
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the term for the movement of molecules from high to low concentration?
Down the concentration gradient.
p.101
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What happens if the surrounding solution has a higher concentration of solutes than the inside of the cell?
Water will tend to leave the cell.
p.127
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How does spraying water affect the cells in vegetables?
It helps to keep the cells turgid by maintaining water pressure.
p.104
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What occurs to cells without cell walls in a hypotonic solution?
They will gain water, swell, and lyse (burst).
p.125
Cell Junctions and Communication
What role do desmosomes play in animal cells?
They provide mechanical strength by anchoring adjacent cells together.
What is the primary function of the cell?
To serve as the basic unit of life.
p.125
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is the purpose of gap junctions?
To allow communication and the passage of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells.
p.127
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What happens to vegetables when they lose water?
They become wilted and lose their crispness.
p.3
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What are the four types of prokaryotes based on their energy and carbon sources?
Photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph, and chemoheterotroph.
p.25
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
What can be analyzed after cell fractionation?
The structure and function of isolated organelles.
p.87
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is the significance of membrane proteins in maintaining cell shape?
They provide structural support and stability.
p.49
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How do microfilaments contribute to endocytosis and exocytosis?
They are involved in the invagination and evagination of the membrane.
p.84
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What are peripheral proteins?
Appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.
p.67
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport?
Movement of small molecules that requires energy and a transport protein.
p.75
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What allows membrane proteins to move?
The fluid nature of the lipid bilayer permits movement.
p.77
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What effect does cholesterol have on membrane fluidity at cool temperatures?
At cool temperatures, cholesterol maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing.
p.44
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What are microtubules?
Cylindrical structures that are part of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells.
p.34
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?
It consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae.
p.110
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What factors affect cellular processes?
Temperature, oxygen concentration ([O2]), amount of mitochondria, surface area, and inhibitors.
p.107
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Which types of organisms have cell walls?
Plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists.
p.74
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is the significance of membrane fluidity?
It allows for the movement of lipids and proteins within the membrane.
p.30
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
How are the components of the endomembrane system connected?
They are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles.
p.19
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What is the effect of staining on Brightfield microscopy?
Staining enhances contrast, but most procedures require that cells be fixed (preserved).
p.94
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What gradient does passive transport follow?
The concentration gradient.
p.108
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What happens to a plant cell in an isotonic solution?
There is no net movement of water into the cell.
p.21
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What are the two types of electron microscopes?
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).
p.5
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is a defining feature of eukaryotic cells?
They have DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a double membrane.
p.54
Microtubule Organizing Centers
Do plant cells have centrioles?
No, they have microtubule organizing centers that function similarly.
p.52
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What role do intermediate filaments play in specialized cells?
They help some specialized cells perform their functions, such as nail-producing cells forming nails.
p.16
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What tools do biologists use to study cells?
Microscopes and the tools of biochemistry.
p.77
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity at warm temperatures?
At warm temperatures (such as 37ºC), cholesterol restrains the movement of phospholipids.
p.76
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What happens to membranes as temperatures cool?
They switch from a fluid state to a solid state.
p.81
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What happens to the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in winter wheat during autumn?
It increases to prevent membrane solidification during winter.
p.59
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What protection does the cell wall offer to plant cells?
It protects them from rupturing due to excess water movement.
p.78
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
How does the presence of unsaturated fatty acids influence membrane fluidity?
Unsaturated fatty acids increase membrane fluidity.
p.103
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What effect does a hypertonic solution have on cells without cell walls?
They will lose water, shrivel, and likely die.
p.36
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
What happens during phagocytosis involving lysosomes?
The food vacuole fuses with the lysosome, and hydrolytic enzymes digest food particles.
p.17
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What role do lenses play in a light microscope?
Lenses refract (bend) the light to magnify the image.
p.110
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump in nerve cells?
It maintains the potential difference between the inside and outside of nerve cells.
p.6
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
It is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste.
p.36
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
What do lysosomes contain that aids in digestion?
Active hydrolytic enzymes.
p.5
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What type of organelles do eukaryotic cells contain?
Membrane-bound organelles.
p.23
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What does cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) allow?
Preservation of specimens at very low temperatures.
p.109
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport?
Transport of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient.
p.49
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is one function of microfilaments during cell division?
They enable the formation of the cleavage furrow.
p.52
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How do intermediate filaments support organelles?
