SEHH2320-24 L1 Level of Body organization (1)

Distilled water entering a cell.

Maintains integrity of the cell and controls passage of materials into and out of the cell.

To provide figures and tables pre-inserted without notes.

A type of connective tissue characterized by a high density of collagen fibers.

Osteon.

Osteocytes.

Reproduction or further distribution without prior written consent.

Through signal transduction.

To synthesize extracellular matrix and collagen, providing structural support to tissues.

It helps cells adhere to other cells.

Tubular body structures.

A method of transport of substances across the cell membrane using membrane proteins.

A type of white blood cell.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

Catalysts.

Act in a specific order.

Pumps.

The strength of its fibers.

Because they are water-soluble or too large.

As much as 40%.

Blood pressure, which is a type of hydrostatic pressure.

Levels of Body Organization.

Plasma membrane.

Fibroblasts are cells that produce collagen and other fibers in connective tissue.

By cell shape and the number of cell layers.

Larger molecules are synthesized from smaller ones, requiring energy.

Reproduction or further distribution without prior written consent.

It is enclosed in a vesicle and digested.

A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms.

Vesicles form to transport large molecules into the cell.

To transport substances throughout the body.

It covers organs, lines body cavities and hollow organs, and makes up glands.

It varies from liquid to rigid, depending on the ground substance.

Movement of various ions, sugars, and amino acids through membranes.

A substrate is the reactant molecule upon which an enzyme acts.

The enzyme remains unchanged and can catalyze subsequent reactions.

Cellular energy.

Cartilage, bone, and blood.

To carry oxygen.

They support soft parts and bind structures together.

CO2 (carbon dioxide), water, and energy.

They are nourished by cells in underlying connective tissues.

Blood clotting.

The presence of mineral salts (calcium salts) and collagen within the matrix.

A type of specialized connective tissue that provides structure and support to the body.

The greater the impermeant solute concentration in a solution, the greater its osmotic pressure.

Supports, protects, absorbs shock.

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

3-dimensional structures in the body.

Connective tissue.

To move substances from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.

Each chemical reaction in the sequences of cellular metabolism.

Bind, support, protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection, and help repair tissue damage.

A metabolic pathway.

It has a poor blood supply.

A gel-like ground substance with collagen and reticular fibers.

By their complementary shapes.

Yes, most connective tissues can divide.

Conformation.

Cartilage.

An enzyme-substrate complex.

Beneath skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, on surface of heart.

The shape of the substrate changes, lowering the activation energy.

Molecules move through the phospholipid bilayer from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

The cell membrane must be permeable to the substance, and there must be a concentration gradient.

Neurotransmitter release.

A solution with lower osmotic pressure than body fluids.

Information from DNA.

Abundant matrix with collagen fibers in a gel-like ground substance.

Osteons or Haversian systems.

Smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure.

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the capillaries and body cells.

Photos of very thin sections of tissue specimens.

Phagocytosis.

The process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy.

A series of biochemical reactions facilitated by enzymes that convert substrates into products.

They produce fibers.

It acts as a selective barrier, controlling which substances pass through it.

Carrier molecules transport molecules or ions through membranes from regions of lower concentration toward regions of higher concentration.

A regulatory enzyme responsible for one of its steps and the limited number of enzyme molecules available.

Cellular energy (ATP).

Endocytosis moves substances into the cell, while exocytosis moves substances out of the cell.

They are structured differently, leading to differences in function.

Formed elements and plasma.

Large particles, like plasma proteins.

Binds organs.

By their size.

Glucose and O2 (oxygen).

No, they generally lack blood vessels.

Fibroblast.

Body parts.

A sugar cube placed into a glass of water disperses over time.

Supports and protects body structures, forms sites for muscle attachments, and serves as a site for blood cell formation.

The group of chemical reactions that acquire, store, and release energy in cells.

The process by which cells engulf liquids, also known as 'cell drinking'.

It has a high density of collagen fibers, providing strength and support.

From lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.

Instructors in the classroom.

Because the temperature in cells is too low for the reactions to run fast enough to support life processes.

It allows certain molecules to pass through while blocking others, facilitating the diffusion process.

Cilia and microvilli.

The process of forcing molecules through membranes due to pressure.

Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism.

They help transport substances across the phospholipid bilayer.

In tendons, ligaments, and the sclera (white layer of the eyeball).

No energy from the cell.

Organelles and fluids that make up the majority of the cell.

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.

Membrane engulfs droplets containing dissolved molecules from surroundings.

The random motion and collisions of particles.

Membrane engulfs particles from surroundings.

Nerve cells have long extensions that conduct electrical impulses.

A type of connective tissue proper that provides support and flexibility.

Protection against infection.

Bone (Osseous Tissue).

They are stretchy and add flexibility to certain types of connective tissues.

