CHAPTER 2 THE CELL

Proteins that allow passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane.

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All living things are composed of cells.

Cellulose.

To maintain the shape of the cell, including the nucleus.

They enable the formation of the cleavage furrow.

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Chitin.

Cells.

They distribute and support organelles in the cytoplasm.

They are involved in the invagination and evagination of the membrane.

It can strengthen bonds and foster goodwill.

It varies in many species, such as having a high proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails in fish that live in extreme cold.

Primary cell wall and secondary cell wall.

It is a complex and dynamic player in the cell's compartmental organization.

A cell without a true nucleus or other internal membranes.

From preexisting cells.

A solution with the same solute concentration as that inside the cell.

They help some specialized cells perform their functions, such as nail-producing cells forming nails.

They cause the protrusion of pseudopodia in white blood cells (WBC).

Appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

A high proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails.

Communication between brain cells.

Microscopes and the tools of biochemistry.

A cell with a true nucleus and organelles surrounded by a membrane.

Water diffuses across the membrane at the same rate in both directions, resulting in no net movement.

Cholesterol is a membrane component that affects membrane fluidity at different temperatures.

They facilitate the movement of amoebas.

Movement of small molecules across the cell membrane without energy input, possibly requiring transport proteins.

Weak hydrophobic interactions.

A cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another.

Channels that perforate plant cell walls.

Catalase.

They help maintain membrane fluidity in cold environments.

Fluidity affects both permeability and movement of transport proteins.

Yes, membrane proteins can move within the lipid bilayer.

The ratio of an object's image size to its real size.

Molecules that bind to membrane proteins.

Multifunctional theranostic applications of biocompatible green-synthesized colloidal nanoparticles.

The volume of the cell remains stable.

A bilayer with hydrophobic tails inside and hydrophilic heads exposed to water.

Ribosomes.

At warm temperatures (such as 37ºC), cholesterol restrains the movement of phospholipids.

To visualize cells that are too small to see with the naked eye.

It regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions.

It maintains the shape of plant cells.

Movement of small molecules that requires energy and a transport protein.

Yes, most lipids and some proteins can move sideways.

Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have both.

The tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out evenly into the available space.

They interact with the surface molecules of other cells, facilitating cell-cell recognition.

Approximately 0.5 μm.

0.25 μm.

They change lipid composition in response to changing temperature.

They switch from a fluid state to a solid state.

The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane.

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

They cannot support protein function.

The fluid nature of the lipid bilayer permits movement.

Converts hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to water and oxygen (O2).

Robert Hooke.

The movement of large molecules like proteins and polysaccharides via vesicles.

A solution is hypertonic if the solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell.

0.25 μm.

The clarity of the image or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points.

Molecules released from vesicles binding to them.

A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane, storing energy for cellular work.

At cool temperatures, cholesterol maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing.

They are amphipathic.

It provides mechanical strength and support.

Biocompatible green-synthesized colloidal nanoparticles.

Rarely.

Through bulk transport methods such as exocytosis or endocytosis.

A process where macromolecules are taken into the cell in vesicles.

A solution is hypotonic if the solute concentration is less than that inside the cell.

Bigger than microfilaments, smaller than microtubules.

Cylindrical structures that are part of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells.

Bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm.

Plasma membranes and cell walls.

Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

From high to low concentration.

Nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane.

To organize spindle fibers.

A harder and usually thicker layer of the cell wall.

It consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae.

The types of lipids present in the membrane.

From lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.

Temperature.

It increases to prevent membrane solidification during winter.

The concentration of solutes in the solution that cannot cross the membrane, relative to that inside the cell.

Proteins that are part of, or interact with, cell membranes.

It is crucial for various cellular functions, including signaling and transport.

They have differences in membrane lipid composition.

ATP.

Temperature, oxygen concentration ([O2]), amount of mitochondria, surface area, and inhibitors.

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest all kinds of macromolecules.

Transporting substances across the cell membrane.

It passes light directly through the specimen, resulting in little contrast unless the cell is naturally pigmented or stained.

Microvillus.

Net diffusion of water is from inside the cell to the surrounding solution.