They distribute and support organelles in the cytoplasm.
p.60
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What are the two types of cell walls?
Primary cell wall and secondary cell wall.
p.77
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is the role of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?
Cholesterol is a membrane component that affects membrane fluidity at different temperatures.
p.67
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is passive transport?
Movement of small molecules across the cell membrane without energy input, possibly requiring transport proteins.
p.79
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
Why must membranes be fluid?
Fluidity affects both permeability and movement of transport proteins.
p.18
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What is magnification in microscopy?
The ratio of an object's image size to its real size.
p.59
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the role of the cell wall in plant cells?
It maintains the shape of plant cells.
p.79
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What happens if membranes are too fluid?
They cannot support protein function.
p.115
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is an electrogenic pump?
A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane, storing energy for cellular work.
What type of nanoparticles are discussed in the study?
Biocompatible green-synthesized colloidal nanoparticles.
p.51
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the size comparison of intermediate filaments to microfilaments and microtubules?
Bigger than microfilaments, smaller than microtubules.
p.95
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
In which direction do molecules move during diffusion?
From high to low concentration.
What is the secondary cell wall?
A harder and usually thicker layer of the cell wall.
p.101
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What does tonicity depend on?
The concentration of solutes in the solution that cannot cross the membrane, relative to that inside the cell.
p.115
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the main electrogenic pump in animals?
The sodium-potassium pump.
p.25
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
What is cell fractionation?
A research method used to separate cellular components.
Where is the secondary cell wall located?
Between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall.
p.94
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
Does passive transport require ATP?
No, it does not need ATP.
p.24
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
What is cell fractionation?
The process of taking cells apart and separating the major organelles from one another.
p.110
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How do mineral ions enter root hair cells?
Through the uptake mechanisms in young epidermal cells of roots.
p.107
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution?
It takes up water and swells until turgor pressure is exerted.
p.102
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What happens to water movement in an isotonic solution?
Water diffuses across the membrane at the same rate in both directions, resulting in no net movement.
p.80
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is the significance of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails in cell membranes?
They help maintain membrane fluidity in cold environments.
p.30
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What is the primary function of the endomembrane system?
It regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions.
p.99
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane.
p.66
Cell Junctions and Communication
What triggers the change in shape of membrane proteins?
Molecules released from vesicles binding to them.
p.120
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What is endocytosis?
A process where macromolecules are taken into the cell in vesicles.
p.54
Microtubule Organizing Centers
What is the function of centrioles?
To organize spindle fibers.
p.79
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
How do organisms living in extreme temperatures adapt their membranes?
They have differences in membrane lipid composition.
p.120
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
How does the membrane behave during endocytosis?
It forms a pocket that deepens and pinches off to form a vesicle.
p.125
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is the function of tight junctions?
To prevent the passage of materials between cells.
p.82
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is the function of membrane proteins?
They facilitate various functions such as transport, signaling, and cell recognition.
How are the microfibrils arranged in the secondary cell wall?
Regularly arranged in parallel rows, perpendicular to those in upper or lower layers.
p.106
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What problems do cells without walls face in hypotonic or hypertonic environments?
They cannot tolerate excessive water loss or uptake.
p.97
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What type of molecules does facilitated diffusion primarily transport?
H2O soluble molecules and molecules not soluble in lipids, such as ions, nucleic acids, amino acids, and glucose.
p.127
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is turgor pressure?
The pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall, which keeps the plant firm and crisp.
p.82
Cell Junctions and Communication
What role do fibers of the extracellular matrix play?
They provide structural support and help in cell adhesion and communication.
p.65
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
p.123
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
Is pinocytosis specific or nonspecific for the substances it transports?
Nonspecific; it takes in any and all solutes.
p.47
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What role do microtubules play during cell division?
They help separate the chromosome copies in dividing cells.
p.51
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
Give an example of intermediate filaments.
Keratin filaments in hairs and nails.
p.122
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What happens to the food vacuole after it is formed in phagocytosis?
It fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle.
p.114
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the term used to describe the combined forces driving ion diffusion?
Electrochemical gradient.
p.55
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the function of a centrosome?
It serves as the main microtubule organizing center in cells.
p.47
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What movement do microtubules facilitate in cilia and flagella?
They can contract, causing movement.
p.33
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What role does the rough ER play in the cell?