In the red bone marrow within certain long bones.

Supports, protects, provides flexible framework.

In the spleen.

Transports substances, helps maintain stable internal environment.

Membranous sacs.

Motile projections attached beneath the cell membrane.

A 3-dimensional network.

It forms a framework for certain internal organs like the liver and spleen.

To engulf and digest bacteria and other pathogens.

It combines with a lysosome, and the contents are digested by lysosomal enzymes.

The cell swells.

Simple (1 layer) and stratified (2 or more layers).

It varies depending on the type of connective tissue and its specific function.

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction so it may begin and proceed more rapidly.

Connective tissue cells are far apart from each other.

Enzymes work in small quantities and are not used up in the reactions they catalyze, allowing them to be recycled and reused by the cell.

Na+, K+, Ca2+, H+, some sugars, and some amino acids.

The use of ion channels to transport ions across the cell membrane.

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.

Nutrients, gases, and wastes.

Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue.

They perform specific functions for the cell.

Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.

The fluid in which organelles are suspended within the cytoplasm.

They are thick threads of collagen protein with high tensile strength, found in long, parallel bundles.

Active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.

The protein elastin.

Molecular motion.

Conducts impulses to control and coordinate body activities.

In the vocal cords.

A type of specialized connective tissue that transports nutrients and waste.

Movement of glucose through a cell membrane.

From the perichondrium.

No change in cell volume.

A small indentation in the cell membrane surrounds fluid, creating a vesicle.

Protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion.

A network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.

The process by which the cell takes in very specific molecules (ligands) that bind to specific receptors on the cell membrane.

Endocytosis and Exocytosis.

It regulates the entry and exit of substances.

Materials are moved out of the cell in a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane and opens to secrete the material.

Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.

Passive and active transport mechanisms.

Contains DNA and directs the cell's activities.

Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions within the cycle.

Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.

They stretch easily.

A solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids; for example, 0.9% NaCl solution is isotonic to human cells.

ATP, NADH, FADH2, and other metabolites.

A solution with higher osmotic pressure than body fluids.

The number of enzyme and substrate molecules available.

A rigid connective tissue.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.

Cell membranes are usually permeable to water, allowing it to equilibrate by osmosis.

Molecular motion.

Heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (promotes inflammation).

Calcium and phosphorus.

Lacks blood vessels, readily divides, and cells are tightly packed.

Transports materials within the cell, provides attachment for ribosomes, and synthesizes lipids.

Membranous sacs.

Instructors in the classroom.

By observing micrographs.

Proteins (like collagen and elastin) and carbohydrates (like glycoproteins and proteoglycans).

Densely packed collagen fibers and a network of elastic fibers.

Fibroblasts.

Yes, metabolic reactions are often reversible.

It has complex surface features.

Fibroblasts.

Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction to occur.

Heparin and histamine.

A regulatory enzyme that controls the whole metabolic pathway, usually the first enzyme in the series of reactions.

The reactant molecule that an enzyme acts upon.

Osmosis is a special case of diffusion where water moves across a selectively permeable membrane.

They are anchored to a basement membrane.

Adipocytes, which store fat in cytoplasm.

They lend delicate support.

Under skin, between muscles, around kidneys, around abdominal membranes, behind eyeballs.

It fills in spaces around cells and fibers.

They are flat, thin, and densely packed to provide a protective barrier.

Cells will gain water and swell.

They secrete fibers.

Ends of bones, nose, rings in the walls of respiratory passages.

Thin collagen fibers that form branching, supportive networks in various tissues.

Within lacunae, arranged in concentric circles (lamellae) around central or Haversian canals.

Blood vessels that distribute blood to the cells through tiny tubes called canaliculi.

The cell shrinks.

The process by which the cell takes in solid particles, also known as 'cell eating'.

Anabolic reactions and Catabolic reactions.

Enzymes control the rates of all the metabolic reactions of the cell.

Connective tissue.

It provides support, anchorage, and regulates intercellular communication.

Large molecules are conveyed inside a vesicle that forms from a section of the cell membrane.

A cell that includes many different structures, though no cell contains all of them.

Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.

They carry on phagocytosis.

Protein fibers and ground substance.

A molecule that an enzyme acts on specifically.

Similar cells arranged to provide specific functions for the body.

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane into an area that contains an impermeant solute.

Epithelial tissue always has a free (apical) surface exposed to the outside or internally to an open space.

The three types of fibers: collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.

Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.

Particles become uniformly distributed with no net change in concentration.

It acts as a boundary that encloses the cell.

They can move through tissues in response to infection or injury and stay temporarily.

Supports.

The pressure needed to lift a volume of water; more impermeable solutes create more pressure.

Epithelial tissues readily divide.

Provides a supportive framework, protects underlying tissues, and makes models for developing bones.

Their matrix composition.