Alcohol.

Microscopes.

Regulates exchanges with its environment and surrounding cells.

The sodium-potassium pump.

To maintain their crispness.

Plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists.

Peripheral proteins and integral proteins.

It protects them from rupturing due to excess water movement.

Toward the cytosol and extracellular fluid inside and outside the membrane.

Visible differences in brightness between parts of the sample.

A research method used to separate cellular components.

Plants use different but related steroid lipids.

8 - 12 nm.

It forms a pocket that deepens and pinches off to form a vesicle.

Net diffusion of water is from the surrounding solution to the inside of the cell.

It allows for the movement of lipids and proteins within the membrane.

Thin, thread-like structures that are also part of the cytoskeleton.

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.

To visualize cells.

In a small cylindrical shape, perpendicular to one another.

They assist in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane, either passively or actively.

Down the concentration gradient.

Between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall.

In young cells and cells that are not highly differentiated, such as meristem, parenchyma, and collenchyma.

To prevent the passage of materials between cells.

No, it does not need ATP.

They are more fluid.

Chromosomes.

They are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles.

Lipids and proteins, with carbohydrates also being important.

Unsaturated fatty acids increase membrane fluidity.

To prevent membrane solidification.

When the solute concentration is equal on both sides.

Water will tend to leave the cell.

The process of taking cells apart and separating the major organelles from one another.

The uptake of substances into the cell.

They facilitate various functions such as transport, signaling, and cell recognition.

Through the uptake mechanisms in young epidermal cells of roots.

By acting as receptors for signaling molecules.

Actin filaments.

Modifies products of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Concentration gradient.

They will lose water, shrivel, and likely die.

The proton pump, which actively transports hydrogen ions (H+) out of the cell.

It helps to keep the cells turgid by maintaining water pressure.

Bound to the surface of the membrane.

1 μm.

Identifying cell walls and naming them 'cells'.

A beam of electrons.

It takes up water and swells until turgor pressure is exerted.

Solute binding to receptors.

Embedded in the bilayer.

Phagocytosis.

Staining enhances contrast, but most procedures require that cells be fixed (preserved).

Only in animal cells.

A vesicle for transport.

They will gain water, swell, and lyse (burst).

A pair of centrioles.

To isolate and study different organelles within a cell.

Regularly arranged in parallel rows, perpendicular to those in upper or lower layers.

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Visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses.

Protein tubulin.

It consists of thin layers found just outside of the plasma membrane.

The concentration gradient.

To work properly.

The voltage across a membrane.

They provide mechanical strength by anchoring adjacent cells together.

Cholesterol helps to stabilize membrane fluidity across temperature changes.

They shape the cell by forming the cytoskeleton.

They cannot tolerate excessive water loss or uptake.

Phospholipids.

One DNA molecule associated with proteins, called chromatin.

Water will tend to enter the cell.

The egestion or secretion of substances from the cell.

There is no net movement of water into the cell.

The proton pump.

A type of cytoskeletal filament.

They fractionate cells into their component parts through differential centrifugation.

They can function as enzymes to catalyze reactions.

H2O soluble molecules and molecules not soluble in lipids, such as ions, nucleic acids, amino acids, and glucose.

A membrane-bound organelle found in plant or fungal cells.

A network of fibers and proteins outside of cells that provides structural and biochemical support.

They serve as identification tags recognized by other cells.

Metabolic requirements.

They penetrate the hydrophobic core of the membrane.

Higher temperatures increase the rate of diffusion.

The pressure exerted by the inelastic cell wall on a swollen plant cell.

A process where a cell engulfs a particle by extending pseudopodia around it.

The pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall, which keeps the plant firm and crisp.

Certain macromolecules.

Controls cellular activities.

To serve as the basic unit of life.

4 long strands of α helix coiled fibrous proteins.

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

A process where molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is 'gulped' into tiny vesicles.

The food vacuole fuses with the lysosome, and hydrolytic enzymes digest food particles.

In coated pits.

It enhances contrast in unstained cells by amplifying variations in density, making it useful for examining living, unpigmented cells.

It is considered a microtubule-organizing center.