It acts as a membrane factory for the cell.
p.3
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
How do photoheterotrophs acquire energy and carbon?
They get energy from light and receive carbon by ingesting other organisms.
p.109
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
Can active transport occur even when there are many substances inside the cell?
Yes, more substances can still be taken in.
p.66
Cell Junctions and Communication
What do vesicles release when they fuse with the plasma membrane?
Molecules that bind to membrane proteins.
p.95
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is diffusion?
The tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out evenly into the available space.
p.117
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is bulk transport across the plasma membrane?
The movement of large molecules like proteins and polysaccharides via vesicles.
p.59
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How does the cell wall contribute to plant cell structure?
It provides mechanical strength and support.
p.62
Cell Junctions and Communication
What structures do plasmodesmata connect in plant cells?
Plasma membranes and cell walls.
p.76
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What determines the temperature at which a membrane solidifies?
The types of lipids present in the membrane.
p.36
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
What is a lysosome?
A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest all kinds of macromolecules.
p.44
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What are microfilaments?
Thin, thread-like structures that are also part of the cytoskeleton.
p.61
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the structure of the primary cell wall?
It consists of thin layers found just outside of the plasma membrane.
p.117
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is exocytosis?
The egestion or secretion of substances from the cell.
p.89
Cell Junctions and Communication
What role do glycoproteins play in cell recognition?
They serve as identification tags recognized by other cells.
p.51
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What are intermediate filaments made up of?
4 long strands of α helix coiled fibrous proteins.
p.69
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What does it mean for phospholipids to be amphipathic?
They contain both hydrophobic (water-fearing) and hydrophilic (water-loving) regions.
p.24
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
What is one benefit of cell fractionation?
It enables scientists to determine the functions of organelles.
p.21
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
How does a transmission electron microscope (TEM) work?
It focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen.
p.96
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How does the size of the diffusing molecule influence diffusion?
Smaller molecules diffuse more easily and quickly.
p.97
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
In which direction does facilitated diffusion occur?
Down the concentration gradient.
p.93
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is simple diffusion?
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
p.43
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How does the cytoskeleton affect the shape of cells?
It determines the 3D shape of the cells.
p.96
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the effect of polarity on the diffusion of molecules?
Non-polar molecules diffuse more easily than polar molecules.
p.45
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How are cilia and flagella structured?
They consist of 9 pairs of microtubules and 2 singlet microtubules.
p.23
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What is a key advantage of using cryo-EM?
It allows visualization of structures in their cellular environment without the need for preservatives.
p.41
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What are the three types of plastids?
Chloroplasts, Leucoplasts, and Chromoplasts.
p.65
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What are the main transport mechanisms across cell membranes?
Passive transport, active transport, and facilitated diffusion.
p.93
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
A type of active transport that moves sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
p.102
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the effect of an isotonic solution on a cell without a cell wall?
The volume of the cell remains stable.
p.30
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What are the main components of the endomembrane system?
Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane.
p.75
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is the significance of membrane protein movement?
It is crucial for various cellular functions, including signaling and transport.
p.66
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is the role of the plasma membrane surrounding each cell?
Regulates exchanges with its environment and surrounding cells.
p.61
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
Where is the primary cell wall found?
In young cells and cells that are not highly differentiated, such as meristem, parenchyma, and collenchyma.
p.117
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is endocytosis?
The uptake of substances into the cell.
p.15
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What is Robert Hooke known for in cell biology?
Identifying cell walls and naming them 'cells'.
p.47
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is one function of microtubules related to cell structure?
They shape the cell by forming the cytoskeleton.
p.24
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
How do centrifuges contribute to cell fractionation?
They fractionate cells into their component parts through differential centrifugation.
p.122
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is phagocytosis?
A process where a cell engulfs a particle by extending pseudopodia around it.
p.54
Microtubule Organizing Centers
What role does the centrosome play in animal cells?
It is considered a microtubule-organizing center.
What does the number sequence 1 2 3 5 6a 6 11 8 7 9 10 13 12 4 represent?
It likely refers to specific sections or chapters in a textbook or educational resource.
p.85
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What are transmembrane proteins?
Integral proteins that span the membrane.
What is the functional significance of cell size?
Cell size affects the efficiency of nutrient uptake and waste removal; smaller cells have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, facilitating these processes.
p.43
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What function does the cytoskeleton provide to the cell?