Dissolving a sugar cube in a glass of water.

Thin, reticular fibers.

A semipermeable membrane.

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

To provide figures and tables pre-inserted without notes.

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.

Extremely thin, flexible, elastic, and selectively permeable.

Water-soluble substances like glucose and amino acids.

A series of biochemical reactions that occur in a specific sequence to convert substrates into products.

They allow for the efficient conversion of energy and materials necessary for life processes.

The region on the enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

Movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

The number of carrier molecules in the cell membrane.

It refers to the movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

The Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle).

From an area of greater water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

They are made up of tightly packed cells containing little intercellular material.

Water moves from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration, creating osmotic pressure.

Enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions that maintain life.

A type of connective tissue proper that provides strength and resistance to stretching.

Genes.

A constant supply of energy.

Because it lacks a vascular system.

Between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle and knee.

Water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant solute (greater osmotic pressure).

Hydrostatic pressure.

To generate energy and synthesize necessary compounds for cellular function.

Binds skin to underlying tissues, under most epithelial layers, between muscles.

They hold structures together with great tensile strength.

Cushions joints & organs, stores energy, insulates body.

Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.

To catabolize glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

They form protective coverings and function in secretion and absorption.

Membrane engulfs selected molecules combined with receptor proteins.

It enables oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules to be exchanged between the air and the blood, and between blood and tissue cells.

Vesicle fuses with membrane and releases contents outside of the cell.

The citric acid cycle is a cycle where the product re-forms the original substrate.

It is released and can be reused by the cell.

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.

They act as phagocytes, defending against infection and foreign particles.

Chemical bonds in nutrient molecules obtained in the diet.

Molecular motion.

A membrane composed of protein and lipid molecules.

Helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division.

Able to contract in response to specific stimuli.

Site of ribosome synthesis.

Protection, secretion, absorption.

Protection and secretion.

To produce tissue fluid from blood plasma.

Oxygen (O2) and nutrients.

Water moves toward solutions with greater osmotic pressure.

Fixed and Wandering cells.

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

They stay in a tissue for a long time.

Cells will lose water and shrink.

In tendons and ligaments.

The membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to the solutes.

To produce body movement.

They allow reactions to proceed quickly enough to maintain life.

A type of specialized connective tissue that provides support and flexibility.

Histiocytes.

Compact and spongy bone.

In lacunae (chambers) in the matrix.

Good blood supply.

Covers body surface, lines internal organs, and composes glands.

A complex of interconnected membrane-bounded sacs and canals.

Double membrane that separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm.

Release energy from nutrient molecules and change energy into a usable form.

Linings of uterus, stomach, and intestines.

Ions move through channels, or molecules move by carrier proteins, across the membrane from a region of higher concentration toward one of lower concentration.

Near blood vessels.

Perichondrium.

Molecules leaving blood capillaries.

Nonmembranous structure composed of two rodlike centrioles.

Attached to bones, in the walls of hollow internal organs, and in the heart.

Membranous sacs with inner partitions.

Surface of ovaries, linings of kidney tubules, and linings of ducts of certain glands.

Part of the male urethra and linings of larger ducts of excretory glands.

Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion.

Synthesize proteins.

Enables a sperm cell to move.

Dense, nonmembranous body composed of protein and RNA.

Protection and secretion.

House enzymes that catalyze diverse reactions, including breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and fatty acids, and alcohol detoxification.

Widely distributed throughout the body.

Contain and transport various substances.

Cells communicate with each other and other body parts.

Linings of ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas.

Thin rods and tubules.

Mostly has good blood supply; cells are farther apart than epithelial cells with extracellular matrix in between.

A stack of flattened, membranous sacs.

Fibers composed of protein and DNA.

Protection, secretion, movement of mucus.

Support the cytoplasm and help move substances and organelles within the cytoplasm.

Movement.

Maintains integrity of nucleus and controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.

Information for synthesizing proteins.

Secretion.

Particles composed of protein and RNA molecules.

Propel fluid over cellular surfaces.

Packages protein molecules for transport and secretion.

Digest worn cellular parts or substances that enter cells.

Superficial layer of skin, and linings of oral cavity, throat, vagina, and anal canal.

Bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells.

Membranous sacs.

In the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Air sacs of the lungs, walls of capillaries, linings of blood and lymph vessels, part of the membranes lining body cavities and covering viscera.

Protection.

Salivary glands, sweat glands, endocrine glands.

Conduct impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception.

Filtration, diffusion, osmosis; covers surface.

Protection.

Inner lining of urinary bladder and linings of ureters and part of urethra.

Linings of respiratory passages.

Stretchability and protection.

A cell.

Differences in cell shape.

Metabolic activities essential for life and specialized functions.

Cells interact to form tissues, organs, and organ systems.

30 trillion cells.