It gives mechanical support to the cell.
p.106
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How do Paramecium manage excess water in a hypotonic environment?
They use a contractile vacuole to pump excess water out of the cell.
p.123
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What lines the inner side of the plasma membrane that forms vesicles during pinocytosis?
Coat proteins, forming coated vesicles.
p.39
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
What is the function of contractile vacuoles?
They pump excess water out of protist cells.
p.13
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What is biological size?
The measurement of organisms and cells, often expressed in micrometers or nanometers.
p.57
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What is the endomembrane system?
A network of membranes that includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.
p.57
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis in the endomembrane system?
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
p.23
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What field of study uses microscopes as important tools?
Cytology, the study of cell structure.
p.86
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
How do membrane proteins contribute to cell signaling?
By acting as receptors for signaling molecules.
p.88
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is signal transduction in the context of membrane proteins?
It involves a membrane protein binding to a chemical messenger, causing a conformational change that relays the message inside the cell.
p.74
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
Can lipids and proteins move within the membrane?
Yes, most lipids and some proteins can move sideways.
p.37
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
What is the primary function of catalase in peroxisomes?
Converts hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen (O2).
p.29
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
Where can ribosomes be found in a cell?
Bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm.
p.87
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is one function of membrane proteins?
Transporting substances across the cell membrane.
p.85
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What are the two major types of membrane proteins?
Peripheral proteins and integral proteins.
In which journal was the study published?
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.
p.69
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What are the main components of cellular membranes?
Lipids and proteins, with carbohydrates also being important.
p.34
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What is one of the main functions of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies products of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
p.101
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What occurs if the surrounding solution has a lower concentration of solutes than the inside of the cell?
Water will tend to enter the cell.
p.82
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
A network of fibers and proteins outside of cells that provides structural and biochemical support.
p.27
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the primary function of the nucleus?
Controls cellular activities.
What substance impregnates the secondary cell wall?
Lignin, forming a hard and impervious layer.
p.78
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
How does the length of fatty acid tails affect membrane fluidity?
Shorter fatty acid tails increase membrane fluidity.
p.28
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What happens to chromatin as a cell prepares to divide?
It condenses to form discrete chromosomes.
p.34
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
How does the Golgi apparatus handle materials?
It sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles.
p.85
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What do the hydrophobic regions of an integral protein consist of?
Nonpolar amino acids, often coiled into α helices.
Why is the surface area to volume ratio critical for cells?
It affects the efficiency of nutrient and waste exchange.
p.65
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
p.83
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is a characteristic of transmembrane proteins?
They completely span the membrane.
p.88
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What role do transport proteins play in the cell membrane?
They provide a hydrophilic channel for selective solute transport or shuttle substances by changing shape.
p.4
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the function of pili in prokaryotes?
Attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes.
p.109
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is required for active transport?
ATP and a carrier protein.
p.97
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
Give an example of ions involved in facilitated diffusion in nerve cells.
Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) ions.
p.86
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is one major function of membrane proteins related to transport?
Facilitating the movement of substances across the cell membrane.
p.109
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What type of site is involved in active transport?
A specific receptor site.
p.55
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What does a cross section of a centriole reveal?
The arrangement of microtubules within the centriole.
p.20
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What is the function of confocal microscopy?
Uses lasers and special optics for 'optical sectioning' of fluorescently-stained specimens.
p.9
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What forms can eukaryotic cells take?
Unicellular, multicellular, or filamentous.
p.99
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
In which direction do free water molecules diffuse during osmosis?
From lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
p.19
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What is the main characteristic of the Brightfield technique for unstained specimens?
It passes light directly through the specimen, resulting in little contrast unless the cell is naturally pigmented or stained.
p.70
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
Where are the hydrophilic regions of membrane proteins oriented?
Toward the cytosol and extracellular fluid inside and outside the membrane.
p.54
Microtubule Organizing Centers
How are centrioles arranged?
In a small cylindrical shape, perpendicular to one another.
p.81
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
Why do organisms increase unsaturated phospholipids in colder temperatures?
To prevent membrane solidification.
p.115
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the main electrogenic pump in plants, fungi, and bacteria?
The proton pump, which actively transports hydrogen ions (H+) out of the cell.
p.113
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is membrane potential?
The voltage across a membrane.
p.96
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How does temperature affect diffusion?
Higher temperatures increase the rate of diffusion.
p.108
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is the state of plant cells in an isotonic solution?
They become flaccid (limp) and the plant wilts.
p.97
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What are the two types of special transport proteins involved in facilitated diffusion?
Channel proteins and carrier proteins.
p.72
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What does the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure depict?
The membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules bobbing in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
p.112
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is passive transport?
The movement of substances down their concentration gradients across a membrane without energy expenditure by the cell.
p.72
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
Are proteins randomly distributed in the membrane according to the fluid mosaic model?
No, they often form groups that carry out common functions.
p.119
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is exocytosis?
A process where transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents outside the cell.
p.89
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is the function of proteins that adhere to the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
They coordinate extracellular and intracellular changes.
p.3
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What is the energy and carbon source for chemoautotrophs?
They obtain energy chemically and carbon from fixing CO2.
p.88
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How do some transport proteins use energy?
They hydrolyze ATP to actively pump substances across the membrane.
p.48
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How do microfilaments change their length?
They change their length very quickly depending on locations and functions.
p.31
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What characterizes Rough ER?
Its surface is studded with ribosomes.
p.20
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What is a limitation of standard fluorescence micrographs?
They can appear blurry, especially in relatively thick tissue.
p.10
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the structure of the flagellum in eukaryotes?
Complex, with a '9+2' pattern of triplet microtubules.
p.10
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
Is a spindle present during cell division in prokaryotes?
No spindle during cell division.
p.25
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
What is the primary purpose of cell fractionation?
To isolate and study different organelles within a cell.
p.78
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What role do cholesterol molecules play in membrane fluidity?
Cholesterol helps to stabilize membrane fluidity across temperature changes.
p.50
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What are intermediate filaments?
A type of cytoskeletal filament.
p.107
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is turgor pressure?
The pressure exerted by the inelastic cell wall on a swollen plant cell.
p.19
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What does the Phase-contrast technique do?
It enhances contrast in unstained cells by amplifying variations in density, making it useful for examining living, unpigmented cells.
p.94
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What happens to the net movement of solute in passive transport when equilibrium is reached?
The net movement of solute stops.
p.89
Cell Junctions and Communication
What types of junctions can membrane proteins of adjacent cells form?
Gap junctions and tight junctions.
p.51
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What type of structure do the polypeptides in intermediate filaments have?
Only secondary coiled structure.
p.93
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is passive transport?
Movement of substances across the plasma membrane without the use of energy.
p.69
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
How can cellular membranes be described?
As fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins.
p.3
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
How do photoautotrophs obtain energy and carbon?
They get energy from light and carbon from fixing CO2.
p.38
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What are the two membranes that enclose mitochondria?
A smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae.
p.33
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What do transport vesicles from the rough ER contain?
Secretory proteins surrounded by membranes.
p.93
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
p.43
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What are the three types of cytoskeletal fibers?
Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
What is the relationship between cell size and metabolic activity?
Larger cells may have lower metabolic rates per unit volume, while smaller cells can maintain higher metabolic activity due to better nutrient exchange.
p.112
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What types of molecules can diffuse through the lipid bilayer?
Hydrophobic molecules and very small uncharged polar molecules.
p.93
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport?
The movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
p.112
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is facilitated diffusion?
The process where many hydrophilic substances diffuse through membranes with the assistance of transport proteins.
p.4
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What does the plasma membrane do in a prokaryotic cell?
It encloses the cytoplasm.
p.126
Cell Junctions and Communication
What proteins anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm?
Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins.
p.4
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the typical shape and size of Bacillus coagulans?
A typical rod-shaped bacterium, 0.5 μm.
p.9
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
Is a capsule present in prokaryotic cells?
May be present and made of glycoprotein.
p.17
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
How does a light microscope (LM) work?
Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses.
p.87
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What role do membrane proteins play in enzymatic activity?
They can function as enzymes to catalyze reactions.
p.47
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How do microtubules assist in organelle movement?
They guide the movement of organelles.
p.96
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What role does the surface area of the membrane play in diffusion?
A larger surface area increases the rate of diffusion.
p.27
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What does the nucleus membrane control?
The inflow and outflow of material to and from the nucleus.
p.61
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How are the microfibrils arranged in the primary cell wall?
They are randomly arranged.
p.108
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What occurs to plant cells in a hypertonic environment?
They lose water, causing the cell to shrivel and the membrane to pull away from the cell wall.
p.28
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the nucleolus?
A structure located within the nucleus that is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis.
p.27
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the role of the nucleolus?
Acts as the site of ribosome construction.
Why do some cells have elongated shapes?
Elongated shapes can enhance the cell's ability to cover more area for absorption or to facilitate movement.
p.38
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the function of the cristae in mitochondria?
To increase the surface area for biochemical reactions.
p.13
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What is cell diversity?
The variety of different cell types and their functions within an organism.
p.38
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is found in the mitochondrial matrix?
Free ribosomes and mitochondrial DNA.
p.13
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What are the two main categories of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
p.88
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
How can enzymes in a membrane be organized?
They can be organized as a team to carry out sequential steps of a metabolic pathway.
p.41
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What do chromoplasts store?
Carotenoid pigments (red, orange, and yellow in color).
p.57
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What is the function of vesicles in the endomembrane system?
They transport materials between different organelles.
p.86
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is the function of membrane proteins in cell adhesion?
They help cells stick to each other and to the extracellular matrix.
p.126
Cell Junctions and Communication
What types of molecules can pass through gap junctions?
Ions, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules.
p.121
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What type of endocytosis involves receptors?
Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
p.43
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the cytoskeleton?
A network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell.
p.113
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What creates voltage across a membrane?
Differences in the distribution of positive and negative ions.
p.87
Cell Junctions and Communication
In what way do membrane proteins assist in cell recognition?
By serving as markers for cell identification.
p.122
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is formed when a cell engulfs a particle during phagocytosis?
A membranous sac called a food vacuole.
p.114
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What are the two combined forces that drive the diffusion of ions across a membrane?
The chemical force (ion's concentration gradient) and the electrical force (membrane potential effect).
p.33
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What is a key function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)?
It has bound ribosomes that secrete glycoproteins.
p.47
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How do microtubules contribute to cytoplasmic organization?
They divide the cytoplasm into compartments, allowing specialized enzymes to function better.
p.65
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
They have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
p.5
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How do the sizes of eukaryotic cells compare to prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells.
p.4
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?
In the nucleoid region, which is not enclosed by a membrane.
p.39
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
What do central vacuoles hold?
Reserves of important organic compounds and water.
p.31
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the relationship between the ER membrane and the nuclear envelope?
The ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear envelope.
p.33
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
How does the smooth ER contribute to detoxification?
It detoxifies drugs and poisons.
p.13
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
They have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
p.86
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
How do membrane proteins assist in enzymatic activity?
By acting as enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions.
p.10
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the structure of the flagellum in prokaryotes?
Fine, simple & only consists of one microtubule.
p.94
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
Does passive transport always require a transport protein?
It may or may not need a transport protein.
p.89
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
How do microfilaments contribute to cell structure?
They bond to membrane proteins, helping maintain cell shape and stabilize protein location.
p.24
Cell Fractionation and Organelles
Which fields help correlate cell function with structure?
Biochemistry and cytology.
p.21
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
How does a scanning electron microscope (SEM) work?
It focuses a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen.
p.5
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
Where is the cytoplasm located in eukaryotic cells?
In the region between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.
p.112
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How can the rate of diffusion be increased?
By transport proteins in the membrane.
p.55
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What are centrioles?
Cylindrical structures found in the centrosome, involved in cell division.
p.20
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What is the main purpose of differential interference contrast microscopy?
To exaggerate differences in density, making the image appear almost 3D.
p.88
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is the function of a membrane protein that acts as an enzyme?
It may have its active site exposed to substances in the adjacent solution, facilitating enzymatic activity.
p.57
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What role does the Golgi apparatus play in the endomembrane system?
It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
p.112
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What are the two types of transport proteins involved in facilitated diffusion?
Channel proteins and carrier proteins.
p.4
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the function of the cell wall in prokaryotes?
It is a rigid structure outside the plasma membrane.
p.13
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Why is cell diversity important?
It allows for specialization and adaptation to different functions and environments.
p.9
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the structure of genetic material in prokaryotes?
DNA is circular, lies free in the cytoplasm, and is naked.
p.10
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What type of ribosomes do prokaryotes have?
Smaller types, 70 S (18 nm).
How does cell shape influence its function?
Cell shape can determine the cell's ability to perform specific functions, such as movement, communication, and interaction with other cells.
p.45
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What structures are made up of protein tubulin?
Cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers.
What happens to the surface area and volume of a cell as it increases in size?
Volume grows proportionately more than surface area.
p.83
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
Where do integral proteins often interact?
With the extracellular side of the membrane.
p.96
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
How does the distance over which diffusion occurs affect the process?
Longer distances decrease the rate of diffusion.
p.93
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is facilitated diffusion?
The process of transporting substances across a membrane with the help of carrier proteins.
p.4
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the role of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
They synthesize proteins.
p.48
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What allows microfilaments to contract?
Subunits of proteins that can slide over one another.
p.86
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What role do membrane proteins play in cell recognition?
They serve as markers for cell identification.
p.20
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
What is the result of using confocal microscopy?
A sharp image due to the subtraction of out-of-focus fluorescence.
p.4
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the function of flagella in bacteria?
They are locomotion organelles.
p.9
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
How many organelles do prokaryotic cells typically have?
Few organelles, none are membrane-bound.
p.126
Cell Junctions and Communication
In which tissues are gap junctions particularly important?
Heart muscle and animal embryos.
p.124
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What happens to emptied receptors after endocytosis?
They are recycled to the plasma membrane by the same vesicle.
p.113
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What does the negative charge inside the cell favor?
Passive transport of cations into and anions out of the cell.
p.108
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What can happen to a plant if it experiences plasmolysis?
The plant will wilt and may die.
p.65
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
What is the significance of the cell membrane?
It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
p.119
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is an example of a product secreted by exocytosis?
Insulin, secreted by cells in the pancreas.
p.20
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
How does fluorescence microscopy show the locations of specific molecules in a cell?
By tagging the molecules with fluorescent dyes or antibodies.
p.23
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
How does cryo-EM aid in the search for a COVID-19 vaccine?
By providing insight into the spike-protein structure.
p.4
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the capsule in prokaryotic cells?
A jelly-like outer coating of many prokaryotes.
p.126
Cell Junctions and Communication
What do gap junctions provide?
Cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell.
p.126
Cell Junctions and Communication
Why are gap junctions important?
They are necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues.
p.10
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What type of ribosomes do eukaryotes have?
Bigger types, 80 S (22 nm).
p.114
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What does an ion do when it diffuses down its electrochemical gradient?
It moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, influenced by electrical forces.
p.112
Transport Mechanisms Across Cell Membranes
What is active transport?
The movement of substances across a membrane against their concentration gradients using energy, usually supplied by ATP.
p.45
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the structure of spindle fibers?
They consist of 9 triplets of microtubules.
p.23
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
How does cryo-EM complement X-ray crystallography?
It reveals protein complexes and subcellular structures.
p.3
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What do chemoheterotrophs use for energy and carbon?
They obtain both energy and carbon from organic compounds by ingesting organisms or materials with carbon.
p.126
Cell Junctions and Communication
What do tight junctions prevent?
Fluid from moving across a layer of cells.
p.13
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
They lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
p.9
Types of Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
What forms can prokaryotic cells take?
Unicellular or filamentous.
p.126
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is the function of desmosomes?
To fasten cells together into strong sheets.
p.9
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
How many organelles do eukaryotic cells typically have?
Many organelles, some are membrane-bound.
p.57
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
How do lysosomes function within the endomembrane system?
They contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
p.88
Cell Junctions and Communication
What is the role of a receptor protein in signal transduction?
It has a binding site that fits the shape of a specific chemical messenger, such as a hormone.
p.20
Microscopy Techniques for Studying Cells
In confocal microscopy, what colors represent nerve cells and support cells?
Nerve cells are green, support cells are red, and regions of overlap are yellow.
p.9
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the structure of genetic material in eukaryotes?
DNA is linear and contained in the nucleus.
p.10
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
Is a spindle present during cell division in eukaryotes?
Spindle present during cell division.
p.42
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the stroma in chloroplasts?
The internal fluid of the chloroplast.
p.86
Membrane Structure and Fluidity
How do membrane proteins contribute to the structural integrity of the cell?
By providing a framework that supports the cell's shape.
p.10
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What is the function of pili in prokaryotes?
May be present for attachment.
p.10
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
What organelle is involved in photosynthesis in prokaryotes?
Folding of plasma membrane.
p.57
Endomembrane System and Its Functions
What connects the nuclear envelope to the endoplasmic reticulum?
The outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
p.42
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics
What are lamellae in chloroplasts?
Channels that connect granum.
